Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits

A fully integrated 10Gb/s 1.3 to 1.55µm CMOS optoelectronic receiver is demonstrated for the first time. By heterogeneously integrating of a CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with an InGaAs/InP PIN photodiode using a recently developed self-aligned waferlevel integration technology (SAWLIT), operation at 10Gb/s is achieved. The CMOS transimpedance amplifier exhibits a transimpedance gain of 51dBΩ and a bandwidth of 6.1GHz.

This paper presents the design of a high efficiency, low THD, 5.7GHz fully differential power amplifier for wireless communications in a standard 0.18µm CMOS technology. The power amplifier employs a fully differential class-E topology to achieve high power efficiency by exploiting its soft-switching property. In order to achieve high operating frequency, an injection-locked oscillator is utilized, which makes the output voltage of the power amplifier tuned at the input signal frequency. A complementary CMOS cross-coupled pair topology is employed to realize the LC-tank oscillator because it has lower phasenoise, thereby giving lower THD than the single NMOS cross-coupled pair topology. The proposed power amplifier can deliver 25dBm output power to a 50 load at 5.7GHz with 42.6% power-added efficiency (PAE) from 1.8V supply voltage.

Jawa Timur merupakan provinsi yang memiliki populasi penduduk sekitar 37,47 juta jiwa.Hal ini berimbas kepada meningkatnya kebutuhan untuk melakukan perjalanan dari tempat awal menuju ke tempat tujuan. Jalan merupakan prasarana yang mendukung hal tersebut. Menurut data Dinas PU Bina Marga, tahun 2012, rasio panjang jalan terhadap jumlah kendaraan di Jawa Timur tercatat 3,29 km untuk setiap 1000 kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini disebabkan pertumbuhan jumlah kendaraan bermotor yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan pertumbuhan panjang jalan yang ada.. Jalan tol merupakan salah satu jenis jalan yang dipergunakan untuk mempercepat laju perpindahan tersebut. Kualitas yang baik dari jalan tol memberikan jaminan terhadap kecepatan distribusi barang dan jasa. Tetapi kenyataannya, jalan tol tidak dapat menjamin penuh akan hal tersebut karena salah satu faktor tersebut adalah waktu dan kualitas pelayanan di pintu tol. Banyak pintu tol yang tidak mencukupi dari segi kinerja maupun pelayanan. Padahal, pintu tol sangat penting untuk diperhatikan, karena akan mempengaruhi jumlah kendaraan yang akan masuk ke gerbang tol yang lain. Selain itu, kualitas dari pelayanan yang diberikan akan memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap jumlah laju kendaraan yang dapat dilayani. Dalam tugas akhir ini membahas antrian yang terjadi pada gerbang tol yang ada. Antrian adalah suatu garis tunggu dari

The inherent non-linearity of mixers in communication systems creates numerous undesired effects, which are particularly acute in broadband receiver design for software defined radio (SDR) applications. In this paper, previously investigated mixer linearisation techniques are summarised, and a new technique using frequency retranslation is presented. To the author's knowledge, this linearisation technique is new. Two-tone-test results show up to 33dB reduction in the distortion products and a π/4-DQPSK modulated carrier yield 22dB ...

The long-term vision of program managers for the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), other military entities such as the Army's Future Combat Systems (FCS) and commercial ventures is to have total asset visibility (TAV) for all of their resources as shown in Figure 1. That is, they need ...

This paper is a practical implementation of data acquisition system based on navigational devices. The data are extracted from different ship sensors on board. The objective of this paper is to build a navigation system based on sensors to simulate the original system. This system is implemented by collecting data from different sensors which are connected to microcontrollers PIC 16F628A & P16F886 then these data is transmitted wireless using Serial UART wireless module (200M Range-433 Mhz) to a computer station which enable continuous tracking for the all ship's sensor which indicate the situation in receiving site located at another place .The simulated system is built by using Lab View version (13). The ROM cost of the system around (220$).

This paper discusses the mechanical vibration eff ct of metal structure on RFID and presents a solution to circumvent it. The transmission link between a tag and RFID re ader is affected by induced current issued from magnetic co upling. This interference affects mainly the performances of the RFID reader. A new practical technique that avoids the resulting coupling interference is presented in this paper. The RFID s ystem is analyzed at low frequency to provide a new solution that answers to the requirements of industrial applications according to ISO standards. The RFID reader’s antenna is accurately simulated with EMWorks software under different environment magnetic conditions in order to identify the main source of interference problem. Experimental results validate the solution presented in this paper and prove its enhanced performances. Keywords—RFID, tag, reader antenna, magnetic coupli ng, induced current, magnetic field, vibration .

The inherent non-linearity of mixers in communication systems creates numerous undesired effects, which are particularly acute in broadband receiver design for software defined radio (SDR) applications. In this paper, previously investigated mixer linearisation techniques are summarised, and a new technique using frequency retranslation is presented. To the author's knowledge, this linearisation technique is new. Two-tone-test results show up to 33dB reduction in the distortion products and a π/4-DQPSK modulated carrier yield 22dB ...

-Le choix d'une architecture de convertisseur puis la conception d'un prototype démonstrateur, pour répondre à une spécification donnée, reste un exercice difficile dans une jungle topologique et technologique. Le développement d'outils d'aide à la conception est donc un passage obligé pour faciliter la tâche des concepteurs mais aussi pour optimiser véritablement les solutions. La puissance sans cesse croissante des plates-formes logicielles et des ordinateurs personnels offre un potentiel largement suffisant pour atteindre des objectifs ambitieux dans cette assistance à la conception. Cela dit, de nombreux problèmes restent à résoudre et parmi eux, la synthèse de modèles réalistes et utilisables dans l'optimisation d'un système complet n'est pas le moindre. Cette contribution propose une philosophie mixant analyses physiques, formulations empiriques issues de bases de données et caractérisations expérimentales pour construire les modèles des principaux acteurs des étages de puissance que sont les composants actifs et passifs, associés selon les cas à des vecteurs de refroidissements.

SummaryThis paper presents an improved topology for ultra‐low‐power complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) distributed amplifier (DA) based on modified folded cascode gain cells. The proposed CMOS‐DA can be applicable in low‐supply‐voltage applications, because of the use of folded gain cell's structure. The proposed DA decreases power consumption by employing the forward body biasing network, while maintains high gain. By using a gain‐peaking inductor at the gate of the transistor, the proposed DA structure achieved to the gain flatness in high frequencies while the bandwidth is improved as well. In addition, employing RC network at the body terminal improves the noise performance of the proposed DA. The DA architecture consists of three amplification stages. Detailed analysis is provided for the proposed folded cascode DA. According to the post‐layout simulation results of the proposed amplifier using a 0.13‐µm CMOS process, DA achieves power gain of 17.3 ± 0.8 dB in b...

This paper reports the design and measured results of a multi-octave low noise amplifier (LNA) and a frequency-agile LNA utilizing a 0.25 μm gallium nitride (GaN) integrated circuit process technology for multi-band receiver applications. The demonstrated broadband LNA covers an instantaneous bandwidth from S-to C-bands (2.2-7.0 GHz), and the frequency-agile LNA cumulatively spans across 3 distinct bands (2.2-2.4 GHz, 4.4-5.0 GHz, and 5.0-6.7 GHz). The measured noise figure (NF), output third order intercept (OIP3), and peak gain of the wideband LNA is 1.0-1.7 dB, 19.0-26.0 dBm, and 10.6 dB with a gain flatness of +/-0.35 dB respectively at a nominal power consumption of 480 mW across the band. At the same nominal power consumption, the frequency-agile LNA demonstrated a NF of 1.3, 1.4, and 1.2 dB; OIP3 of 23, 27, and 31 dBm; and gain of 13.6, 10.6, and 10.8 dB at 2.3 GHz, 4.7 GHz, and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The performance of the frequency-agile LNA is comparable to that of optimized narrowband LNAs at Sand C-bands. Compared to the multi-octave LNA, the frequency-agile LNA demonstrated better performance in gain and OIP3 at the frequencies of interest.

A new regime in radiofrequency (rf) breakdown, named the breakdown insensitive acceleration regime (BIAR), was observed in an 11.7 GHz metamaterial structure for wakefield acceleration driven by rf pulses with a duration of a few nanoseconds. In the BIAR, rf breakdown occurs without interrupting potential beam acceleration, resulting in greater resilience to breakdown. We have investigated the possibility that BIAR can support higher gradients by characterizing the breakdown in a high-power test. The peak gradient reached 190 MV=m when the structure was powered by 6 ns long rf pulses with 115 MW peak power. The short rf pulses were extracted from 65 MeV electron bunch trains with a total charge of up to 210 nC. This work has revealed the benefits of short-pulse acceleration by characterizing rf breakdown in the previously unexplored parameter space.

In this study, the design of a monolithic wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) is presented and addressed with circuitry and modelling techniques which make it suitable for system integration. Particular emphasis has been dedicated to the interconnections analysis and to the enforcement of the stability characteristics that is usually a crucial point for LNAs. The proposed monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier covers the Q/V band showing valuable linear and non-linear characteristics in the full bandwidth from 40 to 51 GHz. The amplifier has been realised with the new 0.1 µm GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) process provided by UMS Foundry, and it is suitable for radar and space applications. The LNA shows a noise figure <2 dB, a gain of 16 dB with a 1 dB compression point of 5 dBm. The amplifier is matched at both input and output ports, and also the bond wires are taken into account in the design. The integrability characteristics have been validated with measurements in a dedicated Test-Jig.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um novo método de aquisição de seqüências diretas de códigos de espalhamento de espectro cujo desempenho é pouco influenciado pela modulação das seqüências com os dados de informação. O método foi implementado e testado por simulação e em hardware utilizando-se DSP's TMS320C50 da TI. Adicionalmente, tem sido utilizado em um sistema de comunicação sem fio a baixas taxas por espalhamento de espectro entre dois microcomputadores. Resultados de simulação em termos de probabilidades de detecção correta e detecção falsa com modulação e sem modulação da seqüência de espalhamento demonstram as vantagens do método proposto neste trabalho.

Resumo-Este artigo apresenta os resultados experimentais de transmissão de ondas ultrassônicas por uma barra cilíndrica de aço inox 304 de 1 m de comprimento, utilizando multiplexação Ortogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). O sinal OFDM, modulado em amplitude, excita a barra através de transdutores piezoelétricos com frequência de operação de 500 kHz e largura de banda 150 kHz. Usando modulação em quadratura e equalização zero forcing, obteve-se uma taxa máxima de transmissão de 240 kbps, para uma taxa de erro de 10-3. O multiplexador e o demultiplexador OFDM, o modulador e o demodulador em Amplitude foram implementados em MATLAB.

Diagnosing the broken bars in induction motors operating at low loads is a hard task reported by authors in the literature. This paper presents a method of reducing the sampling frequency for the processing of current signals, looking for a minimum sufficient sampling required to diagnose a failure of broken bars. Two technical of signals demodulation, the Hilbert Transform and the method of empirical demodulation, were used for the invitation of envelopes that carry the asymmetry information in the motor. The method was used to detect a single broken bar. The results show how the decimation technique significantly reduces the number of operations, data storage space and time required to calculate the Fast Fourier Transform without loss of information. This approach provides a better performance of embedded systems for diagnostics based on the amplitude modulation characteristic. Resumo: Diagnosticar barras quebradas em motores de indução operando com baixas cargas é uma dificuldade relatada por diversos autores na literatura. Este artigo apresenta um estudo da redução da frequência de amostragem para o processamento de sinais de corrente, buscando identificar a mínima frequência de amostragem suficiente para diagnosticar a falha de barras quebradas. Duas técnicas de demodulação de sinais, a Transformada de Hilbert e um método de demodulação empírica, foram usadas para obtenção dos envelopes que carregam as informações de assimetria no motor. O método foi utilizado para detecção de uma única barra quebrada. Os resultados mostram como a técnica de decimação reduz significativamente o número de operações, espaço de armazenamento de dados e o tempo necessário para o cálculo da Transformada Rápida de Fourier sem perda de informação. Esta abordagem pode proporcionar um melhor desempenho de sistemas embarcados para o diagnóstico baseadas na característica de modulação em amplitude.

Atualmente, existem diversas técnicas para o tratamento do sinal de áudio para remoção de ruídos, principalmente em sinal de voz. Na maioria das aplicações da área de telecomunicações há uma interferência inerente a cada uma das partes do sistema, seja na detecção, no processamento, na transmissão ou recepção. O objetivo deste trabalho é poder restaurar os sinais de voz que sofreram algum tipo de degradação ou distorção. Para realizar essa restauração foi investigado o uso de filtros adaptativos através de algoritmos em Matlab. O sinal de áudio utilizado foi em formato .wav (Waveform Audio File Format).

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that not only serves to identify objects but also communicates other information, allowing the real-time monitoring of objects at each step in a mobile object network and the reporting of information on their current status. RFID has become one of the most promising research areas and has attracted increasing attention. This interest sparks a huge amount of literature in the field of RFID. However, the research has been conducted from different perspectives and, as a result, has led to a growing body of knowledge dispersed in different fields. To fill this gap, we carried out a systematic mapping study (SMS) based on a well-established research methodology from the medical and software engineering scientific communities, which aims to study and identify the approaches used, quantity and quality of publications, types of research, and publication trends that shaped the field of RFID research over the past two decades. Its results were based on 219 studies, rigorously selected from among 4294 studies identified in the IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science digital libraries and classified according to the research type facet, research area facet, citation facet, and application domain facet. We synthesized and interpreted the results of this SMS to devise future research directions in the RFID domain. This breadth-first SMS provides a solid, comprehensive, and reproducible picture of state-of-theart RFID technology; the obtained results may have implications for practitioners willing to understand and adopt RFID, including researchers, journal editors, reviewers, and universities. The results obtained revealed that (1) there is a considerable and continuous rise of RFID research activities around different parts of the globe, including in the USA and China, and other English-speaking developed countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the U.K., have a significant influence on this growth; (2) with the technological progress of RFID hardware components and increasingly demanding application domains, RFID technology brings opportunities in some new areas, such as ''IoT applications'', ''Complex Environments'', and ''Industry 4.0''; (3) despite the high number of studies carried out in the field of RFID, especially in the hardware design and performances subfield, a limited number of works have detailed or focused on the ''middleware'' component of RFID systems, indicating that RFID data processing and management remain an open research issue; and (4) RFID domain challenges, gaps, and feasible future recommendations were highlighted in this study. INDEX TERMS SMS, RFID, publication channel, research type, citations, application domains, research area.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that not only serves to identify objects but also communicates other information, allowing the real-time monitoring of objects at each step in a mobile object network and the reporting of information on their current status. RFID has become one of the most promising research areas and has attracted increasing attention. This interest sparks a huge amount of literature in the field of RFID. However, the research has been conducted from different perspectives and, as a result, has led to a growing body of knowledge dispersed in different fields. To fill this gap, we carried out a systematic mapping study (SMS) based on a well-established research methodology from the medical and software engineering scientific communities, which aims to study and identify the approaches used, quantity and quality of publications, types of research, and publication trends that shaped the field of RFID research over the past two decades. Its results were based on 219 studies, rigorously selected from among 4294 studies identified in the IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science digital libraries and classified according to the research type facet, research area facet, citation facet, and application domain facet. We synthesized and interpreted the results of this SMS to devise future research directions in the RFID domain. This breadth-first SMS provides a solid, comprehensive, and reproducible picture of state-of-theart RFID technology; the obtained results may have implications for practitioners willing to understand and adopt RFID, including researchers, journal editors, reviewers, and universities. The results obtained revealed that (1) there is a considerable and continuous rise of RFID research activities around different parts of the globe, including in the USA and China, and other English-speaking developed countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the U.K., have a significant influence on this growth; (2) with the technological progress of RFID hardware components and increasingly demanding application domains, RFID technology brings opportunities in some new areas, such as ''IoT applications'', ''Complex Environments'', and ''Industry 4.0''; (3) despite the high number of studies carried out in the field of RFID, especially in the hardware design and performances subfield, a limited number of works have detailed or focused on the ''middleware'' component of RFID systems, indicating that RFID data processing and management remain an open research issue; and (4) RFID domain challenges, gaps, and feasible future recommendations were highlighted in this study. INDEX TERMS SMS, RFID, publication channel, research type, citations, application domains, research area.

In this paper a novel tuneable LNA is presented. This LNA is designed with two separated structures which both of them utilize noise cancellation technique and some other approaches such as gain boosting and T-transformer feedback. Each proposed LNA has two stages that the first stage is designed based on noise cancellation and the second stage uses common gate structure. The proposed LNA type (A) utilises the switched capacitance in the first stage to tune the centre frequency and a gain boosting in the second stage to increase the gain. The second proposed LNA type (B) has implemented the parallel networks to decrease the change in the gain values of the LNA in different channels. The T-transformer approach is used in each parallel network to decrease the inductors value and improve the input matching. In the second stage, the negative feedback is also employed to control the bandwidth. The proposed LNA is simulated in ADS software with TSMC 130 nm CMOS technology and the layout is designed by Cadence. The LNA type (A) has 22.7 dB gain in 28.8 GHz and the noise figure of 2 dB. The IIP3 for this LNA is 0 dBm in 25.42 GHZ. For the LNA type (B), the gain and noise figure standard deviations are 0.25 and 0.057 respectively which shows minimum variations by frequency tuning. For this LNA, the maximum gain is 20.5 dB and the noise figure is 2 dB at 31.42 GHz. Finally the performances of the proposed LNAs have been compared with those of LNAs which have been recently published. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

RESUME-Le développement d'un packaging dédié aux transistors à grand gap (SiC et GaN) est un point clef pour tirer pleinement profit de leurs caractéristiques remarquables. Un packaging en trois dimensions, basé sur un procédé de fabrication des circuits imprimés, est présenté dans cet article. Une cellule de commutation à base de MOSFET SiC est développé avec une inductance parasite de seulement 0.25nH. De plus, les interconnexions électriques du module sont réalisées sans brasures ni fil de bonding. Un module 3D est fabriqué puis validé expérimentalement. Des caractérisations électriques statiques et dynamiques sont réalisées et valident électriquement le concept « Power Chip On Chip » avec un procédé de fabrication de circuit imprimé.

CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação de desempenho entre quatro técnicas de acesso múltiplo por divisão em código : uma técnica por salto em freqüência e três técnicas multiportadoras. Para uma das técnicas multiportadora, um novo modelo de análise do desempenho foi proposto. Os desempenhos foram obtidos para um canal de ambiente interior com desvanecimento Rayleigh através de simulação computacional. Os resultados de simulação mostraram um desempenho superior da técnica por salto em freqüência.

Resumo-Neste artigo é apresentada uma arquitetura para o multiplicador de Mastrovito usando circuitos de limiar linear. São determinados os polinômios irredutíveis ótimos para a construção do multiplicador de Mastrovito em corpos finitos GF (2 m), para 2 ≤ m ≤ 16. A arquitetura proposta fornece menor complexidade espacial teórica em relação às outras arquiteturas do multiplicador de Mastrovito. Quando há a utilização de polinômios irredutíveis ótimos, observa-se uma redução da complexidade espacial para m > 11.

This paper addresses the use of a genetic algorithm for searching signal constellations suited for mapping the encoder output of wavelet-coded communications systems. This search is based on a previous analysis of the decoder error probability. The numerical results here presented show that the use of genetic algorithm is an effective tool for performance improvement of wireless communications based on the wavelet coding technique.

Resumo Este artigo descreve o algoritmo de extração da freqüência fundamental do sinal de voz usado na implementação do programa P-NAV (Programa Neuro Analizador Vocal), por Brandão (2006). O método proposto toma como base o algoritmo descrito por Boersma (1993), que usa o método da autocorrelação, e desenvolve quatro algoritmos obtendo, com isso, um método mais robusto para marcar corretamente os períodos do sinal de voz, mesmo em trechos severamente perturbados e diplofônicos.

In recent years class D amplifiers have become more and more popular. The main factor that has led to this
great diffusion is its higher energy conversion efficiency. However, they present several problems, such as
quantification errors and distortion introduced by the PCM/PWM conversion. Various methods have been presented to
attenuate these problems, but even so, the distortion introduced by the rise/fall times of the semiconductors or the low
pass filters are not considered. In order to improve the quality of the audio power amplifiers, several topologies have
been used, allowing an increased resolution of the output signal. However, conventional PWM modulators originate
extremely narrow impulses, which introduce higher distortion levels. In recent years new modulators have been
presented, that attempt to attenuate this problem. Thus, this work will describe the current technology of the audio
power digital amplifiers, as well as the technology associated with those structures.

Perilaku Etika Dalam Proses Pengadaan Publik : Analisis Studi Kasus Pembangunan Uji Coba Sistem MLFF

Disusun oleh:
Krisna Mahardika (213515516019)
Vidya Mas Adinda (213515516028)
Nasywa Dania Rahmawati (213515516048)
Salsabila Talitha Azura (213515516134)

Resumo-Este artigo apresenta uma técnica de interrogação de sensores à fibra óptica baseados em redes de período longo (LPG). A técnica utiliza um modelo matemático no qual as equações das componentes harmônicas do sinal elétrico consideram a variação na largura do espectro de absorção da LPG ao interrogar diferentes substâncias. A validação da técnica foi comprovada por resultados experimentais das medidas do índice de refração das substâncias testadas, quando considerado a variação na largura espectral de absorção.

With the growing visual information signals transmission, methods of image inpainting acquired noticeable importance in signal processing area. These methods, usually proposed to minimize the effects of loss of data blocks, analyze primarily the spatial correlation between portions of an image, without intensively exploring the information in the frequency domain. In another aspect, techniques that seek to evaluate losses of blocks in images do not describe locally a figure of merit for consistent measurement of spatial correlation between pixels of each corrupted block. In the context of exploring the visual information signal in multiple resolutions, this work presents a technique of digital image inpainting, extensible to video applications, from the analysis of property of regularity of wavelets in multiresolution analysis of images, described locally in the sense of Besov vectorial spaces, whose generalized smoothness allows widespread changes in wavelet coefficients of image data, aiming to conceal visual information. The study describes a technique for estimation of decay curves of the wavelet coefficients from pixels, based on observation of the property of regularity, aiming to correct blocks of pixels contaminated by noise. From the observation of such characteristics, the study proposes an algorithm for inpainting, in the wavelet transform domain, applied to images, performing as the detection task, based in a criterion of threshold of cross-correlation between wavelet coefficients, as the correction of damaged pixel blocks, stated in the reconstruction of information from a designed decay function for those coefficients. Simulation results obtained for the implementation of the method in images corrupted by different patterns of noise show its good performance compared to other recent methods. At the end of this work, topics to be explored in further research are presented.

Pada masa sekarang, jalan tol sangat berperan terhadap kelancaran arus lalu lintas, terutama didaerah yang sedang berkembang salah satunya Nusa Dua. Pada saat ini belum diketahui karakteristik kedatangan kendaraan dan karakteristik pelayanan gardu tol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk menganalisis karakteristik tingkat kedatangan kendaraan, untuk menganalisis karakteristik tingkat pelayanan gardu tol, untuk menganalisis kinerja pelayanan gardu tol dan untuk menganalisis jumlah gardu tol optimal sesuai dengan tingkat kedatangan kendaraan pada gerbang masuk jalan tol Bali Mandara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan karakteristik kedatangan kendaraan gardu tol tunai dan gardu tol elektronik Gerbang Tol Benoa berdistribusi poisson. Karakteristik pelayanan gardu tol 1, gardu tol 2 dan gardu tol 3 Gerbang Tol Benoa berdistribusi eksponensial negatif. Kinerja sistem pelayanan gardu tol tunai dengan disiplin antrian FVFS adalah: n = 1,131 kendaraan/menit, q = 0,230 kendaraan/menit, d = 0,128 menit, dan w = 0,026 menit. Kinerja sistem pelayanan gardu tol elektronik dengan disiplin antrian FIFO adalah: n = 0,000923 kendaraan/menit, q = 0,000001 kendaraan/menit, d = 0,001668 menit, dan w = 0,000002 menit. Hasil analisis biaya gabungan pada gardu tol tunai menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimal untuk kedatangan pada saat ini dapat tercapai jika hanya 1 gardu tol yang dibuka. Kata kunci: karakteristik kedatangan, kinerja pelayanan, biaya gabungan, jumlah gardu optimal ANALYSIS OF SERVICE PERFORMANCE OF THE TOLL GATE BALI MANDARA

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are devices made up of several electrical and mechanical components. They consist of mechanical functions (sensing, thermal, inertial) and electrical functions (switching, decision making) on a single chip made by microfabrication methods. These chips exhibit combined properties of the two functions. The size of system has characteristic dimensions less than 1mm but more than 1μm. The configuration of these components determine the final deliverables of the switch. MEMS can be designed to meet user requirements on any level from microbiological application such as biomedical transducers or tissue engineering, to mechanical systems such as microfluidic diagnoses or chemical fuel cells. The low cost, small mass and minimal power consumption of the MEMS makes it possible to readily integrate to any kind of system in any environment. MEMS are faster, better and cheaper. They offer excellent electrical performances. MEMS working at Radio frequencies are RF MEMS. RF-MEMS switches find huge market in the modern telecommunication networks, biological, automobiles, satellites and defense systems because of their lower power consumptions at relatively higher frequencies and better electrical performances. But the reliability is the major hurdle in the fate of RF MEMS switches. Reliability mainly arises due to the presence of residual stresses, charging current, fatigue and creep and contact degradation. The presence of residual stresses in switches the S-Parameters of the switches are affected badly and the residual stress affects the final planarity of the fabricated structure. Design and simulation of an RF-MEMS switch is proposed considering the residual stresses in both on and off state. The operating frequency band is being optimized and the best possible feasible fabrication technique for the proposed switch design is being analyzed. S-Parameters are calculated and a comparison for the switches with stress and without stress is performed in FEM based HFSS software.

Resumo-Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de duas tecnologias candidatas (rede de acesso ADSL e rede PLC) ao canal de retorno do sistema de TV Digital no Brasil, considerando os principais efeitos nocivos de cada canal de comunicação. Curvas de probabilidade de erro de bit, obtidas por simulação computacional, são apresentadas, considerando a escolha da técnica de transmissão OFDM e valores típicos de ruído impulsivo para cada canal. Palavras-Chave-TV Digital, ADSL, PLC, canal de retorno, interatividade.

Resumo-Neste trabalho, investiga-se a utilização conjunta de técnicas de formatação de feixe, diversidade e equalização para recepção de sinais em sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Utiliza-se um conjunto de arranjos de antenas para obter tanto diversidade espacial como formatação de feixe. Três técnicas de combinação dos sinais na saída dos conformadores são apresentadas: seleção, soma não ponderada e soma ponderada. Um equalizador DFE é empregado para compensar a ISI residual. Resultados de simulação permitem avaliar o desempenho dos esquemas propostos.

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um software, chamado Plot Spectrum, que simula um Analisador de Espectro para fins didáticos em disciplinas de curso de Telecomunicações feito com Arduino e uma shield TEA5767 de rádio FM na frequência de 87,5 a 108 MHz interagindo com um computador pessoal qualquer. Além disso, são apresentadas as funcionalidades do projeto comparando-as com um Analisador de Espectro real, ou um Osciloscópio com função compatível, e compara também com projetos semelhantes já publicados.

Resumo-A falta de sincronização entre a taxa de amostragem e a freqüência do sinal é a principal causa de erros na análise harmônica de sinais periódicos por meio de técnicas digitais. Foi divulgado recentemente um algoritmo que permite estimar com exatidão os parâmetros dos harmônicos de sinais periódicos arbitrários sem a necessidade de circuitos de sincronização. Mostra-se que o algoritmo é um projeto de experimentos ortogonal alternativo para o problema do ajuste de um modelo linear trigonométrico aos dados de voltímetros de amostragem digital integradores. Isso foi também confirmado experimentalmente em recente comparação do método proposto com um sistema de sintetização e amostragem digital síncronas. As amplitudes dos harmônicos como uma percentagem da fundamental medidas pelos dois métodos diferem de menos de uma parte em 10 6. O algoritmo descrito pode ser usado em quase qualquer tipo de aplicação de corrente alternada de baixa freqüência. Palavras-chave-Conversão analógico-digital, Calibração,

Digital-intensive ultra-low-power (ULP) wireless transmitters (TX) employing harmonic injection locking suffer from large close-in reference spurs that violates the TX spectral mask. This paper presents a self-aligned type-I PLL in conjunction with harmonic injection locking to achieve significantly improved spur performance at ULP for sub-GHz IoT TXs. The on-chip type-I PLL calibrates the phase error in the ring oscillator (RO) in real time and avoid large spurs induced from the frequency deviation in the harmonic injectionlocked technique through the proposed twin-T notch filter in the feedback loop. Implemented in 180nm CMOS process, the proposed frequency translating TX occupies an active area of only 0.0413mm 2 with-14dBm output at 915MHz. We report the lowest power consumption with 3X improved energy-efficiency while consistently achieving >62dBc spur suppression. The TX also supports OOK modulation with an average power consumption of 200.9µW only at 3Mb/s data rate achieving 66.97pJ/bit energy efficiency.

Página 38 Tanto o controle do CDV quanto a compensação de perda e inserção. de células são efetuactos com a implementação de um buffer no terminal receptor. No caso de atraso excessivo (underflow) ou de perda de células, unidades de dados são geradas e inseridas pela AAL ou, no caso de antecipação relativa ou de inserção de células, unidades de dados são descartadas. O preenchimento da célula pode causar retardo significativo na comunicação. Para reduzir este atraso, células parcialmente preenchidas podem ser usadas, o que por outro lado custa banda adicional. A opção de preenchimento parcial pode ser configurada no provisionamento da conexão ATM (se PVC) ou por sinalização (se SVC). Recuperação de sincronismo Existem dois mecanismos para a recuperação do relógio da fonte: o SRTS (Synchronous Residual Time Stamp) e o adaptativo. Este métQdossão ilustrados na Figura 3-6. Esta função pode também ser implementada de forma proprietária nas camadas superiores de protocolo, neste caso dispensando qualquer mecanismo na camada AAL.

Resumo .-Este trabalho introduz fundamentos de wavelets sobre campos de Galois. Wavelets ortogonais padrões sobre Corpos Finitos, as FF-Wavelets (do inglês Finite Field Wavelets), são derivadas, incluindo a FF-Haar e a FF-Daubechies. FF-wavelets não-ortogonais, como as B-Splines sobre GF(p) também são investigadas. Alguns exemplos da Análise Multiresolucional (AMR) sobre corpos finitos e condições matriciais sobre os coeficientes do filtro suavizador da AMR para garantir a nulidade de momentos de uma wavelet são mostrados. Um novo algoritmo rápido para o cálculo de FF-Wavelets, baseado na decomposição bifásica, é introduzido. As Transformadas de Pacotes Wavelets sobre corpos finitos são também consideradas. Uma aplicação demonstra o potencial uso das FF-wavelets em projetos de esquemas de multiplex por seqüência multinível de espalhamento espectral (Mux por divisão em códigos).

Simplex and evolutionary optimisation methods are used to determine the optimum topology and geometric parameters of inductors, in order to satisfy electrical design requirements (quality factor, resonance frequency and inductance). The technique simplifies considerably the design of integrated spiral inductors on silicon. Various topologies are considered using an accurate, lumped-element equivalent model, which is sufficiently simple to allow simulations of several hundred iterations to be performed rapidly. The algorithm is highly successful in determining the optimal design parameters, by avoiding convergence to local minima and without requiring good initial estimates. The accuracy of the method is validated both against measured data and results from electromagnetic simulations.

Resumo-Técnicas de aprendizado profundo, como redes neurais profundas (DNNs), têm sido utilizadas com sucesso em muitos problemas de classificação automática de modulações. No entanto, os algoritmos de aprendizado profundo exigem um grande esforço computacional e isto pode ser um gargalo para detecção de modulações em tempo real. Assim, este artigo propõe uma nova estratégia de treinamento que minimiza simultaneamente as perdas de poda e quantização no treinamento de modelos compactados para reduzir a complexidade computacional de DNNs. A estratégia de treinamento proposto foi aplicada no treinamento de classificação automática de sete modulações expressas como OOK, 4ASK, 16PSK, 64APSK, AM-DSB-WC, AM-DSB-SC e FM. Uma redução substancial de pesos e operações da DNN é demonstrada, mantendo alta precisão de classificação. Palavras-Chave-Aprendizagem profunda, DNN, Detecção automática de modulação, Quantização consciente, Poda consciente.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo do comportamento dinâmico do processo de aquisição de laços de travamento de fase óptica homódinos (homodyne optical phaselocked loops-hOPLL). Por se tratar de um laço de realimentação, o hOPLL foi analisado e equacionado no domínio do tempo, onde as relações e as dependências entre as variáveis de controle foram estabelecidas. Ao contrário das análises clássicas que assumem linearizações e travamento prévio do laço, o estudo do hOPLL foi conduzido levando-se em conta uma resposta mais realística do detector de fase, além de se considerar a resposta em fase do laser oscilador local através de suas equações de taxa. Os resultados para o processo de aquisição foram apresentados e discutidos para diferentes tipos de filtros de laço. Através da evolução temporal do processo de travamento, foram determinadas as condições iniciais para a diferença entre as freqüências do laser de controle e do laser oscilador local, de forma que o travamento pudesse ser alcançado com e sem a inclusão do tempo de atraso do laço. Durante a análise, pôde-se observar conseqüências do processo de travamento, como, por exemplo, o escorregamento de ciclos.

Resumo-Partindo de uma definição de incerteza associada a um sinal como o desvio quadrático médio da sua energia, apresenta-se uma simples demonstração da relação existente entre as incertezas no tempo e frequência. Apresentam-se também os resultados obtidos para alguns sinais de uso corrente em processamento de sinais.