Reading Process

El presente artículo tiene como propósito mostrar algunas de las miradas contemporáneas a partir de las cuales es posible abordar la relación educador-educando. Esta temática, crucial para la educación, fue eje central de un artículo de Fernando Oyarzún publicado en el primer número de Estudios pedagógicos (1976). Hoy, 40 años después de la publicación de este artículo, junto con rescatar la relevancia del tema y su influencia en el proceso educativo, relevamos cuatro perspectivas a partir de las cuales se puede contribuir a la comprensión de esta relación dialógica entre el educador y el educando: la teoría del apego, el enfoque de la educación basada en las fortalezas, la motivación y finalmente, el rol mediador del docente ejemplificado a partir de la mediación lectora. Por último, se sugieren algunos desafíos para el educador, teniendo en perspectiva los enfoques abordados. Palabras clave: Sistema de apego, educación basada en las fortalezas, motivación, mediación.

The study explored the perception of teachers on the impact of overschooling on cognitive and psychomotor development of public primary school pupils in Anambra State, using researcher's developed instrument. Multistage sampling procedure was employed. Of the 710 primary school teachers in the 42 public primary schools in the area of study, 120 participants were used as the sample for the study. Four stages were involved in the sampling; at each stage an appropriate sampling technique was used. Mean scores were used to describe teachers' perception of overschooling on cognitive and psychomotor development of primary school pupils in Anambra State. Descriptive statistics, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23) were employed for data analyses. Results revealed that the respondents substantially showed that over-schooling neither facilitated cognitive development, nor enhanced psychomotor development of children. Recommendations were advanced.

Aristotle and Confucius are pivotal figures in world history; nevertheless, Western and Eastern cultures have in modern times largely abandoned the insights of these masters. Remastering Morals with Aristotle and Confucius is the first book-length scholarly comparison of the ethics of Aristotle and Confucius. May Sim's comparisons of the ethics of Aristotle and Confucius offer fresh interpretations of the central teachings of both men. More than a catalog of similarities and differences, her study brings two great traditions into dialogue so that each is able to learn from the other. This is essential reading for anyone interested in virtue-oriented ethics.

This paper reviews 15 research studies that (1) examined effects of particular accommodations or groups of accommodations on performance, and (2) employed experimental and quasi-experimental research designs that allowed examination of the effect of the accommodation(s) on ELLs and non-ELLs. Studies looked at one or more of the following types of accommodations: (1) linguistic simplification, (2) customized English dictionaries and glossaries, (3) use of the native language, (4) reading items and/or directions aloud, and (5) providing extra time in combination with other accommodations. • Although research on accommodations for ELLs is inconclusive, two kinds of accommodations appear to hold promise: native language versions of assessments and linguistic simplification of English versions. In addition, combining specific direct linguistic support accommodations (i.e., bilingual glossaries) with specific indirect linguistic support accommodations (i.e., extra time) also appears to support ELL's performance on assessments. • This paper also discusses how second language acquisition research informs the use of accommodations. The tendency of ELLs to process the language of a test by focusing on linguistic structures, lexical items, and phonological features leaves fewer cognitive resources available for accessing the content of the test. Furthermore, in addition to processing the language of the test, ELLs also must negotiate the sociocultural practices and expectations embedded in assessment. These disadvantages can be mitigated directly through the (1) simplification, (2) repetition, or (3) clarification of the test items or directions, or indirectly, by modifying the conditions under which a test is taken. • This paper reviews states' SY 2000-2001 policies related to testing accommodations for ELLs. Policies were often organized explicitly around the needs of two student groups: ELLs and SDs. Some states' policies treated these as entirely separate groups, whereas other addressed these as one group. In most cases, guidelines for individual assessments for which accommodations were offered were subordinated to considerations of student groups (ELLs and SDs). Overall, the most noticeable trend with regard to states' treatment of content areas is that accommodations providing direct linguistic support to ELLs were more likely to be prohibited for English language arts than for other content areas.

This paper examines the different qualities of the Zoom platform with a focus on its advantages and disadvantages in a collaborative learning style from Kabul University's lecturers' perspective. The study explored the role of both humans and technology in shaping the higher education system. The descriptive methodology is used to collect data through a questionnaire with sixteen questions. The statistical population is Kabul University, and the target population is the professors of Journalism, Computer Science, Psychology, Social Sciences and Agriculture faculties who were selected by cluster sampling method. The findings of this research indicate that the majority of the participants of this study believe that the use of Zoom can facilitate the process of collaborative learning and can increase the interaction between students and professors. Participants of this study considered sharing in discussions easily and cheaply as one of the noteworthy advantages of Zoom technology.

This paper examines the different qualities of the Zoom platform with a focus on its advantages and disadvantages in a collaborative learning style from Kabul University's lecturers' perspective. The study explored the role of both humans and technology in shaping the higher education system. The descriptive methodology is used to collect data through a questionnaire with sixteen questions. The statistical population is Kabul University, and the target population is the professors of Journalism, Computer Science, Psychology, Social Sciences and Agriculture faculties who were selected by cluster sampling method. The findings of this research indicate that the majority of the participants of this study believe that the use of Zoom can facilitate the process of collaborative learning and can increase the interaction between students and professors. Participants of this study considered sharing in discussions easily and cheaply as one of the noteworthy advantages of Zoom technology.

There are much scholarly readings of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim. This paper randomly picks some of the papers according to the various ways the scholars have studied the text for a review. Such critical readings have been examined here, considering the topical, thematic as well as theoretical and conceptual frameworks that have guided the studies. By so doing the paper answers the question on ways through which Lord Jim is read. The paper therefore shows that source study, reader response investigation, aesthetics analysis, modernist view, postcolonial readings, religious and moral approaches, stylistics, queer reading and other heterologous readings have dominated the scholarly works on Lord Jim. The conclusion is that these readings have assumed Lord Jim offers codes for interpreting society or life. Thus, most of the critics read the text as philosophy, while others read the texts as allegory or a testimony of the author or his society. But such interpretations have often offered a...

English vocabulary is crucial for students' language proficiency in reading, speaking, listening, and writing. To increase vocabulary, teachers can use effective techniques, such as incorporating English songs into the curriculum. This research aims to assess the impact of using songs for vocabulary instruction on 40 students from SMK Negeri 2 Gerung. They were split into an experimental class (X-TEI) exposed to English songs and a control class (X-TOI) using flashcards.After the treatment, post-test scores showed significant differences between the two classes. The experimental class scored 80.25, while the control class scored 66.75. Data analysis in SPSS demonstrated a substantial difference in vocabulary mastery (sig 2-tailed < 0.05) between the two groups. Hypothesis testing confirmed the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (Ha) and rejection of the Null Hypothesis (Ho). In conclusion, incorporating English songs effectively improved students' vocabulary mastery...

Hearing impairment children get troubles in their listening skill which causes the constraints for their language development. It also includes writing skill. Hearing impairment children's writing skill tends to remain low. They get difficulties to write simple sentence in the correct grammar. The words they arrange are still jumbled. The use of spelling and punctuation are not correct. One of the ways to improve deaf children's writing skill is by using pictures mapping, it is because it can help the children to map their pictures to be pictures and writing.This research aims find if there is an effect of two dimension pictures mapping for the hearing impairment children's writing skill of simple sentence at second grade in special need elementary schoolhearing impairment Karya Mulia II Surabaya.This research uses quantitative approach. It is a pre-experimental design and onegroup pretest-posttest design. There are 6 hearing impairment children of second grade in special need elementary schoolhearing impairment Karya Mulia II Surabaya become the sample of the research. The data collecting technique used is test. Data analysis by using sign test formula.The result shows that there is an improvement of the score of writing simple sentence. The score is 52,5 in the pretest and it becomes 73 in the posttest. The Z table of 5% in the two tails is 1,96. The score of Zh is 2,05. Therefore, the null hypotesis is rejected and alternative hypotesis is accepted. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of using pictures mapping for hearing impairment children's writing skill of simple sentence at second grade of special need elementary schoolhearing impairment Karya Mulia II Surabaya.

This topic is interesting because through Transitivity Analysis we can discover the meaning behind clauses. The topic was also chosen because in English Department of UIN Walisongo we barely could find this study and the resources of this topic were limited. The researcher is also attracted by the short story No Witchcraft for Sale by Doris Lessing because it contains some moral values. The study used transitivity analysis to analyze the short story. The method used in this study was qualitative design to find the result of the study. The data collection technique applied in this study were seeking and selecting, reading, reducing and identifying. Then, the data were analyzed by employing several steps such as listing, classifying, calculating, and the last step was reporting the result of the analysis in written text. The data result showed that there are six process types occurred in the short story. They are material process, mental process, behavioral process, verbal process, re...

Parents of three second-grade students identified as at-risk readers were trained to tutor their children. The reading interventions were either accuracy (i.e., modeling and phrase drill) or proficiency (i.e., repeated reading and reward). Intervention selection was based on predicted level of the instructional hierarchy. Students reading below 32 words correct per minute (WCM) or below 85% accuracy were provided with the accuracy intervention. Students exceeding both of these criteria were provided with the proficiency intervention. This study was conducted over 30 weeks of the academic year. Progress monitoring data were collected using DIBELSNext. Parent tutors provided the interventions with high levels of treatment adherence and exposure. Parents were very satisfied with the tutoring experience.

The aim of this research is to develop a new practice to enhance the success and attitudes of the middle school students. With this in mind, the competition activity was designed by reading. The effect of this activity on secondary school students' reading comprehension success and attitudes towards reading was examined. In this research, quantitative methods and Quasi-experimental model is used. The research has been conducted with 5th grade students in a public middle school in the central district of Kütahya province, in 2018-2019 academic years. The implementation process of the research took 8 weeks. Lessons in the experimental group were taught using "I compete by reading" activity, and continued in the control group according to the Turkish lesson curriculum. Reading-Understanding Achievement Test and Reading Attitude Scale for middle school students were used as data collection tool in the research. In the analysis of the data, the Dependent and Independent Samples test was used. According to the findings obtained in the research, the experimental group, where the reading practice is carried out with the "I compete by reading" Activity, was more successful in understanding than the control group. Again, according to the research findings, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups from the posttest of the Reading Attitude Scale. As a result, with this research, "I compete by reading" activity has been revealed to be an application that can be used in reading education.

The aim of this study is to make a comparison of the animal visuals used for mother tongue education in the course books for the age group of 12 and 14 in Turkey and England. Both wild and domestic animal visuals have been used in both countries' education of mother tongue. The most frequently used skill in visual reading is the reading skill. However, for each of the 3 age groups, English books preferred to show animals alone in their natural environment while Turkish books preferred to use more than one animal of the same species in their natural environment for the purpose of reinforcement England is the country that uses the animal visuals best. Because the animal visuals prove to be meaningful and necessary where they are used, while this ratio is much lower in Turkey with no more than 50%. As a result, it can be concluded that England has acted with more care in use of animal visuals compared to Turkey.

Bu çalışmada okuma güçlüklerinin sesbilgisel farkındalık ile hızlı isimlendirmede yaşanan yetersizliklere bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığını savunan Çift Yetersizlik Hipotezinin Türkçe gibi şeffaf bir dilde okuma güçlükleri ile ilişkili geçerliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Buna göre, anasınıfına devam eden çocuklar, sesbilgisel farkındalık ve hızlı isimlendirme becerileri ölçümlerinden aldıkları puanlara göre çift yetersizlik grubu (n=23), sesbilgisel farkındalıkta yetersizlik yaşayan grup (n=35), hızlı isimlendirmede yetersizlik yaşayan grup (n=29) ve herhangi bir yetersizliği olmayan kontrol grubu (n=48) olmak üzere dört gruba atanmışlardır. Grupların okuma ve okuduğunu anlama becerilerindeki performansları birinci sınıftan ikinci sınıfın sonuna kadar boylamsal olarak izlenmiş ve dört ayrı zamanda karşılaştırılmıştır. Çok Değişkenli Varyans Analizi (MANOVA) ile yapılan analizler sonucunda genel olarak çift yetersizlik grubunun okuma ve okuduğunu anlama görevlerinde en düşük başarıyı, kontrol grubunun da en yüksek başarıyı sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Bütün grupların okuma ve okuduğunu anlama başarıları gelişime paralel bir şekilde artış göstermekle birlikte, sesbilgisel farkındalıkta ve hızlı isimlendirmede yetersizlik yaşayan grupların dönemlere göre performanslarının çift yetersizlik grubu ile kontrol grubundan anlamlı olarak farklılaştığına ilişkin bulgular alanyazını desteklemektedir. Çift yetersizlik hipotezinin Türkçe konuşan çocuklardaki etkilerinin incelendiği bu çalışma, okuma güçlüğü açısından risk grubunda yer alan çocukların erken dönemde belirlenebilmesi ve uygun müdahalelerin planlaması için uygulamaya yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Çift yetersizlik hipotezi Okuma Okuduğunu anlama

This essay examines the ways in which Margaret Mead's research findings in New Guinea were transmitted to a Chinese-speaking audience through Yang Mei-hui's annotated Chinese summary of part 4 of Mead's Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In so doing, Yang served as a cultural intermediary who transmitted Mead's concept of cultural relativism on gender-role formation to her Chinese-speaking audience. Yang's annotated summary (1973) serves as a case study of the ways in which a cultural intermediary's injections of her personal commentaries within a specific cross-cultural context can facilitate her audience's understanding of the arguments made in the original English text. In this essay, I undertake a textual comparison of Yang's Chinese annotated summary with Mead's original English text for the purpose of evaluating Yang's effectiveness in conveying Mead's main arguments. In the 1970s and thereafter, Taiwanese feminists applied Mead's concept of cultural relativism of socially constructed gender to subvert the rigid gender roles in Taiwanese society. In so doing, they contributed to women's self-determination during the era of Taiwan's democratization.

This essay examines the ways in which Margaret Mead's research findings in New Guinea were transmitted to a Chinese-speaking audience through Yang Mei-hui's annotated Chinese summary of part 4 of Mead's Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In so doing, Yang served as a cultural intermediary who transmitted Mead's concept of cultural relativism on gender-role formation to her

While education scholars have discussed differing perceptions of students’ academic skills by race, little is known about differences in perceptions due to developmental disabilities. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, First Grade Waves, this study pushes forward what is already known about teacher perceptions by exploring whether a diagnosis of ADHD leads to differing teacher evaluations in science, math, and reading. Results do indicate that teachers are more likely to perceive students with ADHD as lower performing than their peers without ADHD. This pattern remains significant despite the addition of control variables. These students with ADHD are being rated worse even when this assumption is not warranted. This paper also discusses implications for education scholarship, and the study of developmental disabilities in an academic setting.

To automate assessments of beginning readers, especially those still learning English, we have investigated the types of knowledge sources that teachers use and have tried to incorporate them into an automated system. We describe a set of speech recognition and verification experiments and compare teacher scores with automatic scores in order to decide when a novel pronunciation is best viewed as a reading error or as dialect variation. Since no one classroom teacher is expected to be familiar with as many dialect systems as might occur in an urban classroom, making progress in automated assessments in this area can improve the consistency and fairness of reading assessment. We found that automatic methods performed best when the acoustic models were trained on both native and non-native speech, and argue that this training condition is necessary for automatic reading assessment since a child's reading ability is not directly observable in one utterance. We also found assessment of emerging reading skills in young children to be an area ripe for more research!

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji keefektifan kombinasi strategi empty chair dan reframing dalam meningkatkan kohesivitas keluarga siswa. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian single-subject dengan desain A-B. Subyek penelitian sebanyak enam siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Taman tahun akademik 2014/ 2015 yang termasuk dalam kategori kohesivitas keluarga sangat rendah (disconnected). Temuan ini menjelaskan bahwa kombinasi strategi empty chair dan reframing secara umum efektif dalam meningkatkan kohesivitas keluarga siswa dan berdasarkan aspek-aspek kohesivitas keluarga ditemukan bahwa kombinasi strategi empty chair dan reframing efektif meningkatkan kohesivitas keluarga empat subyek penelitian pada semua aspek, namun kurang efektif untuk meningkatkan aspek waktu dan keterbatasan pada dua subyek penelitian. Rekomendasi yang dapat diberikan kepada guru BK yaitu dapat menggunakan kombinasi strategi empty chair dan reframing dalam membantu siswa mengatasi permasalahannya yang terka...

This paper presents some speculation about the contingencies that might select standard spellings. The speculation is based on a new development in the teaching of spelling-the process writing approach, which lets standard spellings emerge collateral to a high frequency of reading and writing. The paper discusses this approach, contrasts it with behavior-analytic research on spelling, and suggests some new directions for this latter research based on a behavioral interpretation of the process writing approach to spelling. A radical behaviorist interested in spelling finds a vast literature. Some of this literature is behavior-analytic in orientation (e.g.,

This study seeks through the literature review to identify the possibility of using the gamification strategy to improve the application of learner-centered learning to overcome some of the challenges of learning Arabic language for non-native speakers such as traditional methods and psychological barriers in students such as fear and shame which hinders students interaction and positive participation in language learning. Based on the literature review, the study found the possibility of integrating the gamification strategy with learner-centered learner approach, and to use it to increase the students' interaction and engagement and to encourage them to participate and practice the Arabic language.

To performance art devotees, Guillermo Gómez-Peña is a superhero of sorts. Despite his ongoing attempts to de-romanticize his positioning as a rebel artist, it is not hard to find yourself cheering after reading one of his books. In these works, which are composed as experimental collages of performance photos and texts, Gómez-Peña presents himself as the consummate border artist, working to destabilize both purist and tourist conceptions of cultural identity while simultaneously promoting intercultural understanding across shifting boundaries of difference. In his celebrated performance art pieces, this complex negotiation is played out in cheeky acts of translation and mistranslation, with performance personae making up words, switching accents, blending languages, and ultimately ending up in an argot that can be described neither as English nor Spanish.

This article reports on the relationships between ecocultural features of 18 Latina/o families and their children's motivation to read. Five ecocultural features emerged as salient in families' daily living: immigration; culture and language; nurturance; instrumental; and workload. Ecocultural features were examined in relation to children's perceptions of themselves as readers. Nurturance related to how much children valued reading, culture and language related to how children viewed themselves as readers, and workload was inversely related to how much children valued reading. The findings indicate that questions about how and why children read are seen more clearly through a sociocultural lens, as the expression of culturally, historically, and socially mediated processes. (Contains 3 tables and 39 references.) (PM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Family Matters Related to the Reading Engagement of Latina/o Children CIERA REPORT #1.015 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.

The poet John Forbes (1950-1998) was famous for his erudition, but it is a feature of his work that has long been overlooked. Outlining how knowledge functions in Forbes’ poetics and compositional process, I argue for foregrounding this knowledge content in readings of his work, before modelling sustained readings of the erudition of two of Forbes’ best-known poems, ‘Stalin’s Holidays’ and ‘Ars Poetica’. These readings focus on the experience of contingent difficulty – that category of difficulty, according to George Steiner, that finds its source in a reader’s lack of knowledge – and the role that research, or ‘homework’ (26), plays in the reading process. While acknowledging that Steiner’s contingent difficulties are intertwined with – and sometimes created by – other categories of difficulty, this article argues for the productiveness of such ‘homework’ early in the interpretative process. Steiner likens contingent difficulties to ‘burrs on the fabric of the text’ (27). I extend ...

Arabic has four skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Writing is a skill that requires a high level to practice continuously be accompanied with a high sense abilities. A culture of the earth shall awake relics sustainability if there that is written about the culture. Writing is an expression of human what is seen and felt. Writing skills in the Arabic language divided two: the first skill to write arabic letters and Arabic words correctly is called with intermediary skills (appliance) needed by the second skill, both the ability to write a sentence in accordance with the Arabic grammar. This article also tries to express the difficulties faced by non-Arabic speakers in Arabic writing, and also try to provide solutions to these difficulties.

Offering credit recovery options is one strategy to deal with high failure rates. The primary goal of credit recovery programs is to give students an opportunity to retake classes that they failed in an effort to get them back on track and keep them in school (Watson & Gemin, 2008). It makes theoretical sense to try to get students to recover their algebra credits early, in the summer after ninth grade—before they take geometry or Algebra II and chemistry, and to put them back on track towards graduation. But there is little evidence about the extent to which expanding credit recovery leads to substantive improvements in student progression and outcomes. While it seems like a good idea, the pay-off may not actually be large for a number of reasons: few students who failed in the prior year may show up in the summer for credit recovery; few students may pass even if they do show up; and the gains of attending summer school for learning and for credit accumulation may be very small co...

Success or failure in freshman math has long been thought to have a strong impact on subsequent high school outcomes. We study an intensive math instruction policy in which students scoring below average on an 8th grade exam were assigned in 9th grade to an algebra course that doubled instructional time and emphasized problem solving skills. Using a regression discontinuity design, we confirm prior work showing relatively little short-run impact on algebra passing rates and math scores. We show, however, positive and substantial long-run impacts of double-dose algebra on college entrance exam scores, high school graduation rates and college enrollment rates. The majority of this impact comes from students with average math skills but below average reading skills, perhaps because the intervention focused on verbal exposition of mathematical concepts. These facts point to the importance both of evaluating interventions beyond the short-run and of targeting interventions toward appropr...

We study an intensive math instruction policy that assigned low-skilled 9th graders to an algebra course that doubled instructional time, altered peer composition and emphasized problem solving skills. A regression discontinuity design shows substantial positive impacts of double-dose algebra on credits earned, test scores, high school graduation and college enrollment rates. Test score effects under-predict attainment effects, highlighting the importance of long-run evaluation of such a policy. Perhaps because the intervention focused on verbal exposition of mathematical concepts, the impact was largest for students with below average reading skills, emphasizing the need to target interventions toward appropriately skilled students.

In the 21st century context, there are lots of online resources teachers may use as references and tools in teaching science. These different digital knowledge resources from software to application are very helpful and reliable sources of information for effective teaching of science. This study sought to determine the digital knowledge resources utilized by Science Teachers in different central high schools in Baybay Laguna. Descriptive research design was used in this study and purposive sampling techniques. The respondents of this were the forty-five DepEd science teachers from 6 different central high schools in Baybay Laguna. The study revealed that most of the digital knowledge utilized by DepEd Science Teachers is YouTube. The overall level of acceptability of the science teachers is at the moderate level. Furthermore, the result shows significant relationship in age and position/title of science teachers and digital knowledge resources they utilized. However, there is no significant relationship in terms of gender and grade level handled by the science teachers. There is no significant relationship between respondent’s profile and level of acceptability of the digital knowledge resources the results regardless of age, gender, position/title, and grade level handled. This research indicates that a common digital knowledge resource utilized by science teachers is YouTube. This type of digital tool is effective in teaching science since it has a wide variety of tutorials and science discoveries videos that can be used as teaching resources. Teachers regardless of their age must incorporate the use of digital knowledge resources as an effective support tool for learning science.

The article displays results from doctoral research, defended in 2022, whose purpose was to investigate which multi-referential elements made up the fictional adaptations created by young people on the Wattpad platform and whether they have characteristics close to multimodality/multiliteracy practices in writing the textual body, experiences of transmediation of content and connectivism as a learning process. We opted for Qualitative Research, taking Netnographic 2000) as an approach for immersion in the empirical field and Media Ecology as an epistemological current, therefore, a method of understanding the investigated object. As a result, it was possible to verify how communication spaces, such as online literature repositories, are being used as communication media and configuring themselves in network collaboration environments in the field of cyberculture in the production, access to reading and dissemination of literary genres consumed by young people online.

The article displays results from doctoral research, defended in 2022, whose purpose was to investigate which multi-referential elements made up the fictional adaptations created by young people on the Wattpad platform and whether they have characteristics close to multimodality/multiliteracy practices in writing the textual body, experiences of transmediation of content and connectivism as a learning process. We opted for Qualitative Research, taking Netnographic 2000) as an approach for immersion in the empirical field and Media Ecology as an epistemological current, therefore, a method of understanding the investigated object. As a result, it was possible to verify how communication spaces, such as online literature repositories, are being used as communication media and configuring themselves in network collaboration environments in the field of cyberculture in the production, access to reading and dissemination of literary genres consumed by young people online.

As Nancy Armstrong argues in Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel , “domestic fiction” was a privileged site for exploring the emerging concepts of sexuality and identity, and because most eighteenth-century novels were by and/or about women, women novelists found a certain amount of authority in this particular and important new area of thought. Of course, many novels by women contain instances of explicit sexuality, including but not limited to works by Aphra Behn and Eliza Haywood. But more interesting to me are those works which are often read as being devoid of sexual matters, but which, if read for submerged meanings and subtexts, offer at least a possibility for women’s sexuality. This method of reading, works on an analysis of the “silences, omissions, ironies, and textual subtleties” of the text, and can reveal the “encoding of female discourse” (822). I have chosen to analyze Frances Burney’s Evelina , Ann Radcliffe’s The Italian , and Jane Austen’...

Given the present-day perspectives of Nigerians to the imperatives of qualitative education in the lives of youths, quite a lot of Nigerians have strongly bemoaned and condemned the recurrent woeful performances of students in Certificate examinations. Many research works have therefore concerned themselves with solving the problems of mass failure in public examinations. This paper, with special focus on improving English language teaching and learning in Secondary schools and improving students’ performances in public examinations, reviewed the problem, and causes, of mass failure in English language as enunciated by scholars and, proposed four radical panaceas – introducing the reading of prose texts to all students; separating English Language and Literature-in-English in the JSCE curriculum; separating the aspects of English Language for teachers and, moving up the teachers as their students move up from class to class – of improving learners’ performances in English language i...

Bu çalışmada ilkokul 3. sınıf düzeyinde anlamayı izleme testinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle araştırma bir test geliştirme çalışması olarak desenlenmiş ve yürütülmüştür. Testin geliştirilme sürecinde test maddelerinin yazılması, pilot uygulamalar yapılması, madde analizi, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları işlem basamakları olarak takip edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Aydın ili Nazilli ilçesinde bulunan iki devlet okulunun yedi üçüncü sınıf şubesi (N=204) oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak anlamayı izleme testi kullanılmıştır. Bu test, dört tutarlı, beş tutarsız ve üç eksik bilgi içeren metin olmak üzere toplam 12 metinden (maddeden) oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler önce Microsoft Excel programına girilmiştir. Daha sonra veriler IBM SPSS programına aktarılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler üzerinde madde ve güvenilirlik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan madde güçlük ve ayırt edicilik indekslerine ilişkin hesaplamalar ve güvenilirlik analizleri sonucunda, testten dört madde çıkarılmış ve teste son hali verilmiştir. Geliştirilen anlamayı izleme testinin ilkokul düzeyinde anlama becerisi ile ilişkili bilişsel yapıları daha nitelikli bir şekilde değerlendirilebilecek güvenilir ve geçerli bir test olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.