Reneawable energy

Biomass plays a major role in satisfying the energy needs of Afghanistan, especially in the residential sector where fuel demand is primarily met in the form of fuelwood, charcoal, crop residues and animal manure. Till now, enough work has not been undertaken to assess the biomass energy potential in the country to support renewable energy development plans and more sustainable use of biomass resources. This paper is limited to the assessment of biomass energy potential from the following resources: (A) forest fuelwood and charcoal, (B) crop residues (wheat, rice, barley and maize residues) and (C) cattle manure for the years 2012-13 and 2013-14. The study assesses a total biomass energy potential of 97,310 TJ during the period 2012-13 and 99,012 TJ during the period 2013-14. It is observed that only about 52% of the estimated biomass energy potential is being exploited. The estimated energy potential of the selected biomass could contribute up to 69% in the primary energy consumption of Afghanistan (140,966 TJ) during the year 2012-13.

Hydrogen as a clean alternative energy carrier for the future is required to be produced through environmentally friendly approaches. Use of renewables such as wind energy for hydrogen production is an appealing way to securely sustain the worldwide trade energy systems. In this approach, wind turbines provide the electricity required for the electrolysis process to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen. The generated hydrogen can then be stored and utilized later for electricity generation via either a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine that turn a generator. In this study, techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen production by electrolysis using wind power investigated in a windy location, named Binaloud, located in north-east of Iran. Development of different large scale wind turbines with different rated capacity is evaluated in all selected locations. Moreover, different capacities of electrolytic for large scale hydrogen production is evaluated. Hydrogen production through wind energy can reduce the usage of unsustainable, financially unstable, and polluting fossil fuels that are becoming a major issue in large cities of Iran.

Energy Harvesting is one of the main energy questions in the recent times, as a consequent of the oil prices rises and climate change being attributed to the GHGs emissions caused by fossil fuel burning, one of the innovative energy harvesting techniques is the use of thermoelectric generators, which exploit the thermoelectric effect to generate electricity from temperature difference, this opened the way for a reliable waste heat recovery through installing this device wherever it is possible to increase the system efficiency or to get a free energy source for small applications like smart phones. This thesis focuses on using the thermoelectric generator in energy harvesting, the proposed system is used to charge a battery pack of (Samsung ICR18650) with total capacity of 5.2 A.h and with nominal voltage of 22.2 V, from a pack of the commercial TEG product (TEG1-12611-6.0) manufactured by TEC company with maximum power of 282 W and maximum voltage of 16.8 V, the power is delivered through a Boost converter with an output inductor for charging current and voltage ripple minimization, the converter is controlled by a three stage controller: the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) uses Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique, the second stage is triggered when the MPP current reaches the maximum limit which is 5 A , during which the battery is charged with a constant current 5 A that is controlled by a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, the third stage is triggered when the battery voltage reaches the maximum charging voltage of the battery which is 25.2 V, the battery is charged by a constant voltage that is controlled by a PI controller.
The thesis uses Psim for TEG, converter, and controller simulation, while the MATLAB and SISOTool are used for TEG modeling and PI controller design.
The simulation results show that the system works with a minimum efficiency of 93.6 as will be shown in the thesis.

Solar energy can be utilized by, either, thermal conversion, or electrical conversion, of solar radiation. Utilization of solar energy by thermal conversion method, is of low cost, but it requires high density of solar radiation. Electrical conversion method, on the other hand, is expensive, but it does not need high density of solar radiation. One of the most important applications of thermal conversion of solar energy, is absorption refrigeration. As there are many factors affecting the process of solar refrigeration, a lot of research work must be carried out, before deciding an optimum design of solar refrigeration systems, which utilize solar energy at a low cost. The main objective of this research article is to design and construct an apparatus which can be used, as a test rig, by research students, to carry out experiments, regarding the performance of solar absorption refrigeration systems. The apparatus has been designed and constructed so as to be used indoors. One of the many different factors which affect the performance of solar absorption refrigeration systems, has been chosen, to test the apparatus, for functioning. This is the effect of condenser temperature, on the performance of solar absorption refrigeration systems. The apparatus has been tested for three different values of condenser temperature, and yielded very good results. The experimental work proves that, the coefficient of performance of a solar absorption refrigeration system, is high, at a low condenser temperature. At a condenser temperature of about 25ºC, the actual coefficient of performance, obtained is 0.019, compared with a theoretical value of 0.062. And at a condenser temperature of about 15ºC, the actual coefficient of performance is 0.026, compared with a theoretical value of 0.094.

Even though petroleum continues to be the world’s most diverse, efficient, and abundant energy source, due to “grim climate concerns”, global initiatives are pointing toward a “go green” mantra.  When it comes to defining ‘green’, numerous schemes are being presented as ‘green’ even though all it means is the source of energy is not carbon. In fact the ‘left’, often emboldened with ‘scientific evidence’, blames Carbon for everything, ‘forgetting’ that carbon is the most essential component of plants – the essence of the ecosystem. The ‘right’, on the other hand, denies climate change altogether, stating that it is all part of the natural cycle and there is nothing unusual about the current surge in CO2 in the atmosphere. Both sides ignore the real science behind the process. In this, both ‘left’ and ‘right’ fail to recognize the fact that artificial chemicals added during practically all industrial processes make the atmosphere all toxic.
This paper is aimed at examining science behind global warming and climate change. Avoiding the conventional approach of looking into ‘greenhouse gases’ that are recognized to be from anthropogenic activities, this paper looks beyond the usual suspect of fossil fuel.  By using a detailed pathway analysis, this paper identifies fatal flaws of major technologies, ranging from agricultural practices to energy production schemes.  The source of alteration of CO2 quality that renders the CO2 unabsorbable by the ecosystem is identified for cases of forest fire, agricultural activities, fossil fuel as well as biofuel.  The nature of CO2 emission from various processes, including biomass (during the agricultural process and beyond) is analyzed and decisions made as to what role it will play to the global scenario.  CO2 emission data from the pre-industrial age all the way to current era are then analyzed, showing clear correlation between CO2 concentration in the atmosphere with ‘corrupt’ CO2 emission, which itself was a function of the fuel source, the path it travels, isotope numbers, and age of the fuel source.  Various energy technologies are ranked based on their long-term sustainability. It is shown that petroleum is the most environmentally benign among the energy sources investigated, followed by biofuel, solar, wind, and nuclear.  When the artificial chemicals are replaced with natural substitutes at various phases of petroleum processing, petroleum wastes become useful materials that can be recycled in the ecosystem in a zero-waste mode. Not only the by-products, including CO2 emissions, are benign, they are in fact beneficial to the environment. Each of these wastes can then become raw materials for value added new products. Finally the paper offers guidelines for ‘greening’ of petroleum operations as well as the economics of zero-waste petroleum production and long-term environmental sustainability.

In recent years the climate change has caused numerous problems for Iran. The situation of surface temperature, total precipitation and upward radiation (ULR) is deteriorating. The Department of Environment (DOE) estimates show that Iran’s investment requirement for climate change is 17.5. BLN Euro by 2025. Iran’s pledge for CO2 reduction to international community is 12%. The country relies heavily in international expertise and funding to fulfil its environmental pledges to the international community.

This report assesses the environmental situation of Iran, lists government and international plans and projects and method of involvement for the Netherland’s industries and expertise. Some of the opportunities discussed are related to: renewable energies, gas production and transfer, Combined Heating and Power systems (CHP), Combined Cooling, Heating and Power systems (CCHP), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for fuel system, zero flaring, desulfurization in gas plants and independent power plants. In the sector analysis the environmental plans and projects for renewables and natural gas are listed.

This paper accepts the Sequential deep learning network to predict the accurate result for power generation of solar PV-cell. The training and testing data set are controlled by splitting factor where each contains daily PV output. The root mean squre error (RMSE) values are compared and analyzed between forecasting result obtained from moving average (MA) and deep learning network.

Wind energy research is dominated by studies of local acceptance (or not) of wind farms and comparative studies at a national level. Research on the spatial differentiation of wind energy developments at the regional level is still insufficient, however. This study provides new empirical evidence for the extent to which regional differences in the deployment of wind energy are related to specific environmental and socioeconomic factors, by a statistical analysis of data for districts in the Czech Republic. Unlike previous studies, we found that the installed capacity of wind energy cannot be well predicted by wind potential, land area and population density in an area. In the Czech Republic, wind farms more likely have been implemented in more urbanised, environmentally deprived coal-mining areas that are affected by economic depression. It seems that in environmentally deprived areas, wind energy is more positively accepted as an alternative source to coal, and the economic motivation (financial benefits for municipalities) can have a greater effect on local acceptance, while public opposition is less efficient due to lower social capital and involvement in political matters. Based on these results, some implications for the planning and spatial targeting of new wind farms are discussed.

Increasing demands of electric power recently has pushed the government to find multiple solutions that force the consumer to use energy an optimal utilization and rationalize it. The main aim of this paper is to improve customer acceptability of Prepaid Meters and determine management strategy in promoting prepaid usage. Though, this solution did not meet the required purpose. In this sense, this paper focuses on: (a) establishing the culture of concern for public money, (b) launching of the largest and widest process of rationalization of energy consumption by the consumer and not by the product only, (c) obtaining production costs immediately through the use of pre-payment devices. One of the major findings of this paper is that the rationalization of energy by 1% of the daily consumption of the citizens, will provide approximately 4 megawatts for the province.

One of the ambitious goals of the ‘‘Smart city’’paradigm is to design zero-energy buildings. Buildings can beconsidered as connected cyber-physical systems that require theconstruction of sound methodologies inherited from the EDAresearch. In particular, aiming at autonomous buildings, theeffective design of renewable energy sources is a key aspect forwhich such methodologies have to be developed.In this work, we propose a modeling strategy for the earlyestimation of the performance of PV arrays. Although a plethoraof PV panel models there exists, most of these models suffer fromaccuracy/complexity tradeoffs. On one hand, building fast modelsforces to ignore either the correlation between temperature andirradiance, or the topology of panels, thus yielding inaccurateestimations. On the other hand, more accurate models are timeconsuming and require costly measurements or circuit analysis,that cannot be extracted from the sole datasheet.This paper proposes a compact semi-empirical model, suitable forreal time simulation and built solely from information derivedfrom the PV panel datasheet. The model is built by empiricallyfitting an expression of the panel operating point as a function of both irradiance and temperature, and of the adopted PV systemtopology. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed modelhave been validated w.r.t. the production traces of the PV systemsof a real world industrial building

Biomass plays a major role in satisfying the energy needs of Afghanistan, especially in the residential sector where fuel demand is primarily met in the form of fuelwood, charcoal, crop residues and animal manure. Till now, enough work has not been undertaken to assess the biomass energy potential in the country to support renewable energy development plans and more sustainable use of biomass resources. This paper is limited to the assessment of biomass energy potential from the following resources: (A) forest fuelwood and charcoal, (B) crop residues (wheat, rice, barley and maize residues) and (C) cattle manure for the years 2012-13 and 2013-14. The study assesses a total biomass energy potential of 97,310 TJ during the period 2012-13 and 99,012 TJ during the period 2013-14. It is observed that only about 52% of the estimated biomass energy potential is being exploited. The estimated energy potential of the selected biomass could contribute up to 69% in the primary energy consumpti...

City of Turin and Bethlehem Municipality promote the international cooperation project NUR (New Urban Resources) - Renewable Energy for Bethlehem, under the umbrella of the AICS (the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation).
The multi-actor approach and the environmental, economic, cultural and institutional sustainability are the NUR strengths.
In short, renewable energy becomes a bridge of friendship between two cities and two peoples.

— Wind power plant installations continue to increase worldwide because it is a kind of renewable and harmful emissions-free energy source. The increased capacity of wind power needs the new strict requirements related to the grid connections of wind generators. The requirements defined in the grid codes can be states as reactive power control, fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the wind turbines, active power and frequency control. The grid codes affect inevitably the developments of wind turbine technology. Today wind power plants are expected to support the grid and provide ancillary services much like conventional power plants. This paper presents a simulation based monitoring approach for the dynamic behavior of a wind farm with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). Simulations are performed to check how Turkish grid codes complies with the dynamic effects of the wind turbines on the power grid as a reflection of disturbances. The response of wind turbines at the point of common coupling (PCC) are analyzed. Simulation studies are conducted using the power system simulation tool DIgSILENT Power Factory. From this analyses, it can be concluded that Turkish grid codes need to be detailed and expanded to maximize the capacity of wind power plants keeping stability constant in Turkish power system.