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Little is known about the effect of community versus health facility-based interventions to improve and sustain antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, virologic suppression, and retention in care among HIV-infected individuals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We systematically searched four electronic databases for all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative cohort studies in LMICs comparing community versus health facility-based interventions. Relative risks (RRs) for pre-defined adherence, treatment engagement (linkage and retention in care), and relevant clinical outcomes were pooled using random effect models. Eleven cohort studies and eleven RCTs (N = 97,657) were included. Meta-analysis of the included RCTs comparing community- versus health facility-based interventions found comparable outcomes in terms of ART adherence (RR = 1.02, 95 % CI 0.99 to 1.04), virologic suppression (RR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.98 to 1.03), and all-cause mortality (RR = 0...

Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother's offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.

The objective of the present work is to investigate the effects of the various WEDM process parameters on the machining quality and to obtain the optimal sets of process parameters so that the quality of machined parts can be optimized. In this work the effects of various process parameters of WEDM like pulse on time (TON), pulse off time (TOFF), Servo voltage (SV), peak current (IP), Wire feed (WF) and Wire tension (WT) have been investigated to reveal their impact on material removal rate of H13 Hot Work Tool Steel by using Elektra Sprintcut 734 WEDM machine .Morever the surface roughness was measured by MarSurf PS1 surface-roughness measuring instrument. The experiments were designed by Taguchi methodology. L18 Orthogonal Array was used and Results of the experimentation were analyzed by MINITAB software analytically as well as graphically.

CONSTANTINO MANUEL TORRES - Archaeological evidence for the antiquity of psychoactive plant use in the Central Andes. This work presents an evaluation of the evidence for the antiquity of psychoactive plant use by the indigenous populations of the Central Andes. The first problem is to determine what constitutes clear archaeological evidence. The most direct form of evidence is the finding of plant remains in direct association with human activity. Another type of evidence is that provided by the implements used in the preparation and ingestion of psychoactive preparations. The most conclusive evidence of this type is that provided by the smoking pipes and by the snuffing paraphernalia. Psychoactive plant representations furnish a third type of evidence. Smoking pipes from NW Argentina and associated Anadenanthera seeds, dated to c. 2130 B.C., and snuff trays and tubes from the central Peruvian coast (c. 1200 B.C.), represent the most ancient use of psychoactive plants in South Amer...

The meaning of song and music is different, but copyright literature does not seem to distinguish them. In the library of international law, the term commonly used to refer to a song or music is musical work. The Bern Convention states that one of the protected works is music compositions with or without words. There is no explicit description in the Bern Convention about what musical work really is. However, from the existing provisions it can be concluded that there are two types of music creation that are protected by copyright, namely music with words and music without words. Music with meaningful words is a song whose elements consist of melody, arrangement lyrics, and notation, while music without words is music that only consists of elements of melody, arrangement and notation.   Keywords: copyright literature; the Bern Convention; protected works.  

The objective of the present study is to investigate the optimal process parameters of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) on Inconel 800 alloy material with molybdenum as a tool electrode. The input parameters considered were voltage, pulse on time, pulse off time, current and bed speed for the experimental work and their effect on Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (Ra) while machining Inconel 800 in Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM). The effect of various process parameters on machining performance is investigated in this study. Taguchi method is used to formulate the experiment and L18 orthogonal array is selected for the experimentation. ANOVA is used to analyze the effect of input process parameters on the machining characteristics. To predict the machining characteristics using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used and were later compared with the experimental results. The results of the present work reveal that proper selection of input parameters play a significant role while machining with EDM.

The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, enforced in 2005, was a watershed international treaty that stipulated requirements for signatories to govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco to reduce its impact on health. This paper describes the timelines, context, key actors, and strategies in the development and implementation of the treaty and describes how six sub-Saharan countries responded to its call for action on tobacco control. A multi-country policy review using case study design was conducted in Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, and Togo. All documents related to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and individual country implementation of tobacco policies were reviewed, and key informant interviews related to the countries' development and implementation of tobacco policies were conducted. Multiple stakeholders, including academics and activists, led a concerted effort ...

IntroductionWith COVID-19, there is urgency for policymakers to understand and respond to the health needs of slum communities. Lockdowns for pandemic control have health, social and economic consequences. We consider access to healthcare before and during COVID-19 with those working and living in slum communities.MethodsIn seven slums in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan, we explored stakeholder perspectives and experiences of healthcare access for non-COVID-19 conditions in two periods: pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 lockdowns.ResultsBetween March 2018 and May 2020, we engaged with 860 community leaders, residents, health workers and local authority representatives. Perceived common illnesses in all sites included respiratory, gastric, waterborne and mosquitoborne illnesses and hypertension. Pre-COVID, stakeholders described various preventive, diagnostic and treatment services, including well-used antenatal and immunisation programmes and some screening for hypertension, ...

Nontyphoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are responsible for a huge burden of bloodstream infection in Sub-Saharan African children. Recent reports of a decline in invasive NTS (iNTS) disease from Kenya and The Gambia have emphasised an association with malaria control. Following a similar decline in iNTS disease in Malawi, we have used 9 years of continuous longitudinal data to model the interrelationships between iNTS disease, malaria, HIV and malnutrition. Trends in monthly numbers of childhood iNTS disease presenting at Queen's Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi from 2002 to 2010 were reviewed in the context of longitudinal monthly data describing malaria slide-positivity among paediatric febrile admissions, paediatric HIV prevalence, nutritional rehabilitation unit admissions and monthly rainfall over the same 9 years, using structural equation models (SEM). Analysis of 3,105 iNTS episodes identified from 49,093 blood cultures, showed an 11.8% annual decline in iNTS (p < 0.001). SEM analy...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as an autoimmune inflammatory disease which is represented in about1% of the world population and occurs in the middle age with increasing frequency in older population. RA has several types which can be caused by joint inflammation,bone or joint damage. Scientists were unable to determine the causes of such inflammation until few years ago when some evidences or clues were unveiled that involved mainly genetics and environmental factors. Although there is no known complete cure of RA, treatment aim to achieve several goals which are pain relief, slow joint degeneration and improve patient wellbeing. To achieve that, several approaches could be applied including lifestyle, medication, routine monitoring and surgery.

The country will progress if it successfully carries out the development of 2 (two) main factors, namely: "natural resources" and "human resources". Indonesia, with its abundant natural resources, is not even among the 10 (ten) highest income countries in Asia. This is due to the corrupt behavior of officials (state) in Indonesia by abusing the position or position obtained, one of them through the political process. Such people are no longer fit to return to political office, so their political rights must be revoked. Revocation of political rights is indeed accepted and recognized in Indonesian law, namely in the provisions of Article 28J of the 1945 Constitution and Article 73 of the Human Rights Law which mandates limitations to the provisions of the law. In addition, there are provisions in Article 10 of the Criminal Code jo. Article 35 of the Criminal Code jo. Article 38 of the Criminal Code jo. Article 18 Corruption Law can be carried out by a judge's decision. Therefore, revocation of the political rights of convicts of criminal acts of corruption can be done forever, provided that they are stipulated in the provisions of the law by including corruption in the category of disgraceful acts.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a phenomenon that is persistent in society and exacts a heavy psychological toll on women and children victimized by it. This research aims to understand how doers of intimate partner violence construe or perceive their alleged violent behavior. This study focuses on fifteen men with cases of Republic Act of 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women for physical, psychological, economic and/or sexual abuse in Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Participants were interviewed on their perception of intimate partner violence and the factors that led to their alleged violent behavior. Thematic network analysis yielded five global themes to explain that there are different yet inter-related causations of violence according to the participants: (1) act of IPV as a cognitive dissonance; (2) socio-economic condition as primary source of conflict; (3) blaming partner as the problem; (4) IPV as an impulsive and emotional response; and (5) ineffective conflict resolution. The doers position themselves to be intrinsically good people who denounce the act of violence, however, to compensate their contradicting behavior, they minimize the consequence of behavior and negate responsibility through different mechanisms of moral disengagement. Given the results, the research stresses the importance of a rehabilitation program that targets moral disengagement, anger management and effective conflict resolution.

This paper presents a discussion on the use of electronic compasses in mobile robots. Different error sources are considered, and solutions are proposed to correct these errors. Experimental results show the effectiveness of some of the error reduction measures. The results also show what performance can be expected from a well-calibrated compass system. The overall most important result is that errors due to external magnetic interferences are the most severe and hard-to-correct ones.

Irrespective of geography, the implementation of telehealth has been one of the biggest changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Post the pandemic, telehealth will continue to be part of mainstream health service delivery but in a different format. This commentary investigates the hybrid model of telehealth in India. A hybrid model can help India provide accessible and affordable healthcare to a wider part of its population and support the already growing medical tourism industry. The challenges to this revolve around digital education for patients and providers, integration of technology into existing care pathways, infrastructural investment and in creating seamless systems. It is a scalable and profitable model that must be seriously considered in the post pandemic world.

In broad terms, current thinking and literature on the spread of innovations in health care presents it as the study of two unconnected processes-diffusion across adopting organizations and implementation within adopting organizations. Evidence from the health care environment and beyond, however, shows the significance and systemic nature of postadoption challenges in sustainably implementing innovations at scale. There is often only partial diffusion of innovative practices, initial adoption that is followed by abandonment, incomplete or tokenistic implementation, and localized innovation modifications that do not provide feedback to inform global innovation designs. Critical Theoretical Analysis: Such important barriers to realizing the benefits of innovation question the validity of treating diffusion and implementation as unconnected spheres of activity. We argue that theorizing the spread of innovations should be refocused toward what we call embedding innovation-the question of how innovations are successfully implemented at scale. This involves making the experience of implementation a central concern for the system-level spread of innovations rather than a localized concern of adopting organizations. Insight/Advance: To contribute to this shift in theoretical focus, we outline three mechanisms that connect the experience of implementing innovations locally to their diffusion globally within a health care system: learning, adapting, and institutionalizing. These mechanisms support the distribution of the embedding work for innovation across time and space. Practical Implications: Applying this focus enables us to identify the self-limiting tensions within existing top-down and bottom-up approaches to spreading innovation. Furthermore, we outline new approaches to spreading innovation, which better exploit these embedding mechanisms.

The global spread of the coronavirus pandemic has prompted inevitable comparisons with the flu pandemic of 1918–1920. However, in order for such comparisons to be fruitful, it is necessary to acknowledge the similarities between the two outbreaks and their differences. This paper compares different aspects of the "Spanish" flu and coronavirus pandemics in Ireland and the UK during the two periods. The first part of the paper provides a general overview, taking account of the nature of the two diseases and the contexts in which they occurred. The following two sections explore the extent to which both outbreaks exposed underlying social and economic inequalities and the measures taken by central and local government, as well as civil society, to combat the spread of disease. The final section examines the extent to which both pandemics highlighted existing failures and sparked demands to "build back better."

The evaluation team would like to acknowledge the cooperation and support of a number of individuals. In particular, we have relied on the support of our librarians in both Warwick and De Montfort for ordering materials. We have also been given many suggestions on sources of information from community-based groups, and members of the minority

Online support groups, resources, social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube, and illness blogs have recently emerged as popular media for patients, their caregivers and health care professionals. Online health resources play an important and supporting role in many people’s everyday lives. This paper presents an online ethnographic case study which aims to understand how diabetes online communities (DOC) influence diabetes self-management among people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Research examining the impact of diabetes online communities and their relationship to diabetes self-management among patients with T1D is rarely found in the literature. Very little is well understood about how diabetes online communities help in promoting improved diabetes self-management behaviors. The paper also discusses the methodological considerations of online ethnography in the context of diabetes self-management of people with T1D within diabetes online communities. ...

y Educación. Sus más recientes publicaciones son: Práctica docente en el aula multigrado rural de una población mexicana", en Educacacao e Pesquisa, Revista da Faculdade de Educacao da Universidade de Sao Paulo (2005); "Pareja, estimulación y desarrollo del infante en zona rural en pobreza extrema", en la Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa (2005); "Juegos, estimulación en el hogar y desarrollo del niño en una zona rural emprobrecida", en la Revista CNEIP Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología (2006).

BEHAVIOURAL CLONING AND ROBOT CONTROL Claire D'Este, Mark O'Sullivan and Nicholas Hannah School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Email: [email protected] Abstract Behavioural cloning is a method by which a ...

y Educación. Sus más recientes publicaciones son: Práctica docente en el aula multigrado rural de una población mexicana", en Educacacao e Pesquisa, Revista da Faculdade de Educacao da Universidade de Sao Paulo (2005); "Pareja, estimulación y desarrollo del infante en zona rural en pobreza extrema", en la Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa (2005); "Juegos, estimulación en el hogar y desarrollo del niño en una zona rural emprobrecida", en la Revista CNEIP Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología (2006).

Geldanamycin (GA) is a specific inhibitor of the 90 kDs heat shock protein (Hsp90) in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, which binds directly to Hsp90 and promotes proteolytic degradation of its client proteins. As an antitumor drug, GA antagonizes the protecting effects of Hsp90 on cell survival, while its mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that GA induces apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Treatment of the cells with all trans retinoic acid (RA) generates a neuron-like, morphological change of differentiation, and results in the activation of ERK and Akt pathways, an inhibition of the nuclear translocation of p53 induced by GA, and induces higher resistance to the GAinduced apoptosis. These results provide the first evidence for the requirement of p53 nucleation in SH-SY5Y cells to counteract GA in neuron survival.

This paper is motivated by the need to accurately and efficiently measure key periosteal and endosteal parameters of the femur, known to critically influence hip biomechanics following arthroplasty. The proposed approach uses statistical shape and intensity models (SSIMs) to represent the variability across a wide range of patients, in terms of femoral shape and bone density. The approach feasibility is demonstrated by using a training dataset of computer tomography scans from British subjects aged 25-106 years (75 male and 34 female). For each gender, a thousand new virtual femur geometries were generated using a subset of principal components required to capture 95% of the variance in both female and male training datasets. Significant differences were found in basic anatomic parameters between females and males: anteversion, CCD angle, femur and neck lengths, head offsets and radius, cortical thickness, densities in both Gruen and neck zones. The measured anteversion for female s...

Background: Resource-limited tropical countries are home to numerous infectious pathogens of both human and zoonotic origin. A capability for early detection to allow rapid outbreak containment and prevent spread to nonendemic regions is severely impaired by inadequate diagnostic laboratory capacity, the absence of a "cold chain" and the lack of highly trained personnel. Building up detection capacity in these countries by direct replication of the systems existing in developed countries is not a feasible approach and instead requires "leapfrogging" to the deployment of the newest diagnostic systems that do not have the infrastructure requirements of systems used in developed countries. Methods: A laboratory for molecular diagnostics of infectious agents was established in Bo, Sierra Leone with a hybrid solar/diesel/battery system to ensure stable power supply and a satellite modem to enable efficient communication. An array of room temperature stabilization and refrigeration technologies for reliable transport and storage of reagents and biological samples were also tested to ensure sustainable laboratory supplies for diagnostic assays.

Hyponatraemia, defined as a serum sodium concentration of <135mmol/l, is the most commonly encountered electrolyte disturbance in hospital patients. Various studies have shown that hyponatraemia occurs in up to 30% of hospitalised patients. Hyponatraemia has been associated with older age, low body weight, chronic diseases and diuretic therapy to name but a few. This study set out to identify risk factors for hyponatraemia in a large dataset of patients in a UK teaching hospital and to ascertain patient outcomes. Methodology A retrospective case-control study design was used to explore risk factors associated with hyponatraemia. Hospital episode data were extracted from an electronic prescribing system with health records used in an English teaching hospital. We used serum sodium levels measured in adult patients admitted over a one year period (2010-2011) to group patients. A patient was classed as hyponatraemic if their lowest serum sodium result during their in-patient spell w...

Purpose: Most researchers who are conducting physical activity trials face difficulties in recruiting participants who are representative of the population or from specific population groups. Participants who are often the hardest to recruit are often those who stand to benefit most (the least active, from ethnic and other minority groups, from neighbourhoods with high levels of deprivation, or have poor health). The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review of published literature of walking interventions, in order to identify the impact, characteristics, and differential effects of recruitment strategies among particular population groups. Methods: We conducted standard searches for studies from four sources, (i) electronic literature databases and websites, (ii) grey literature from internet sources, (iii) contact with experts to identify additional "grey" and other literature, and (iv) snowballing from reference lists of retrieved articles. Included studies were randomised controlled trials, controlled before-and-after experimental or observational qualitative studies, examining the effects of an intervention to encourage people to walk independently or in a group setting, and detailing methods of recruitment. Results: Forty seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of the descriptions of recruitment in the studies was poor with little detail reported on who undertook recruitment, or how long was spent planning/ preparing and implementing the recruitment phase. Recruitment was conducted at locations that either matched where the intervention was delivered, or where the potential participants were asked to attend for the screening and signing up process. We identified a lack of conceptual clarity about the recruitment process and no standard metric to evaluate the effectiveness of recruitment. Conclusion: Recruitment concepts, methods, and reporting in walking intervention trials are poorly developed, adding to other limitations in the literature, such as limited generalisability. The lack of understanding of optimal and equitable recruitment strategies evident from this review limits the impact of interventions to promote walking to particular social groups. To improve the delivery of walking interventions to groups which can benefit most, specific attention to developing and evaluating targeted recruitment approaches is recommended.

Leptospirosis is an endemic disease with moderate to high incidence in Mahasarakham province, Thailand. The present study was designed to assess the policy implementation mission regarding leptospirosis prevention and control from the national level to the local administrative levels, through a One Health perspective. A qualitative study was conducted, using documentation review, individual in-depth interviews with public health officers, local government officers, livestock officers who developed policy implementation tools or have responsibilities in leptospirosis prevention and control. The results show that Thailand has progressively developed a leptospirosis prevention and control policy framework at the national level, transferring the responsibility of its implementation to the local level. The province of Mahasarakham has decided to foster cooperation in leptospirosis prevention and control at the local level. However, there are insufficient linkages between provincial, dist...

Physical inactivity is a major public health concern in the UK, placing strain on the health and well-being of individuals, and also on the economy. Research has shown how the environment we live in can shape our physical activity behaviour, and by changing these it may contribute to increased levels of physical activity being undertaken by both adults and adolescents. The Nudge Theory proposes that individual behaviour can be changed by making subliminal changes to the environment, such as altering the choice of architecture and using point-of-decision prompts, however there is limited evidence to date which has established the effectiveness of such interventions. The aim of this research was to explore the beliefs and perceptions of a school community towards physical activity, and the impact of environmental prompts on these beliefs and perceptions. This study was a natural experiment and involved placing prompts around a secondary school, to explore their impact on the physical ...

were complex. Beliefs in punishment after death for suicide, seeing suicide as mental illness, and emotional involvement with a suicidal friend were lower in high-suicide-rate countries. These evidence patterns are discussed in the light of related research evidence, along with directions for future research in this area.

Background: The objectives were to i) ascertain the cumulative risk of fatal or CCU treated COVID-19 in those with diabetes and compare it to those without diabetes ii) among those with diabetes to investigate risk factors for, and build a cross-validated predictive model of, fatal or CCU treated COVID-19. Methods: In the total population of Scotland we ascertained all persons who had developed fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 (hereafter F/CCU-COVID-19) between 1st March and July 31st 2020 from the nationwide virology, critical care unit, hospital discharge and register of deaths databases. Among those with F/CCU-COVID-19, diabetes status was ascertained by linkage to the national diabetes register. The cumulative incidence of F/CCU-COVID-19 in those with and without diabetes was compared using logistic regression. Among those with diabetes, data on potential risk factors for F/CCU-COVID-19 were obtained from diabetes register and other linked health administrative databases. Among those with diabetes we tested association of these factors with F/CCU-COVID-19 and constructed a prediction model using stepwise regression and 20-fold cross-validation. Findings: 1082 (0.3%) of all those with diabetes in Scotland (n=319 349) developed F/CCU-COVID-19; the age and sex adjusted odds ratio was [OR] 1.395 95% CI: 1.304-1.494, p<0.001 overall compared to the risk in total population of Scotland without diabetes (n=4081 cases in 5 143 951 persons). The OR was 2.396 (1.815-3.163) in type 1 and 1.369 (1.276-1.468) in type 2 diabetes. Of the 1082 persons with diabetes who developed F/CCU-COVID-19, 90% were ≥60 years old. Among those with diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration and diabetes type, those who developed F/CCU-COVID-19 were more likely to be male, live in residential care, or live in a more deprived area, have a condition already listed as a COVID-19 risk condition such as heart or lung disease, have retinopathy or reduced renal function, have worse glycaemic control, have a prior diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemia hospitalisation in the past five years, be on more diabetes and other type of drugs, and to have been a smoker (all p<0.001). Those with F/CCU-COVID-19 were less likely to be on an antihypertensive and had lower systolic blood pressure than those without F/CCU-COVID-19 (both p<0.001). The relationship with BMI was J-Shaped. The cross-validated predictive model of F/CCU-COVID-19 in those with diabetes, retained 11 factors in addition to age, sex, diabetes type and duration and had a C-statistic of 0.85 (95% CI 0.83,0.86). Interpretation: Overall risks of F/CCU-COVID-19 are substantially elevated in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared to the background population. The risk of F/CCU-COVID-19, and therefore the need for special protective measures, varies widely among those with diabetes but can be predicted reasonably well using prior clinical history. Funding: none Research in Context Evidence before this study We searched PubMed and the META database for studies examining risks of COVID-19 associated with diabetes that had appropriate comparator populations and for studies exploring among those with diabetes what risk factors predict COVID-19 using the terms (COVID-19 OR "novel coronavirus" OR SARS-CoV-2) AND diabetes, through 5th October 2020. Case-series have reported a high prevalence of diabetes among those hospitalised or a high test-positivity rate for diabetes among those tested. However, diabetes is common, so to quantify the risk ratios for COVID-19, comparison to the background population is needed. Only four such studies have reported; these found relative risks of relative risks of 2.04 for type 2 diabetes and 3.5 for type 1 diabetes for COVID-19 hospitalised death and 1.9 and 2.4 for COVID-19 hospitalisation and hospitalised death respectively for all diabetes in the others. The range of potential determinants explored in these studies has been limited.

Media representations play a crucial role in informing public and policy opinions about the causes of, and solutions to, ill-health. This paper reviews studies analysing media coverage of non-communicable disease (NCD) debates, focusing on how the industries marketing commodities that increase NCD risk are represented. A scoping review identified 61 studies providing information on media representations of NCD risks, NCD policies and tobacco, alcohol, processed food and soft drinks industries. The data were narratively synthesized to describe the sample, media depictions of industries, and corporate and public health attempts to frame the media debates. The findings indicate that: (i) the limited research that has been undertaken is dominated by a focus on tobacco; (ii) comparative research across industries/risk-factors is particularly lacking; and (iii) coverage tends to be dominated by two contrasting frames and focuses either on individual responsibilities (&#39;market justice&#...

Earlier versions of this paper were presented to seminars at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Barcelona. The authors would like to thank the seminar participants for their helpful comments. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

Young people in the criminal justice system experience significant health and wellbeing issues that often stem from poverty and disadvantage and, in turn, are linked with offending and reoffending behaviour. There is ongoing interest in interventions such as participatory music programmes that seek to foster social reintegration, support mental wellbeing and equip young offenders with life skills, competencies and emotional resilience. However, there is a need for a situated understanding of both positive and negative experiences that shape potential outcomes of music projects. This article reports on a research study undertaken between 2010 and 2013 with 118 young people aged 13-21 years across eight youth justice settings in England and Wales. Using mixed methods we explored the experiences of young people and their responses to a participatory music programme led by a national UK arts charity. Here, we explore the impact of young people&#39;s encounters with music and musicians w...

This paper addresses the issues of energy efficiency in mechanisms for underwater locomotion and its accomplishment using a more robust class of mechanical structures. We present a design methodology for fabricating a continuous mechanical fish body such that its kinematic behavior matches parametric models of fish swimming with minimum energy cost. It is concluded that this new design has advantages over classic manipulator type designs. The limitations of this passive design are also discussed and possible solutions proposed.