Rabat

Peri-urban agriculture (PUA) comprises a broad set of agricultural activities carried out in cities or in close proximity to cities. With increasingly permissive approaches to diverse livelihood strategies and open markets in agricultural inputs, services and products, urban dwellers are engaging in a range of agricultural practices. However, farming in the peri-urban is under strong pressure from urbanization. The economic, social and environmental roles of farming need to be better understood in order to integrate periurban agriculture into urban planning. The current study was aimed to assess practices, potentials and constraints of PUA in Rabat Metropolis. Fifty respondents were selected randomly to obtain significant information. Data collection from farmers was based on field observation, interviews and field surveys. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, Chi-square test, tests of normality and homogeneity of variances and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used. According to the major findings of the study, the major types of peri-urban farming practices in the study area includes: horticulture or production of fruits and vegetables, crop farming and some livestock rearing such as beef farming, sheep farming and poultry farming. The survey result reveals that there are various significances of PUA in the study area: it contributes to the economic development of the metropolis as it generates income for farmers, creates employment, contributes to food supply and enhances economic use of land and environmental beatification of the city. Results reveal also that legal constraints mainly the absence of laws regulating this activity and the obligation of some farmers in the peri-urban area to pay housing taxes and technical constraints such as insufficient workforce and high labor costs, difficult access to irrigation water, lack of training and technical supervision and support from the concerned body were the restraining forces to peri-urban agriculture growth in the area.

Brief analysis of the contemporary Moroccan art exhibit of Tetouan School artists in the context of the discourses on #worldart and #contemporaryart, in general.

NOTE: updated version is posted at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/science-society-museum-inside-world-faouzi-laatiris-apelian-ph-d-?trk=mp-author-card

Résumer une vie n’est pas une tâche facile, indépendamment de la forme ou de la discipline choisie pour l’aborder. Si en outre, c’est la composante professionnelle qui nourrit l’intérêt public, comme c’est le cas pour un architecte, l’effort méthodologique doit être encore accru.
Dans le cas de Claude Verdugo, le parcours professionnel repose sur une production intense, foi¬sonnante d’idées, d’expériences et de réalisations, et surtout de projets significatifs de la personnali¬té qui les a portés. Verdugo a été un homme de son époque, qui n’est en aucun cas resté passif face aux défis auxquels il a été confronté. On peut le définir comme un homme d’action, animé de la vo¬lonté manifeste d’agir pour le bien-être de la société par le biais de l’architecture.
Sa biographie commence par s’inscrire dans une période conflictuelle de l’histoire de l’Espagne. Sa famille compte parmi ceux, nombreux dans le premier tiers du XXème siècle, que la quête d’une vie meilleure a poussé à émigrer. C’est ainsi qu’un Vallisoletano, (un habitant de Valladolid), a pris racine en 1921, dans une ville marocaine en plein développement: Casablanca, capitale où sept ans plus tard, est né notre personnage. La trajectoire personnelle de Claude Verdugo nous conduit ulté-rieurement, au conflit permanent entre ses idées politiques et le devoir de ne pas trahir ses origines fondamentalement espagnoles.
Aborder la vie professionnelle de Claude Verdugo supposait d’étudier tous ses projets, l’oeuvre réalisée, ses activités culturelles, son implication dans les congrès internationaux d’architecture et une inlassable activité d’enseignant. Le cadre de son travail a été le Maroc où loin de se limiter à une ville ou à une région donnée, il s’est étendu à tout le pays, comportant des oeuvres d’un grand impact social par leur nature (hôpitaux, dispensaires, écoles, universités, hôtels etc.).
Claude Verdugo réunit des éléments divers, qui sont les multiples facettes de sa personne: celle d’un archi¬tecte en activité dans la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle, la personne qui améliore le respect professionnel pour son métier grâce à son activisme international, celle de l’émigrant espagnol dont l’oeuvre se déroule à l’étranger, et celle d’un professionnel qui s’emploie activement au développement et à la planification d’un pays maghrébin comme le Maroc après l’Indépendance.

This Master's dissertation studies Cosmana Navarra within the context of patronage in the Maltese Islands, as a female philanthropist and patron during the Baroque period. Her social status enabled her to commission various works of art and architecture for herself and for the community of Rabat. Cosmana Navarra was a determined and strong-willed woman, and throughout her life, mostly in her mature age, she strove to embellish the Church of St Paul, actively participating in its reconstruction and decoration, and acting as a knowledgeable patron of the arts.

Migrants were intend to use Morocco as a transit route, but difficulties in entering Europe frequently result in longer stays in the host country. To what extent Morocco is a country of immigration or a country used as a transit country for migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa to reach their final destination. This study attempts to establish a connection between a changing political landscape around the Mediterranean and the effect on migration patterns towards Morocco.
Morocco is not the initial destination at the moment of departure from their country. Social contacts and networks are the most important factors in the trajectories of migrants to lead Sub-Saharan migrants to Rabat. Morocco is considered by migrants as a safe destination and Rabat is considered is attractive through the presence of several NGO’s and the UNHCR. The absence of a legal framework on asylum and integration in Morocco leads to practical difficulties. Many experiences and external factors will have an influence on the accessibility of the formal labour market. Access to the labour market is one of the most important aspects in the process of integration. The position of Rabat is in between a hub in trajectories and a permanent destination. If Morocco develops itself more in de coming years in the field of asylum policies, integration policies and economic developments, Morocco can be the destination for many migrants.

L’origine del santuario tofet va ricercata nella madrepatria fenicio-cipriota o a Cartagine? Che ruolo ha quest’ultima nello sviluppo e nella diffusione del tofet? E cosa accade dopo la distruzione della metropoli punica? L’analisi delle tendenze storiografiche, delle fonti classiche e dei dati archeologici e lo studio della localizzazione e della cronologia dei santuari tofet, dei loro repertori ceramici, lapidei ed epigrafici porterà a riconoscere un’identità fenicia in quello che chiameremo “Circolo del tofet” (VIII - metà VI sec. a.C.) ed una dipendenza dalle scelte politico-religiose della città punica nel “Circolo di Cartagine” (metà VI sec. a.C. - 146 a.C.). La ricerca e lo studio dei tofet neopunici (II sec. a.C. - II sec. d.C.), localizzabili nella regione magrebina dopo la fine dell’imperialismo cartaginese, suggerisce, infine, che questa nuova categoria santuariale nasca e si diffonda in più siti proprio in virtù della loro acquisita indipendenza socio-politica e religiosa conseguente alla distruzione di Cartagine la quale aveva fino ad allora osteggiato la diffusione di santuari tofet nel proprio entroterra africano.

The origin of the Tophet sanctuary has to be found in the Cypro-Phoenician Motherland or in Carthage? What is Carthage’s role in the Tophet development and spreading? And what happens when the Punic city comes to its end and afterwards? The analysis of the historiographic tendency, either through the classical sources or the archaeological finds, and the study of the localization and the chronology of the Tophet sanctuaries, and their pottery and epigraphic repertoires will lead us to acknowledge a Phoenician identity in the so called “Tophet Circle” (8th - middle of 6th cent. BC) and a reliance on Carthaginian political and religious choices in the “Carthaginian Circle” (middle of 6th cent. BC - 146 BC). Moreover, research and study of Neopunic Tophet (2nd century BC – 2nd cent. AD) in the Maghrebian area right after the end of Carthage’s hegemony suggest that this new sanctuary category arose in several different sites because of their brand new political and religious independency, after-acquired the destruction of Carthage, the city which had hampered the Tophet diffusion in its own African hinterland.

Kompetensi Dasar : 1. Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan dengan keuntungan, kerugian, penjualan dan pembelian 2. Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan dengan Diskon (Rabat) 3. Menyelesaikan masalah Bruto, Neto dan Tara A. Persentase Untung (U) atau Rugi (R)  Untung (U), Jika HJ > HB  Rugi (R), Jika HB > HJ B. Harga Pembelian dan Harga Penjualan ツ HB = Harga Beli  Untung (U)  Rugi (R) ツ HJ = Harga Jual  Untung (U)  Rugi (R)

Abstract— The problem of solid household waste has arisen with great sharpness in recent decades. In particular, the management of leachates and the neutralization of their environmental impacts. The need for Morocco to meet the environmental challenge and put itself in logic of sustainable development has led to an awareness of this issue and the promulgation of the new law 28-00 on waste management and their elimination.
The objective of this research work is the characterization of the organic and mineral load of leachate from the Oum Azza landfill and the evaluation of its environmental impacts on the city of Rabat. For this a campaign of 24 samples was undertaken in 2011.
The physicochemical characterization of leachates has revealed that these liquid discharges are:
• Very high in organic matter with mean MES = 470mg / L; Average BOD5 = 5522 mg of O2 / L and COD = 12626 mg / L;
• Very charged in mineral matter expressed in terms of electrical Conductivity (mean = 33969 μs / cm);
• Have an average temperature of 24.5 ° C and a pH of 8;
• A chloride concentration of 4289 mg / L;
• Average sodium levels in the order of 3049 mg / L;
• Average total nitrogen levels of 4090 mg / L and ammonia in the order of 3207 mg / L;
• Average level of phosphates of the order of 35 mg / L;
• Average sulphates levels of 35 mg / L.
The Rabat landfill represents a real nuisance for health and the environment because of the toxic characteristics of pollutants and bad odors. It is therefore essential to treat these liquid discharges and install a WWTP to mitigate the environmental impact of leachate.
Keywords— Oum Azza discharge, leachates, physicochemistry, Pollution, Impacts, Odors, Rabat, Morocco

Hired Daughters examines a fading tradition of domestic service in which rural girls familiar to ordinary Moroccan families were placed in their homes until marriage. In this tradition of "bringing up," the girls are considered "daughters of the house," and part of their role in the family is to help with the housework. Gradually, this tradition is transforming into one in which workers unfamiliar to their host families are paid a wage and may not stay long, but where the Islamic ethics of charity, religious reward, and gratitude still inform expectations on both sides. Mary Montgomery examines why Moroccans so often talk about their domestic workers as daughters, what this means for workers and employers, and how this is changing in contemporary Morocco. Prioritizing the experiences and perspectives of these women, Montgomery charts the tension that has developed between socially embedded, loyal domestic workers who operate within narratives of kinship and obligation and women who seek greater individualization, privacy, and self-empowerment. Hired Daughters offers a nuanced understanding of a world that bridges public and private, morality and money, family and outsiders. In doing so, it provides an intimate consideration of contemporary Moroccan households as economic enterprises and sites of navigation between the traditional and the global.

Ribât, Ortaçağ İslâm dünyasının ilk dönemlerinde; askerî-dinî bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ele aldığımız kavramın tarihsel gelişimini incelerken ilk olarak; kelimenin sözlük ve terim anlamlarını açıklamaya çalıştık. İslâmiyet’in ilk dönemlerinden itibaren gelişme gösteren ribâtlar hakkında, dinî kaynaklardaki bilgilerden de istifade edilmiştir. Kur’an ve Hz. Peygamberin hadislerinden yararlandığımız bu bölümde, ribât ve cihat kelimeleri arasında güçlü bir bağlantı bulunması dikkatimizi çekmiştir. Bu nedenle dinî kaynaklardaki bilgilere dayanarak, ribât ve cihat kavramları üzerinde durulmuştur.

İslâm coğrafyası üzerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bu kavramın, tarihsel süreç içerisinde yüklendiği birçok anlam bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilk olarak, ribâtların askerî açıdan önemi incelenmiştir. Zaman içerisinde fetih hareketlerinin yavaşlaması ile askerî önemini yitiren ribâtlar, birer sosyal müessese halini almıştır. Bu dönemde hângâh ve zâviye isimleri ile anılan bu kurumlar; yoksullara yardım eden bir yurt veya kervanların konaklaması için kurulmuş bir kervansaray olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ribâtın sosyal yapı içinde dikkate değer bulduğumuz diğer bir vazifesi ise, tasavvufî bir eğitim yeri oluşudur. Çalışmamız sırasında, ribât tabirinin aynı yüzyıl ve aynı topraklar üzerinde bile farklı kelimelerle ifade edildiğini gördük. Bu noktada özellikle, ribât tabirinin tarihsel süreci üzerinde önemle durulması gerektiğini düşündük.

Son olarak, Ortaçağ İslâm dünyasında gelişme gösteren bu kurumun, dönemin İslâm ülkeleri içerisindeki yapılanması üzerinde durulmuştur. İlk dönemlerde gönüllü mücahitler tarafından kurulan bu müesseseler, daha sonraki dönemlerde devletlerin asli vazifeleri içinde yer almıştır. Devlet adamları ve dönemin zenginleri tarafından yaptırılan son dönem ribâtlarında, gönüllü gâziler yerine devletten maaş alan muhafız birliklerinin istihdam edildiğini görüyoruz. Çalışmamız sonucunda; ilk dönemlerde dinî karakterdeki askerî yapılar olan ribâtlar, zamanla kurumsallaşmasını tamamlamış ve sosyal hayat içerisinde yerini alan, İslâm müesseselerinden biri olmuştur.

SUMMARY

The Ribat In The Islamic World Of The Middle-Age
Keywords: Ribat, Khankah, Zawiye, Caravansarai.

In the first periods of the middle-age Islamic world, the term “ribat” is considered as a military-religious concept. While searching the historical development of this concept, first of all I tried to clarify this word from the point of lexical meaning and termonology. I searched the religious sources to reach the most extensive details about ribats which had been developed since the first periods of  Islamic religion searching the Kur’an and the Prophet’s words, I noticed that there is a strong connection between the words “ribat”  and “cihat”. For this reason I especially centered on “ribat” and “cihat” concepts which are based on religious sources.

This concept, which is extensively used within Islamic world, has had many meanings. Firstly, for example I searched the meaning from the military point of view. However, when the conquests slowly decreased these ribats lost their popularity and turned to be social institutions. In this period, these institutions were called as khankah and zawiye and served as a kind of dormitory for the poor and a caravansarai for travellers. Another characteristics of ribats is that they are used as places to educate people. However, I noticed that the term “ribat” was used with different meanings in the same periods and in the same territories. So I thought that the historical process of the term “ribat” should be searched.

Finally, I centered on the different situations of ribat within different muslim countries. In the first periods, these institutions were constructed by volunteers but later it turned to be a duty of states. I found out that in the ribats of the last periods which were constructed by the rich and the people who had important roles within states, volunteers wre replaced by military forces who took wage from the state. As a result of this search, I can say that ribats which had a characteristics of military, turned to be social institutions.

Street food, Rabat madina, May 22, 2016 is the updated article published in 2013, fall at Morocco News Board, now defunct.

Street food in Morocco should be consumed in moderation and after CDC recommended travel vaccinations. Also, as with many foods and drinks, one should be aware of pesticide and other types of residues. Bottled water and hand sanitizer are recommended.

The following study concerns Shāla, which was the necropolis of the Marīnid rulers from 683/1284 to 752/1351. The Islamic buildings on the site have rarely received scholarly attention, although these edifices – despite their delapidated condition – are among the most important constructed by the dynasty. One of my main aims is to re-establish the buildings' chronological sequence, using the written and archaeological evidence, including publications about the site written in Arabic, which have hardly been considered so far. I also address the meaning and aims behind structure erected for each founder, which, in my view, have been misinterpreted by previous scholarship. In summary, this article attempts to revise our knowledge about the site.

Hubuškia is a royal city and country in Northern Zagros and one of the significant buffer states between Assyrian and Urartian spheres of influence during the 9th to 7th centuries BC. Our information about Hubuškia comes primarily from Neo-Assyrian cuneiform texts. The localization of this place name and the petty state of the first half of first millennium BC has been a subject of debate and dissension among scholars and Assyriologists through the past century. The authors of the present study, based on the Neo-Assyrian inscriptions dealing with the Zagros polities, geographical analysis of the inscriptions and study of the archaeological founds derived from four seasons of excavation in Tape Rabat, suggests that ancient site of Rabat, could be comparable with that of ancient city of Hubuškia. Rabat Tape is located on the western bank of the Lower Zab River in northwestern Iran near the city of Sardasht. The location of the site and its archaeological characteristics, allows us to propose that Rabat Tape could be the same as the ancient city of Hubuškia.

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Colloque international « Oasis et Espaces en marge : Changements Globaux et Formes d'Adaptation à l'ère de la Mondialisation » 23 – 24 novembre 2017 à Rabat, Maroc Argumentaire La mondialisation, caractérisée par une intensification des échanges et des flux marchands, financiers, d'informations et de communications et par une multiplication de mobilités humaines, n'est pas à la disposition et à la portée de tous les pays et les peuples du monde pour en profiter à même pied d'égalité. Etant donné que les pays industrialisés sont plus avancés dans le domaine de la technologie de pointe et la recherche scientifique, ils produisent et inventent plus d'information et commercialisent leurs produits à l'échelle mondiale. Par contre, les pays en voie de développement, excepté quelques pays émergents tels que la Chine et la Coré du Sud, consomment plus et participent peu à l'innovation et l'alimentation de ces divers flux mondiaux. En effet, certaines inégalités territoriales, à différentes échelles mondiale, régionale et même nationale, se creusent ou au contraire se réduisent. Tous les territoires ne s'intègrent pas à ces flux d'échanges et ceux qui y parviennent ne le font, ni au même rythme, ni avec la même ampleur. De ce fait, la mondialisation a abouti à une hiérarchisation de l'espace mondial. L'inégale intégration des territoires dans la mondialisation est de plus en plus

Le développement d’un champ d’artistes de rue contemporains au Maroc soulève un certain nombre de questions, relativement à leur rapport aux institutions de l’art et à leur présence dans l’espace urbain. Tout en mettant en œuvre des modèles alternatifs de performances et d’organisation, ils restent engagés dans les dynamiques de la sphère culturelle institutionnelle.

Our aim is to present through several images, the particular combination of architectural problems of the three great almohad minarets –the towers of Marrakuš, Išbıliya and Rabat– which are based upon the “unusual” model of that of the umayyad califal Cordoba. We will analize the theory and real practice of the call to prayer in the western islamic cities, focusing on the observable differences. The core of the text is devoted to the comparative description of the architectural structures made for this purpose, with special attention to the complexity of matching four spatial geometries, the ramp, the inner core made of chambers, windows and other hollows on the facades and, finally, the spatial arrangement of the exterior decoration.

En la Kutubiyya de Marrakech existen algunos leves indicios de los dibujos que sirvieron para controlar sus formas decorativas. Son de los pocos dibujos conocidos en el Islam antiguo. Por otra parte se exponen dudas sobre la cronología relativa de los grandes alminares almohadas: la Kutubiyya, la Giralda y la Hassan.

Notre article s’intéresse à un type particulier d’espace public à l’échelle métropolitain comme exemple d’espace ouvert (autres qu’agricoles ou naturels) à considérer dans sa matérialité spatiale, en tant que support de l’interaction sociale, dans sa prédisposition à assurer les enjeux de sociabilité, d’urbanité et d’interactions. L’expression d’espace ouvert est utilisée ici au sens d’espace public pour désigner ces « espaces communs de pratiques » (Levy, Lussault, 2003), ces lieux physiques « de passage et de rassemblement à l’usage de tous » (Paquot, 2009). Il est appréhendé par rapport à l’espace privé, tel que
précisé par Ghomari (2002) en citant Billiard (1986) qui souligne qu’un « espace est public quand tout un chacun peut y être physiquement présent et y circuler librement. A contrario, il serait privé quand son accès est contrôlé et réservé à une certaine population ». Dans notre cas, l’étude portera sur le quai de Rabat issu du projet d’aménagement de la vallée Bouregreg. Notre hypothèse est que l’espace public est coproduit par les pratiques de ses usagers inspirées du registre social, bien au-delà des normes et des logiques de l’aménageur-développeur –issus du registre juridique – dans un contexte où l’espace public uniformisé est encombré d’objets et de dispositifs divers (panneaux indicateurs, publicités) qui saturent la perception et le rendent illisible.

a-la-terre-quand-une-tribu-guerriere-marocaine-se-rebelle_4568388_3212.html En plein coeur d'un quartier huppé de Rabat, les habitants expulsés du douar Ouled Dlim maintiennent un campement permanent en pleine rue pour revendiquer leur droit à un relogement. Expulsés de leurs terres depuis le lundi 22 décembre, ces habitants semblent décidés à ne pas abdiquer. « Pour nos terres, nous sommes prêts à mourir », lance une femme avec son enfant sur le dos. « Même s'ils nous jettent à la mer, nous reviendrons », poursuit-elle. Ce dimanche 1 er février, alors que les forces de l'ordre sont intervenues pour brûler le campement, l'opération a tourné à l'a!rontement. « Cette fois, on a pris les pierres », raconte un jeune homme. Les Droit à la terre : quand une tribu guerrière marocaine se rebelle Expulsés du douar Ouled Dlim à Rabat, des membres de la tribu de Guich L'Oudaya exhortent les autorités d'ouvrir une enquête.

The Kasbahs of Chellah and Oudayas (world cultural heritage) are the most important archaeological Roman and Islamic sites of the imperial city Rabat (Morocco). Submitted to natural hazards and environmental aggressions, these monuments have undergone marked degradation, visible on all sides. An interdisciplinary analysis involving different geological disciplines and environmental factors was performed to introduce an innovative restoration method intended to reduce their progressive degradation. Gravitational instability (e.g. Oudayas) and erosion (e.g. Chellah) from fluvial-littoral geomorphological processes, regional seismicity, and certain anthropic activities are the main degradation processes to be reduced by following the proposed recommendations. Our studies have evidenced that the ancient Phoenician building techniques, still applied for reconstruction and preservation, result in the rapid and recurring deterioration of the old walls. Materials used to construct the Oudayas and Chellah walls consist of the calcarenite (or «Salé stone» from quarries near Rabat), mainly with bad geomechanical properties used in outdoor building. Hydrated lime mixtures, and the hydrated lime:water ratio, of mortars also have bad quality. The urban water quality to be used for restoration may require the application of special cements and mortars for restoration. A most satisfactory restoration-test was performed (Chellah, July 2006), taking into account our new analytical data. This method may be applicable to restoring the old Almohade and Oudayas walls (more than 10.5 km in Rabat), in order to reduce the alteration and degradation processes which systematically strike the archaeological sites of Chellah and Oudayas.

Ahiska turkleri, ahiska, turkler, surgun, ahiskalilar, vatan, mesxetiya, adigun, axiska turkleri, Qafqaz, deportasiya, turk folkloru, mitoloji, мифология, фольклор, кавказ, ахалцихские турки, месхетинские турки, фергана, turk halkbilimi, turk tarihi, turkoloji, stalin, gurcustan

B’Tselem, located in Jerusalem, Israel, is a Non-profit NGO that documents human rights violations in the Israeli occupied territories. B'Tselem publishes, on their website, a database of individuals killed in the conflicts between Israel and the Palestinians, from the Second Intifada, 2002, to the present Return March, 2018.

Much of the B’Tselem data base contains conflicted data. For each Palestinian record in the B’Tselem database, I first present the B’Tselem narrative. Then I present a second conflicting narrative from other sources. ‘Other sources’ may be Palestinian online media, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Palestinian blogs, and most significantly, the websites of Palestinian terror organizations, organizations designated as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTO) by the United States Department of State.
The most significant conflicting data has come from three sources:
1- The website of the military wing of Hamas, the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades. 2- The website of the military wing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Al-Quds Brigades.
3- The website of the military wing of Fatah (PLO), the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

Is B'Tselem about human rights or Palestinian propaganda? The reader will decide what B'Tselem's agenda is.

Cette recherche a porté sur l'intégration des activités agricoles au sein de l'aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Bouregreg. Méthodologie : Trois mois de terrain au Maroc, entretiens individuels et collectifs (Ministère, collectivités, Associations, agriculteurs), analyse documentaire (documents stratégiques, documents de planification).

Nous explorons le role de la distance dans les systemes d’approvisionnement alimentaire de l’agglomeration de Rabat (Maroc) et les forces centrifuges expliquant la persistance de l’agriculture periurbaine. Nos donnees qualitatives et quantitatives montrent que, pour certains produits perissables, seule la proximite spatiale affecte les echanges avec la ville. La distance n’affecte pas le nombre d’operateurs car de multiples acteurs interviennent apres le nœud des marches de gros.

Nous explorons le rôle de la distance dans les systèmes d’approvisionnement alimentaire de l’agglomération de Rabat (Maroc) et les forces centrifuges expliquant la persistance de l’agriculture périurbaine. Nos données qualitatives et quantitatives montrent que, pour certains produits périssables, seule la proximité spatiale affecte les échanges avec la ville. La distance n’affecte pas le nombre d’opérateurs car de multiples acteurs interviennent après le nœud des marchés de gros.

In Moroccan cities, the problem of solid household waste has arisen with great sharpness in recent two decades. In particular, the management of leachates and the neutralization of their environmental impacts. The need for Morocco to meet the environmental challenge and put itself in a logic of sustainable development has led to an awareness of this issue and the promulgation of the new law 28-00 on waste management and their elimination. The objective of the present study is the characterization of the organic and mineral load of leachate from the Oum Azza landfill and the evaluation of its environmental impacts on the basin of Bouregreg river. For this a campaign of 24 samples was undertaken in 2011 and completed in 2014-2017. The physicochemical characterization of leachates has revealed that these liquid discharges are very high in organic matter very charged in mineral matter expressed in terms of electrical Conductivity. The Rabat landfill represents a real nuisance for health and the environment because of the toxic characteristics of pollutants and bad odors. It is therefore essential to treat these liquid discharges and install a WWTP to mitigate the environmental impact of leachate.