Renwable sources of energy

Nowadays, biomass is considered as one of the main sources of energy for both developed and developing countries. Malaysia with a large amount of biomass residues as a source of electricity generation is considered as one of the potential countries in this field. This study aims to analyze the potential of recovering energy from major source of biomass residue in Malaysia. For this purpose, the agricultural crop residues and industrial crop waste are investigated. These will contribute substantially to harness a sustainable resource management system in Malaysia to reduce the major disposal problem of biomass residue. The effective use of the waste can supply the required fuel for future electricity generation.

Malaysia is situated at the equatorial region with an average solar radiation of 400-600 MJ/m 2 per month. It has a promising potential to establish large scale solar power installations; however, solar energy is still at the infancy stage due to the high cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar electricity tariff rate. The Malaysian government is keen to develop solar energy as one of the significant sources of energy in the country. According to the 9th Malaysia Plan (9MP), a large allocation had been dedicated for implementation of solar PV systems. On 25th July 2005, a Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) project had been announced and it was planned to end by 2010. The project consists of three categories which include: BIPV demonstration, national "SURIA1000" and BIPV showcase. Greater emphasis will be placed on energy efficiency under the Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). This paper discusses present and future situation of solar power in Malaysia, utilization of solar energy and the strategies taken by the Malaysian government and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) to promote solar energy thermal applications and electricity power generation in the future.

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This project was chosen to exploit an alternative and renewable source of energy. Water was chosen as a raw material which is present in the plentiful amount on Earth to produce Hydrogen. Hydrogen is then expected to be consumed as fuel which will produce water again and the cycle will continue to move on without damaging the environment significantly.

The bad impacts of fossil fuel on the environment and climate change have been increased in the recent years. Its primary advantages deal with Biodiesel being one of the most renewable fuels currently available and it is also non-toxic and biodegradable. It can also be used directly in most diesel engines without requiring extensive engine modifications. However, the cost of biodiesel is the major obstacle to its commercialization in comparison to petroleum-based diesel fuel. The high cost is primarily due to the raw material, mostly neat vegetable oil.

Used cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biodiesel production. However, the products formed during frying, can affect the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. The production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil offers a triple-facet solution: economic, environmental and waste management. The new process technologies developed during the last years made it possible to produce biodiesel from recycled frying oils comparable in quality to that of virgin vegetable oil biodiesel with an added attractive advantage of being lower in price. Thus, biodiesel produced from recycled frying oils has the same possibilities tobe utilized.

From an economic point of view; the production of biodiesel is very feedstock sensitive. From a waste management standpoint, producing biodiesel from used frying oil is environmentally beneficial, since it provides a cleaner way for disposing these products; meanwhile, it can yield valuable cuts in CO2 as well as significant tail-pipe pollution gains. Any fatty acid source may be used to prepare biodiesel. Thus, any animal or plant lipid should be a ready substrate for the production of biodiesel. The use of edible vegetable oils and animal fats for biodiesel production has recently been of great concern because they compete with food materials. There are concerns that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the long-term. Hence, the recent focus is the use of non-edible plant oil source and waste products of edible oil industry as the feedstock for biodiesel production meeting the international standards.

This case study is about the manufacturing of biodiesel from the used vegetable oil. It aims to define the requirements for biodiesel production by the trans-esterification process, testing its quality by determining some parameters such as density, kinematics viscosity, high heating value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and pour point and comparing it to Diesel fuel, listing the environmental and economic benefits and drawback. This analysis is useful either when starting a new business, or identifying new opportunities for an existing business. Therefore, it will be extremely helpful for taking rational decisions about the development of a biodiesel production plant.

Indagine delle criticità e delle possibili soluzioni del sistema energetico internazionale attuale. Motivazioni teoriche dell'intervento pubblico nel settore energetico in generale, nell'innovazione e nel campo delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Le principali forme di intervento e la loro efficacia. Gli effetti del policy mix sullo sviluppo e sulla diffusione dell'eolico in Italia.

—the purpose of this paper is to identify the root causes of Ferroresonance phenomena occurring in the power systems along with its implications on the transformer during no loading and loading conditions. The results of the technical investigation and the associated Ferroresonance experimental work performed showed that Ferroresonance can cause dangerous over voltages and over currents in three-phase core type transformers A brief discussion for the purpose to prevent this phenomenon to occur is also being carried out at the end.

Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources of power generation in the world. While general public and political support for wind energy is often high, siting wind farms frequently raises concerns in local communities, and individual projects often fail because of effective public opposition. This paper presents the results of a postal and online survey questionnaire that explores public perceptions of wind energy in two of the most important states for wind development, Texas and Iowa. The goal is a better understanding of public reactions to large-scale wind developments as a prerequisite of more widespread use of renewable energy resources. We found a high level of public support for wind energy, with more than two-thirds of respondents being in favor of building more wind farms either in their community or within the U.S. as a whole. Given that the majority of respondents had a very high level of concern for the general environment, we also found that almost two-thirds of ...

— The selection of site wind farm is an important element in building a wind power generation to get a site that is capable of produce maximum energy, economic and environmental agreeable. It is obtained if proposed alternative sites has continuous wind resources, access to the grid, good topography, land costs are cheap, reduce noise blade and available road access. The site proposed of study is Sukomoro, Rejoso, Lengkong, Nganjuk and Pace. It will be decided using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) based on multi criteria eg, technical, economic and environment. The decision making process is decided by compare each element of main criteria with each of alternative so that to get a best site, it is best highest weight to recommend. In this study show that, weight of final is resulted by each alternative are Sukomoro is 0.3205, Rejoso is 0.1632, Lengkong is 0.1218, Nganjuk is 0.3095 and Pace is 0.0602. Based on testing, Sukomoro to get highest weight so that it is recommended for use by governments and companies electricity as a reference in policy formulation and calculate cost of electricity.

Despite the fact that Asian economies have experienced robust economic growth in recent decades, rising pollution emissions have raised worries among policymakers about the long-term stability of this output growth. Knowing this fact, the present study attempts to empirically analyze the impact of some important factors, e.g., energy efficiency, technology innovations, trade openness, and institutional quality, on environment in 10 Asian economies over the period 1995-2018. Taking into account the slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence present in the data, Westerlund and Edgerton (2008) and Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2017) cointegration techniques and cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag model (CS-ARDL) estimation are applied. For robust analysis, augmented mean group (AMG) and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) are also employed in the study. The empirical findings provided by selected variables reveal that both trade openness and institutional quality have detrimental impact, whereas energy efficiency and technology innovations have favorable impact on environmental quality in the selected economies. Empirical findings are robust to various policy recommendations. To create a sustainable future environment, Asian economies should focus on the improvement of their institutions quality and increase investments in technology innovations. The Asian countries must encourage traderelated environmental regulations and energy efficiency policies for better and sustainable environmental quality.

Biomass is one of the major natural resources and biomass has always been a major source of energy for mankind and it is presently estimated to contribute of the order 10-14% of the world energy supply. The more efficient use of biomass is demanded to solve the global crisis such as depletion of fossil fuel and global warming. Woody biomass, including agriculture residues, wood chips, municipal solid wastes, paper wastes, etc., has already been transferred to bio-ethanol and bio-diesel in some cases and used as energy related products, although many issues such as efficiency and productivity still exist to be overcome. Xylose is one of the major fermentable sugars present in woody biomass, the second most abundant carbohydrate polymer in nature to glucose. The efficient fermentation of glucose as well as xylose are required to develop economically viable processes for producing biofuels such as ethanol from woody biomass. Saccharomyces cerevisieae is the favored ethanol-producing microorganism, but it can not metabolize xylose which is an unfermentable sugar of the pentose category. Xylose consuming yeasts such as Pichia stipitis can metabolize xylose through expression of xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH). However, Pichia stipitis is susceptible to ethanol and obliges stumpy and carefully controlled oxygenation, these disadvantages avert its usage for industrial ethanol production. Saccharomyces strains producing XR and XDH from Pichia stipitis has the ability to produce ethanol from xylose. During this course, the problems are limited production of ethanol and high xylitol excretion. The making of thermostable XDH carried out in this study is expected to resolve these problems. The significant enhancement was found in Y-C4 strain that contained thermostable enzyme XDH, 51% decrease of unfavorable xylitol excretion with 19% increased ethanol production, when compared with the reference strain expressing the wild-type XDH. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.

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This paper presents the concept of using energy generated from the cold fusion process in water treatment distillation. Even if solar energy remains the greenest one, the huge energy liberated from the cold fusion phenomenon suggests its utilization in the distillation process to gain energetic efficiency in terms of cost and time. Ten years ago, cold fusion specialists announced that they possess solid proof that ambient temperature fusion is genuine. Throughout employing the concept of cold fusion, the power plants possess distinctive benefits over the still hypothetical thermonuclear fusion. With a large success, compact cold fusion setups will be utilized on ships, in aircrafts, and in near and outer space travels. That, in principle, is inaccessible for the giant thermonuclear installations. For using cold fusion in water treatment industry, this is only an idea presented at its birth stage. Great work remains to be accomplished with a view to present the cold fusion process as an eco-friendly technology for producing energy for water treatment distillation. In fact, greening cold fusion as an energy source for water treatment distillation may be considered as a promising perspective. However, the term "greening" means here a process without any nuclear hazards and inherent pollutions.

Sanitary landfills have been and continue to be one of the most common ways to dispose of urban waste although such landfills inevitably generate waste management problems. Landfills are an important source of anthropogenic CH 4 emissions. In this sense the European Union has passed regulations regarding the effective management of biogas within the framework of an EU policy for renewable energies. The sealed landfill analyzed in this study is an example of energy recovery, but in this case the biogas generated by the landfill is being re-used to produce electrical energy. This article presents the results of the economic viability study, which was carried out previous to the construction of the installation. The results based on the use of empirical and theoretical models show the biogas to have a 45% proportion of methane and an overall flowrate ranging from 250 to 550 N m 3 /h. It is presently being used to produce electricity amounting to approximately 4,500, 000 kW h/year. The economic viability of the installation was estimated by means of the Internal Recovery Rate (IRR) for an exploitation period of 7 years. r

One of the main challenges of the microgrid (MG) operation in autonomous mode is the uncertain output due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energy resources (RES). This study investigates the effects of RES uncertainties to the oscillatory stability of a hybrid MG in islanded operation. A comprehensive model of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), a two-stage Photovoltaic (PV) and bio-diesel engine (BDE) based distributed generation (DG) units are considered to capture a complete dynamic response of the hybrid MG. Trajectories and distribution of damping ratios and oscillatory frequencies of the critical modes were thoroughly investigated through Monte Carlo simulation considering wind speed and solar irradiance uncertainties. From the probabilistic study, it was observed that the presence of RES variations results in a dynamic change of power-sharing strategies and introduce an adverse effect on small signal stability. Uncertain condition of wind speed brings more deterioration in system damping than solar irradiation variation. From time domain simulation, it was confirmed that at higher wind speed, damping on the critical modes reduced. As a consequence, the hybrid MG experienced more oscillatory conditions and even lead to unstable situation at high wind speed conditions. While with solar irradiance change, the investigated MG system can maintain its stable operation.

The solar water heater system is compared with electric water to quantify the environmental and energy benefit of the system using life cycle assessment. In this paper consider the 100 lpd solar water heater available at Chennai, Tamilnadu.  LCA has done as a three life cycle stages like manufacturing stage, operation and maintenance stages and product disposal stage. Based on the available data and calculated data life cycle inventory has been made for the solar water heater system. Material inventory, energy inventory and carbon inventory has done for the system to predict the environmental impact. Based on the life cycle inventory data Energy and Carbon intensity has been estimated for the solar flat plate collector. Then compared with electric water heater Energy and Carbon Payback Period has been estimated.

Fuel cells generate electricity and heat during electrochemical reaction which happens between the oxygen and hydrogen to form the water. Fuel cell technology is a promising way to provide energy for rural areas where there is no access to the public grid or where there is a huge cost of wiring and transferring electricity. In addition, applications with essential secure electrical energy requirement such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), power generation stations and distributed systems can employ fuel cells as their source of energy. The current paper includes a comparative study of basic design, working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages of various technologies available for fuel cells. In addition, techno-economic features of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) are compared. The results indicate that fuel cell systems have simple design, high reliability, noiseless operation, high efficiency and less environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to serve as a convenient reference for fuel cell power generation reviews.

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After the Fukushima Daiichi I accident in Japan, 2011, the challenges that nuclear energy faced around the world were related to: the safety of the power plants, if there were any measures capable to prevent or deal with accidents; the human and environmental security, since the Japanese population had suffered due to the contamination of water, soil and air, and also; the energy security, which received many impacts due to black outs, inaccessibility to electricity, environmental damage for further generations based on natural resources and last, to the improvement of GHG emissions. But the point which is highlighted here is the deep effects over energy security policies around the world. Right after the melt down of the vessels, Germany, one of the most important countries in the world due to their economy and energy policies, decided to phase-out nuclear energy. The explanation is that it was a matter of security for the country, and that " is not possible to exclude a residual risk of nuclear energy " (EMBAIXADA, 2016). Nonetheless, the nuclear phase-out was not the only aim pursued by Germany, it also intended to overcome the lack of energy supply in the country, as well as moving to a different paradigm of energy generation (AGORA, 2015). This political endeavors resulted on a new German energy policy called Energiewende. The key Energiewende targets are related with: reducing the GHG emissions in all energy sectors compared to 1990; the gradual nuclear phase-out until 2022; boosting the sharing of renewable as final consumption and total consumption of energy, and at last; improving energy efficiency by reducing the primary energy and total consumption of electricity compared to 2008 (AGORA, 2015). To fulfill this targets requires lots of political measures that really tackle the core on how electricity is produced, consumed and transported in Germany. However, despite all the criticism received nationally and internationally, the country's commitment exposes its concern over the energy security and also in combatting the effects caused by climate changes (MORRIS e PEHNT, 2016; JOAS, PAHLE, et al., 2016). If compared total energy generation in 2010, the previous year to the new energy policy and the data of 2016, it is possible to see that the sharing of renewable energies has doubled in percentage. In 2010 the renewable shared rate was 17% of total energy which, because of the political endeavors, grew to 35% (FRAUNHOFER, 2016). Those efforts are related to the growth of total capacity installed of wind and solar power, the most important energy generation for this transition.

The issue of the introduction of new environmental friendly and economical fuels to the everyday energy-consuming human activities is controversial and imperative. The recent European legislation, relative to the introduction of biofuels at local and national levels, is conformed to the above direction. The present study is driven to the wider implementation of biofuels, by applying the high heating value Woodfuel that is prolifically cultivated in the Northern Greece context. The administrative tool of the present study is the application of the RETScreen International software developed by Natural Resources Canada. The software methodology is oriented to simulate space heating of houses and domestic water heating by providing a rough and costless initial estimation of the proposed energy projects with very promising results, relevant to its financial feasibility and environmental sustainability.

Because of changing fossil fuel prices, sources and environmental consciousness, Malaysian utilities have been forced to change the type of energy sources to generate electricity. This new policy of electricity generation companies will change fuel use gradually from 70% gas, 15% coal, 10% hydro and 5% petroleum in the year 2000 to 40% gas, 30% hydro, 29% coal and only 1% petroleum in the year of 2020. These changes tend to reduce CO2 emission. This study attempts to predict the potential CO2 reduction due to these changes. The calculation is based on CO2 emission for unit electricity generated and the changing type of fuel percentages for electricity generation in Malaysia. The study found that the substitution will reduce CO2 emission from power plants in this country. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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This paper proposes a hybrid observer scheme for power systems by exploring the special features of the nonlinear power system model. Rather than directly applying the existing nonlinear observer theory to the 6th order nonlinear power system model, the model is first decoupled into a 3rd order nonlinear subsystem and a 3rd order linear subsystem. Low order observers are designed for each subsystem separately. The proposed observer scheme is much simpler in implementation than a 6th order nonlinear observer which is obtained by direct applying nonlinear observer theory. Simulation results show that this hybrid observer can estimate the state of a power system with good transient response and zero steady state error.

OCLC in 2003 conducted a study on “perceptions of libraries and information resources”. The major findings of this study revealed that only one percent of users and two percent of college students begin their search going to a library website (Kennedy, Marie R & LaGuardia Cheryl, 2013). This result indicated that users’ first choice for searching information is “Search Engine”. If librarians are not giving proper attention to management of electronic resources, then the entire librarianship is going to perish very shortly. Keeping in mind, the challenges before librarianship, the present paper discusses the various methods and models of managing e-resources in libraries. The paper highlights major issues and shares practical experiences at Jayakar Library of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune of managing electronic resources.

At present there are many applications which use hot water in the range of 45 0 C to 60 0 C like in medical labs, paper industries, fermentation industries, etc. Many conventional and non-conventional methods are used to achieve this. Now days these methods are becoming costlier. In the present paper a study has been carried out on use of building material (concrete) for providing hot water in the range of 45 0 C to 60 0 C during daytime. Trials were conducted on a MFRC (Metal Fiber Reinforced Collector) concrete collector of size 100cm X 200 cm X 1.8 cm with copper tubing (Meander type) for the summer season. The experimental results of these trials have been presented in this paper. The average temperature obtained is in the range of 52 0 C to 59 0 C for the season. This paper paves way for possible integration of MFRC collector with roof slab. Such integration will provide comfort temperature zone within the building. This knowledge can be used by the architects while designing the roof of the buildings which may serve the purpose of providing hot water for domestic purpose to the occupants of the building.

This research study emmission gas and engine performance in a bi-fuel, petrol and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), system using motorcycle engine with carburetor type. In this case carburretor is only regulating the premium petrol while the adjusting of LPG is done through a adjuster screw in vaporizer part. In order to measure the engine performance, an engine test rig with a prony brake system is used in which it consists of a motorcycle engine with capasity of 98,3cc and a maximum load of 4 kgf. Level of emission gas produce by LPG is far lower compare to the one produce by premium petrol. LPG fuel produces level of CO about 18.92% and level of unburned hydrocarbon (uHC) about 29.76% compare to the total CO and uHC given by the premium petrol. However, when the engine speed tends to reach 4,000 rpm, the differences of these level seems to reduce since the level of CO and uHC given by LPG tend to rise accordingly. On the other hand, power produced by LPG is relatively lower compare to the one produced by premium petrol. It is almost constant about 90% compare to power produced by petrol in all speeds. This is due to air fuel ratio of LPG is relatively greater than air fuel ratio of petrol hence the amount of LPG burned in any cycle is les than than the amount of petrol. As the engine speed tends to increase, the efficiency given by the LPG it seems to extend increasingly above 3,000 rpm while the efficiency given by petrol tends to fall when the engine speed just over 2,500 rpm. In this case, the high speed of vehicle will still have a good efficiency if using LPG fuel.

We are witnesses of everyday changes, which can bring the world into the question of survival. On the other hand, the progress and the speed of changes are the keys of success. What is important is that we have to change the human being's life, due to the concept of the sustainable development, which includes three dimensions: ecology, economy and social aspect. This paper gives the analysis of using the renewable energy, through the production of the electricity, including the sustainable development. Through research, attention was paid to analyzing the growth in the share of renewable energy in electricity production, as well as incentives to use renewable energy sources, in the area of Republic of Srpska.

Malaysia is situated at the equatorial region with an average solar radiation of 400–600MJ/m2 per month. It has a promising potential to establish large scale solar power installations; however, solar energy is still at the infancy stage due to the high cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar electricity tariff rate. The Malaysian government is keen to develop solar energy as one of the significant sources of energy in the country. According to the 9th Malaysia Plan (9MP), a large allocation had been dedicated for implementation of ...

Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources of power generation in the world. While general public and political support for wind energy is often high, siting wind farms frequently raises concerns in local communities, and individual projects often fail because of effective public opposition. This paper presents the results of a postal and online survey questionnaire that explores public perceptions of wind energy in two of the most important states for wind development, Texas and Iowa. The goal is a better understanding of public reactions to large-scale wind developments as a prerequisite of more widespread use of renewable energy resources. We found a high level of public support for wind energy, with more than two-thirds of respondents being in favor of building more wind farms either in their community or within the U.S. as a whole. Given that the majority of respondents had a very high level of concern for the general environment, we also found that almost two-thirds of ...

People may need help in understanding, selecting and acquiring new technologies. Enabling, disruptive and renewable technologies may offer significant potential benefits, but whether or not larger organisations and Governments quickly acquire them can depend upon a number of factors, and particularly the extent to which they and certain critical success factors for selling, selecting and adopting them are understood. This plenary address by Prof Colin Coulson-Thomas on the opening day of the 10th World Renewable Energy Technology Congress in New Delhi, India on Wednesday 21st August 2019 shares key findings from a series of investigations he led to identify critical success factors for key corporate activities such as winning new business, competitive bidding, building key account and other customer relationships, purchasing, pricing, corporate learning, creating and exploiting know-how and change, knowledge and talent management.

The issue of the introduction of new environmental friendly and economical fuels to the everyday energy-consuming human activities is controversial and imperative. The recent European legislation, relative to the introduction of biofuels at local and national levels, is conformed to the above direction. The present study is driven to the wider implementation of biofuels, by applying the high heating value Woodfuel that is prolifically cultivated in the Northern Greece context. The administrative tool of the present study is the application of the RETScreen International software developed by Natural Resources Canada. The software methodology is oriented to simulate space heating of houses and domestic water heating by providing a rough and costless initial estimation of the proposed energy projects with very promising results, relevant to its financial feasibility and environmental sustainability.