Ptolemaic Period

After the death of Alexander III in 323 BC, the coinage in his name and with his types continued to be issued by his successors. This posthumous coinage has been the object of various studies and discussions in the past decades because of the important volume of the coinage and also because of the difficulties of the attribution.

The present paper will discuss the posthumous Alexanders that were produced in various city-kingdoms in Cyprus, in Egypt (Memphis and Alexandria) and in Cyrene from 323 down to the end of the fourth century, also in relation to the local autonomous coinages of those areas. The above areas of control of Ptolemy I present a certain interest because the coinage in his own name and image replaced as early as the end of the fourth century the coinage in the name and types of Alexander, while his numismatic policy was particular and unique. In parallel, the paper will address in detail questions of attribution -or reattribution- of series and the circulation of those coinages abroad, based on the hoard evidence.

ABSTRACT: Preface to the Guide:

Focus and limitations:
The compilation of this guide began in Spring 2007 as a series of check lists and book requests for the somewhat small collection of Egyptological and related works in M. H. Sterne library at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.  During the development of several courses on Ancient Egypt, the Ancient Near East, and other areas spanning Prehistory through to the Roman period (and later), the collection grew, and continues to expand, and began to require a research paper guide for students enrolled in courses dealing with these geographic areas and time periods. The nature of the prime cliental, namely undergraduate to MA students in a North American setting, in conjunction with limited funding, has steered  –of necessity– the building of both Sterne library’s collections and this guide towards mostly English-language sources, less expensive works, and more easily available and more recent publications.

Overall aims:
In order to maximize student and public research usage of the existing, albeit still limited, collections, I have since compiled and incorporated selected journal articles, book chapters, encyclopedia entries, and other book titles from Sterne Library’s physical holdings (i.e., non-electronic sources) into diverse categories of research topics/subjects.  In addition, every effort has been made to add a full listing of electronic sources (including links) available to researchers of the geographic and temporal areas covered by this guide (i.e., mainly Prehistoric to Roman period Egypt).  The guide also provides general assistance for more serious/professional scholars (i.e., a quick reference to key articles, chapters, and volumes), but remains a tool aimed at English-speaking undergraduate-MA students and the public, focusing on Sterne’s holdings (note: other emerging Egyptological libraries will also approximate Sterne’s holdings).

Design and usage:
An attempt has been made to obtain sources spanning all aspects of Ancient Egypt and related areas, which have in-turn influenced the subdivision of the guide into general works, time periods, and diverse subject areas. Some of these categories have grown sufficiently large to merit further subdivision, such as the New Kingdom section, which has a general list of sources, materials regarding individual rulers, and a few affiliated topics of interest (Exodus; Sea Peoples).  I have attempted to place each source (i.e., books; book chapters; encyclopedia entries; journal articles) under each pertinent topic category that it covers, but naturally I may have missed some categories, while there may be other complementary and broader works that cover such topics elsewhere.  A list of the pertinent call number ranges has been placed at the end of the guide (see table of contents) to assist in the merits of additional shelf-browsing.

Beyond the guide:
Naturally there are numerous significant Egyptological sources outside Sterne Library’s holdings (including electronic links: e.g., JSTOR) that might be retrieved via interlibrary loan.  Sterne Library’s current Egyptological resources, however, are sufficient to introduce most areas of Egyptological research, and enable the researcher to consult the endnotes/footnotes and bibliographic data listed in recent books, articles, and encyclopedia entries to compile a list of further resources that may either be accessed via interlibrary loan, or possibly by visiting directly a neighbouring professional Egyptological library: e.g., the instructor (UAB); Atlanta (Emory University); Memphis (Memphis State University).

The collections in other Birmingham and Alabama libraries have online links via Sterne Library’s website, and offer many duplicate and different Egyptological works that are often accessible to the public/students: e.g., Birmingham Public Library, Gorgas Library (UA).  Naturally, I encourage students, faculty, and public researchers to see me for further assistance with this guide and their research topics.

Gregory Mumford (UAB)
Update: 15 Jan., 2021

PLEASE NOTE: This resource has received substantial updates in pertinent sections within the guide.  Some additional sorting of various articles/entries is still required, but these articles can be found, unsorted, at the end of the guide (e.g., articles from KMT, JSSEA, EA, etc., listed chronologically and by issue). I anticipate another update in the following year ...

The mass ceramic material discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the IOS RAS during 22 years of research in the eastern part of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis belongs to a significant chronological interval from the reign of the Dynasty IV (26th–25th centuries B.C.) till the 19th century A.D. It is an indicator of the chronological multilayeredness of Giza, allowing to recreate a phased picture of the life of this archaeological site – from specific functional features of the ancient cemetery through periods of robberies and creation of secondary burials to the use of tombs as dwellings by Christian and Islamic population of Egypt. The full history of the formation and existence of the eastern part of Giza Necropolis is thus about 4.5 thousand years.

Le 2 février 1891, l’égyptologue Gaston Maspero faisait don au Cabinet des médailles de la BnF de deux objets étranges. Rentrés sous les numéros F 6047 et F 6048, il s’agit à première vue de deux monnaies ptolémaïques identiques à celles – assez communes – connues en bronze. Le terme de « porcelaine », employé dans le registre, est inexact car il renvoie à un procédé technique attesté en Chine seulement à partir du IIIe siècle après J.-C. Il apparaît que ces objets sont en réalité en « faïence égyptienne », terme également impropre qualifiant de la pâte siliceuse à glaçure, matériau bien connu en Égypte, très utilisé notamment pour produire des amulettes.

Art Historian, Curator in the Egyptian department in Brooklyn and Professor of Egyptian Art at the Institute of Fine Arts in New York, Bernard V. Bothmer was one of the most important experts in Late Egyptian art. He spent his entire life recording, dating and redefining the methods of understanding Late Egyptian sculpture, an effort that culminated in the creation of the Corpus of Late Egyptian Sculpture, a collection of detailed notes, high quality photographs and negatives currently held at the Brooklyn Museum. In 2008 the Università degli Studi di Milano purchased Bothmer’s private archives, a collection of notes for his classes and lectures, papers delivered at conferences and seminars, detailed dossiers on museums and Egyptian collections around the world, drawings and about 10,000 photographs. During the doctoral research I am currently conducting at the Scuola Normale Superiore, which focuses on a comprehensive study of Ptolemaic private portraiture, I had the chance to look at Bothmer’s private archives in Milan. Among the documents, I have identified two unpublished papers focusing on one of Bernard V. Bothmer’s main topics of interest throughout his scholarly career: the depiction of the individual in Egyptian art. Through the study of the unpublished papers in his private archives which focus on realism and Ptolemaic portraiture it is possible to detect the development of the scholar’s thought on Ptolemaic sculptures characterized by realistic facial features.
The aim of the present paper is to outline, with the aid of both published and unpublished documents, the development of Bothmer’s thought on one of the main issues of Ptolemaic art, namely Ptolemaic portraiture.

The Ptolemaic kings of Egypt struck many series of coins, mainly in Alexandria but also in various mints scattered in foreign possessions, such as Coele Syria and Cyprus. While Ptolemy I seeks to establish himself on the island from 321 BC, the Ptolemaic coin production essentially starts from the definitive annexation of Cyprus to Alexandria in 295/4. The creation of a closed monetary economy, at the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, strongly distinguishes the Ptolemaic coins among other emissions from the Hellenistic East. While almost all of the gold and silver coins from this period conform to the Attic standard (drachm = 4.32 g), the Ptolemies adopt a lighter standard (drachm = 3.25 g) and give their money the monopoly of circulation within the borders of the kingdom. The obligatory exchange of foreign coins at the gates of the country is generally regarded as one of the main sources of wealth for the Ptolemies throughout their reign. This policy of excluding non-Ptolemaic coins also causes the emission of considerable amounts of gold, silver and bronze coins.
In this global context, the Cypriote production represents a rather complex object of study to discuss as a whole. While the identification of monetary series of the 3rd century attributable to Cyprus still provokes debate, the 2nd-century productions, at least for gold and silver, are much better known. At this point, we must add to this chronological dichotomy the difficulties of classifying the Cypriote bronze series, relatively little studied until now.

Οι Πτολεμαίοι βασιλείς της Αιγύπτου εκδίδουν πολλές σειρές νομισμάτων, κυρίως στην Αλεξάνδρεια αλλά και σε διάφορα ακόμη νομισματοκοπεία διασκορπισμένα σε εξωτερικές κτήσεις, όπως στην Κοίλη Συρία και την Κύπρο. Ενώ ο Πτολεμαίος Α΄ προσπαθεί να εγκαθιδρύσει την εξουσία του στο νησί από το 321 π.Χ., η πτολεμαϊκή νομισματική παραγωγή εγκαινιάζεται στην πραγματικότητα με την οριστική προσάρτηση της Κύπρου στην Αλεξάνδρεια, το 295/294 π.Χ. Η δημιουργία μιας κλειστής νομισματικής οικονομίας, στη στροφή από τον 4ο στον 3ο αι. π.Χ., διαχωρίζει σαφώς τα πτολεμαϊκά νομίσματα από άλλες νομισματικές εκδόσεις της ελληνιστικής ανατολής. Ενώ τα χρυσά και αργυρά νομίσματα αυτής της περιόδου εκδίδονται στη συντριπτική πλειονότητά τους σύμφωνα με τον αττικό σταθμητικό κανόνα (δραχμή = 4,32 γρ.), οι Πτολεμαίοι υιοθετούν έναν ελαφρύτερο σταθμητικό κανόνα (δραχμή = 3,25 γρ.), παρέχοντας ταυτόχρονα στα νομίσματά τους το μονοπώλιο της κυκλοφορίας εντός των ορίων του πτολεμαϊκού βασιλείου. Η υποχρεωτική ανταλλαγή των ξένων νομισμάτων με πτολεμαϊκά προ των πυλών του πτολεμαϊκού βασιλείου θεωρείται εν γένει ως μία από τις κύριες πηγές πλούτου των Πτολεμαίων, καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια της κυριαρχίας τους. Αυτή η πολιτική του αποκλεισμού μη πτολεμαϊκών νομισμάτων έχει επίσης ως αποτέλεσμα την έκδοση αξιοσημείωτων ποσοτήτων χρυσών, αργυρών και χάλκινων πτολεμαϊκών νομισμάτων.
Σε αυτό το γενικό πλαίσιο, η κυπριακή νομισματική παραγωγή εμφανίζεται μάλλον περίπλοκη, όταν μελετάται στο σύνολό της. Ενώ η αναγνώριση νομισματικών σειρών του 3ου αι. π.Χ. που θα μπορούσαν να αποδοθούν στην Κύπρο εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί αντικείμενο αντιπαράθεσης μεταξύ των διαφόρων μελετητών, η νομισματική παραγωγή του 2ου αι. π.Χ., τουλάχιστον όσον αφορά τα χρυσά και αργυρά νομίσματα, είναι πολύ καλύτερα γνωστή. Σε αυτό το χρονολογικό διαχωρισμό, οφείλει να προσθέσει κανείς και τις δυσκολίες ταξινόμησης των χάλκινων κυπριακών νομισματικών σειρών, οι οποίες δεν έχουν μελετηθεί επαρκώς μέχρι σήμερα.

PLEASE TYPE SAIS TO OPEN THE PDF

The 2200+ selected references, constituting the core of the literature, are organised according to an elaborate classification for immediate identification of subject matter (The book may be ordered from http://saisbooks.co.uk) :

000 - General and Introductory
          001 - Sign lists and dictionaries
          002 - Introductory publications and general syntheses
          003 - Literature
          004 - Cartouches
005 - Proto-Egyptian [Palaeography]
          006 - Sign lists
          007 - Inscriptions
                      0071 - Seals
                      0072 - Pottery inscriptions [not sealed]
010 - Old Egyptian [Old Kingdom]
          011 - Old Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          012 - Old Egyptian Grammars
          013 - Old Egyptian Texts
020 - Middle Egyptian [Middle Kingdom]
          021 - Middle Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          022 - Middle Egyptian Grammars
          023 - Middle Egyptian Texts
030 - Late Egyptian [New Kingdom]
          031 - Late Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          032 - Late Egyptian Grammars
          033 - Late Egyptian Texts
050 - Ptolemaic
          051 - Ptolemaic Signs and Dictionaries
          052 - Ptolemaic Grammars
          053 - Ptolemaic Texts
060 - Coptic
          041 - Coptic Signs and Dictionaries
          042 - Coptic Grammars
          043 - Coptic Texts
          044 - Coptic and Ancient Egyptian

-------------- Parallel scripts

070 - Hieratic [since Dyn 1 or earlier]
          071 - Hieratic Signs and Dictionaries
          072 - Hieratic Grammars
          073 - Hieratic Texts
                      0731 - Early Hieratic texts
                      0732 - Middle Hieratic texts
                      0733 - New Kingdom Hieratic texts
                      0733 - Later Hieratic texts
080 - Demotic
          081 - Demotic Signs and Dictionaries
          082 - Demotic Grammars
          083 - Demotic Texts
                      0831 - Early Demotic texts
                      0832 - Middle Demotic texts
                      0833 - Late (Roman) Demotic texts

----Cross periods by genre and all types of supports (papyrus, leather, wood, etc..) ----

090 - Poetic texts (all periods and genre)
          091 - Songs
          092 - Music
100 - Philosophical texts (Teachings, morals, etc...)
          101 - Scientific (general and not belonging to below)
          102 - Astronomical & Astrological
          103 - Botanical & Agricultural
          104 - Medical
          105 - Historical and self laudatory/propaganda
                      1051 - Scarabs
110 - Legal & Administrative
                      1101 - Ostraca (general)
          111 - Taxation
          112 - Marriage
          113 - Birth & Death
          114 - Land tenure and acts of property
          115 - Trade and export/imports
          116 - Mummy labels and equivalent
          117 - Titles
120 - Religious
          121 - Daily Ritual
          122 - Votive inscriptions
          123 - Pyramid Texts
          124 - Coffin/Sarcophagus Texts
          125 - Book of Coming Forth (Book of the Dead) and related
          126 - Passage to the Netherworld
                      1261 - Shawabtis
          127 - Cryptic texts
          128 - Hymns and prayers
          129 - Magical texts
130 - Specific subjects (cross periods, including lexicography, onomastics)
          131 - Verb
          132 - Noun
          133 - Adjective
          134 - Other specific grammatical forms
          135 - Vocalization

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

Arsinoe I is one of the least well-known Ptolemaic queens. This article aims to re-evaluate the available evidence that has been attributed to her and review in so far as possible her basic biographical information. I will examine issues such as the dates of her birth, her marriage to Ptolemy II, and her removal from court. Furthermore, this study includes an appraisal of the role of Arsinoe II in her namesake’s banishment as well as the accusations leveled against Arsinoe I. Additionally, I will have occasion to discuss inscriptions from Cyprus and Coptus. I will also note the theory that she left Egypt and moved to Cyrene. Finally, I will provide a brief sketch of the subsequent careers of her children. In all these notes are intended as a contribution to the study of early-Hellenistic chronology, genealogy, dynastic relations and marital practices.

The main aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the socio-political similarities between the Amarna and Hellenistic periods have had a (partially) similar impact on the portrait sculptures that emerged from each period. Despite being roughly 1000 years apart in time and in geographically different locations, the Amarna and Hellenistic periods share a number of similarities. Both are characterised by sudden cultural, political and religious changes that occurred on a vast scale, resulting in the mass relocation of people who had to adjust to a new way of life.
Major innovations occurred within the art and iconography that
was produced in each of these periods, too, particularly in regards to portrait sculptures. Art is generally accepted to be a reflection of the socio-political climate of a given historical period. Therefore, by making a comparison between the sculpture of these two ancient cultures, I hope to discover why particular sculptural elements and themes became favoured within portrait sculptures that emerged in these periods. Realism and individualism became more prominent stylistic choices, breaking with the popular idealised portrait styles that were typical of pre-Amarna pharaonic Egypt and pre-Hellenistic Classical Greece. Another common element within portrait sculptures from both periods is the inclusion of features that suggest signs of ageing, which again was not typical before these periods. Lastly, gender- bending also occurs within some of the sculptures from each period, meaning that male portraits are given effeminate attributes, whilst female ones are given masculine attributes; these thematic elements within sculpture spark interesting questions about gender and power, and how they may have been viewed in society during the unusual times that encapsulate these periods. This is not to say that other elements are not present; for example, the portraits from both periods also display an increased emphasis on depicting rulers as divine; however, the three themes that I will focus on are, in my opinion, the most prevalent and relevant. comparison of two ancient cultures with similar trajectories may also allow for a deeper understanding of the psychology of ancient peoples and how they reacted to times of political turmoil and uncertainty.

Sanctuaries and religion were instrumental in forming the worldview of the ancient Cypriots, and one would expect that social power relations, meanings, and identities were expressed through the holistic concept of sacred landscapes. This contribution primarily discusses the change in the use and perception of sacred landscapes, which were originally constructed in the era of the Cypriot basileis (kings) but continued to function in a new political environment under the control of the Ptolemaic strategos (general). Furthermore, it proposes a contextualized methodology for approaching the study of sacred landscapes in Iron Age Cyprus, revealing new possibilities and their effects on our understanding of Cypriot social, cultural, and political histories and at the same time indicating the limits and the dangers of such a task. Drawing on ideas from theoretical/methodological studies of landscape archaeology and their relevant applications in other Mediterranean histories, this article explores how spatial order (i.e., the hierarchical arrangement of sites), as observed in sacred landscapes, is expected to articulate social order and to be linked with shifting relations of power and cultural influence in an ancient Cypriot context. It also suggests that a closer consideration of sacred landscapes and their complexities from a long-term perspective not only makes the transition from the Cypriot city-kingdoms to the Hellenistic period more comprehensible but also illuminates the political and sociocultural histories of both periods when they are studied in their own terms.

Archaeological Institute of America
Jstor link: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.3764/aja.117.1.0033?searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpapantoniou%252C%2BGiorgos%26amp%3Bprq%3Damerican%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Barchaeology%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff&resultItemClick=true&Search=yes&searchText=papantoniou%252C&searchText=Giorgos&uid=3737848&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21105808080823

A text composition with the modern designation ‘Embalming Ritual’ has been preserved in hieratic on three funerary papyri dating to the Roman period.  The content of the ritual is focused on the anointment and wrapping of a human corpse as well as on the glorification of the deceased.  The embalming descriptions are very detailed and more significant than the statements made by the Greek historians such as Herodotus and Diodorus.  The instructions found in the ‘Embalming Ritual’ correspond most likely to an embalming technique used in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods as attested by several individuals. However, this was not a recent embalming practice, rather, the technique described in the text is attested at least from the Old Kingdom. (State of content 2015)

The story of King Solomon's conjuring and overcoming a list of 36 demons of the world, using magic words to make them retreat.
Written soon after the failed revolution of the Maccabees, after 3rd Enoch & the Letter to Philocrates.
Related to Jannes and Jambres' book of Moses and the Magicians.

The article analyses one of the hexametric poems copied on a second century AD papyrus, possibly from Hermupolis, P.Lit.Goodspeed 2: a Hellenistic hymn to Aphrodite celebrated as a patroness of the sea and of wedded love. This portrayal of the goddess perfectly fits with Ptolemaic royal propaganda in III BC. The address to a "Ptolemai[c] Arsinoe" (II 5) reveals that here the goddess is worshipped as a divine image of a queen Arsinoe, most probably Arsinoe II Philadelphos, who had strong links with key-figures of the Ptolemaic navy. The hymn is compared with contemporary Alexandrian poetry, like the epigrams of the Milan papyrus P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309. Some hypotheses are also presented about the context for the composition and the performance of the hymn (a Cypriot cult of Arsinoe Philadelphos?).

This article explores the relationship between power and cult, not in the age of the Cypriot city-kingdoms per se but rather in the context of a changing political landscape that eventually led to the abolition of the autonomous polities and the establishment of a new order by the Ptolemaic Empire. In particular, this contribution explores some of the Cypro-Classical kings' internal responses to the changing political map of the Mediterranean, suggesting a shift from eastern to western orientations and cultural and iconographic prototypes. Furthermore, it attempts to put Cyprus in a broader context of Hellenistic monarchies in the Mediterranean, considering the resulting transformations of the island's political geography and cultural identities. Finally, through the medium of sacred landscapes, this article explores the response of Cypriot populations (elite and non-elite) to Ptolemaic power and rule.

THE NECROPOLIS OF HELLENISTIC MARESHA, JUDEAN FOOTHILLS, ISRAEL
AMOS KLONER, NILI GRAICER AND BOAZ ZISSU

The ancient city of Maresha is identified with Tell Sandahannah, situated in the Judean Foothills, about 40 km southwest of Jerusalem. During the Hellenistic period Maresha flourished and became an important city.
The archaeological site consists of a Tell - the Upper City (=UC), a Lower City (LC) and a Subterranean City (=SC). A vast necropolis forms a ring surrounding the LC and includes three main cemeteries (Northern, Eastern and South-Western). The exploration of the necropolis started in 1873 and has continued up until the present day.
The cemeteries consist of more than 40 rock-cut burial chambers or hypogea. A typical hypogeum includes an elongated rectangular hall into whose walls loculi (burial niches) featuring typical gabled openings; sometimes additional chambers were cut, forming a burial complex. The loculi were used for primary and secondary burials.
Two of the tombs [nos. 1 (551) and 2 (552)], discovered in 1902, had outstanding wall paintings dating from the 3rd century BCE. The paintings are characterized by a mixture of sepulchral motifs, mostly of Greek or Alexandrian origin. The animal frieze painted in Tomb 1 (551, The "Sidonian Community Tomb") is a unique document of its kind in the Hellenistic world. Renewed explorations of Tomb 2 (552) exposed a neighboring burial chamber (560) hewn initially in the Hellenistic period and reused in the Roman period.
The Hellenistic period hypogea of Maresha were long-term family sepulchres – cut in the soft chalk for the burial of the city residents along several generations. The tombs served this purpose throughout the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, until the destruction of the city by the Hasmoneans, c. 111 BCE. Some of the tombs, located in the Northern and Eastern necropoleis were reused in the Roman period.
The architectural plans of the hypogea probably reached Maresha from elsewhere in the Hellenistic world. The hypogea resemble the architectural and artistic style of Ptolemaic period's tombs (mostly from the 3rd century BCE) in the Shatbi necropolis of Alexandria in Egypt.
The epigraphic evidence reflects the multi-ethnic composition of the city, combining Idumaeans, Phoenicians, Greeks, some Egyptians and possibly a few Judeans. These ethnic elements produced the outstanding social and cultural fabric of the city during the Hellenistic period.
The article presents and discusses the architecture of the rock-cut burial chambers in light of similar hypogea known from the Hellenistic world, the spatial distribution of the tombs, the outstanding wall paintings and their parallels, some objects found in the tombs and some significant inscriptions.

Publiées au début du siècle dernier par G. Daressy, les deux stèles hiéroglyphiques conservées au Musée égyptien du Caire (RT 2/3/25/7 et JE 44901) constituent les seuls exemplaires connus à ce jour du décret du synode de prêtres qui eut lieu à Memphis, en l’an 23 du règne de Ptolémée Épiphane. Cette première étude commentée du Décret de Memphis (182 a.C.) se propose de fournir une version normalisée de ces textes suivant une édition synoptique, un apparat critique, une traduction, un commentaire philologique de même que les photographies et les fac-similés des documents. Leur analyse permet de réévaluer leur apport au règne d’Épiphane : cérémonie en l’honneur d’un taureau Mnévis à Memphis, évergétisme des souverains à l’égard des clergés égyptiens, mesures politiques ponctuelles (amnistie pénale en l’an 21 du règne, exemptions de taxe). Leur intérêt majeur réside en la présence d’un récit historique développé. Relatant la répression de révoltes indigènes dans le Delta, il met en exergue l’intervention victorieuse du commandant en chef de la cavalerie Aristonikos dans la région de Tell el-Balamoun. Intégrés dans l’ensemble des actes des décrets synodaux du règne d’Épiphane, ces documents, inhabituels par leur forme et leur contenu, sont ainsi replacés dans leur contexte rédactionnel, historique et politique. C’est notamment à travers la  problématique de l’évolution des relations entre la Couronne alexandrine et les clergés indigènes que cette documentation officielle est appréhendée.

Les demandes d’asylie nous permettent de nous interroger sur la relation entre Grecs et prêtres égyptiens à travers l’évolution de l’octroi de l’asylie en Égypte, sur la présence étonnamment prépondérante de soldats dans le milieu des temples égyptiens et sur le rôle des officiers au niveau local. Une synthèse de nos connaissances sur la garde royale et sur le réseau social de ses membres nous aident à comprendre son rôle concernant l’inviolabilité des temples et plus généralement son implantation dans la chôra égyptienne. Ces décrets d’asylie semblent révéler avant tout une collaboration entre Grecs et Égyptiens et cette proximité a parfois donné lieu au développement d’une culture que l’on peut qualifier de gréco-égyptienne.

Index des auteurs 9-10 Études P. ArnAud, « Le "Cheïrismos de Néapolis". Un lieu, une institution, des armateurs, un rouage du processus annonaire » 11-59 M. MinArdi, A.V.G. Betts, G. KhozhAniyAzov, « Recently discovered painted imagery of horses with "grooms" at Akchakhan-Kala. Observations on their art, symbolic meaning and context » 61-101

Zenon, the secretary of Apollonios ὁ διοικητής, sent, received and collected all kinds of correspondence – letters of recommendation, requests for assistance, business reports – which illustrates a cross-section of everyday life in Ptolemaic Egypt during the third century BC. The elements which mostly influence linguistic and stylistic variation in the Zenon archive are pragmatic as well as sociolinguistic. The most important are the sender's purpose and the relationship, or the social gap, between sender and recipient. In this respect, in a pragmatic and textual linguistic perspective, crossed with sociolinguistics, some features of this kind of correspondence will be examined, such as opening greetings, expressions of requests and closing formulas.

Many shell, horn, tooth and bone objects were revealed by the early excavations at Naukratis, but only 159 can be identified today.1 These probably represent only a small proportion of what was originally encountered by the early excavators at Naukratis who recorded finding numerous bones within burnt deposits across the site. Recent excavation at Naukratis by the British Museum,2 and the excavations directed by Leonard both revealed substantial numbers of faunal remains. The material below consists disproportionately of worked artefacts and ornaments, as the faunal remains from animals consumed as food are exceptionally rare. It seems that the excavators only kept faunal remains when they were worked artefacts, ornaments, or from specific contexts they found interesting, such as a small sample from burnt deposits within the Greek sanctuaries of Naukratis. For this reason most of what is discussed below concerns votives, sacrifices, ritual instruments, grave goods, and a few tools, with only a few rare instances of animal remains that represent the diet of Naukratites.
Most of the bone artefacts, with the exception of bone figurines, have been discussed in other chapters, which is why they are only briefly discussed in section 2 below. Jewellery (Fig. 1), Egyptian ritual equipment (Fig. 2) and tools (Figs 3–5) made of bone or ivory are covered in specialist chapters with objects in other materials.3 Noteworthy finds not discussed in other chapters comprise a range of carved and undecorated Tridacna shells, ostrich eggshell vessels and shell ornaments (section 3 below). The few faunal remains (along with a bone knife handle) from Naukratis come from a bone and charcoal ritual sacrifice deposit dated to c. 620–500 BC, excavated by Petrie from the Apollo sanctuary.4 These remains may be comparable with contemporary bone and charcoal deposits found near the Hellenion and Dioskouroi sanctuaries recently excavated at Naukratis.

The volume focuses on different methods and strategies employed by individuals and/or communities when confronted with major changes in society and its reflection in the material culture. The first part concentrates on developments and transformations observable in New Kingdom private tombs commissioned by non-royal individuals in the three main cemeteries of the time – Amarna, Thebes and Saqqara – during the period immediately before, during and after the “Amarna age”. The second part of the volume centres on various strategies of adaptation and modification, as reflected on the level of the priesthoods and the design of the temple program (architecture, text and image) during the Ptolemaic and Roman period.

This unpublished thesis details the beer brewing process in Graeco-Roman Egypt during the Ptolemaic Period and the Principate (332 BC - 284 AD). Based on existing chemical analyses, papyri and ostraca inscriptions, I have detailed a basic beer making process which could have been used in both household and mass production context for the creation of barley-based beer.

SUMMARY: Updated sources: This power point provides a selection of sources (mainly book publications) dealing with many aspects of Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt, particularly the Hellenistic period, but includes the Roman period and some areas outside Egypt (e.g., Rome).  The power point has a table of contents outlining the various components, which consist of selected sources on Alexander the Great, the history and selected rulers (i.e., reign studies) during the Ptolemaic-Roman period, overviews on Hellenistic royalty/monarchy and their courts, Late Period-Roman period Egyptian interactions with Greeks, Romans and others, Graeco-Roman interactions with the Egyptian frontier and beyond, Ptolemaic-Roman period Alexandria (and its environs), Rome and  Roman architecture, art, etc., the Ancient Landscape of Egypt (especially Ptolemaic-Roman periods), Ptolemaic-Roman settlements in Egypt, Ptol.-Roman cemeteries in Egypt, Ptol.-Roman temples and priests in Egypt, Ptol.-Roman religion in Egypt, music, performance, dance, rituals, etc., some animal cults in Egypt, language and literature, engineering and technology, art and sculpture, men, women, and their appearance (especially clothing/garments), cooking, food, feasting, etc., law and enforcement, the military in Egypt and the Mediterranean Area, the navy in Egypt and the Mediterranean area, documentaries on Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt and related topics, and some other aspects of the Ptolemaic-Roman period (e.g., including non-sorted sources). This resource serves as a starting point for students and course materials I am currently preparing regarding "Cleopatra's World: From Alexander to early Imperial Rome" (2024). More sources will be added over time, but the current ones reflect fairly recent and more easily available sources dealing with the topic area and time frame. UPDATED: Dec. 7, 2024, adding a couple of dozen new sources (now that the course has been completed for the moment in this year's offering); ADDED: Jan.13/14, 2025 some new sources ...

This is not the full version of the book, but just a selection of some pages '1 ' 1 1 I J I ·11 11 j s ti K i 1 g d 11 s P 0 If r Jl A 1' I • c; 0 IN S . A N . 0 I II ~fT 0 H Y Nont l tltl l )cLvis czttd ( ,'olin M . J raay 2 lll:lpN Httd I pl .:nt 'rJI AMJ~S A NJ) I I U I SC)'N • L NJ)ON J~'TRODL'CTIO:\' CH.-\ PTER 0:\'E .\lexander rhe Great. 336-323 BC Till' B.m!f l~f Is sus The B.mh• l~,-Gaugcm1da Tllf Fieluw, in the Eczst _-!le.\.l1t~lcr'~· Indiall Cm11paigll The Fit~t11 ) ·cars THE PLATES CH.-\PTER T\1;' 0 T he Prolem ie of Egypt

Mona Haggag Alexandria in the 'Corpus of Ptolemaic inscriptions' �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������115 Kyriakos Savvopoulos From Macedonia to Ptolemaic Alexandria: the cult of Dionysos Pseudanor ���������������������������������������������������������133 Emmanuel Voutiras Hellenistic drama and Alexandrian culture ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������139 Georgia Xanthaki-Karamanou ii The Alexandrian cradle of philological science ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149 Theodore D. Papanghelis Egyptian and Egyptiote literature as a bridge between two cultures �����������������������������������������������������������153 Shaker Moussa From Alexandria to Venice: Remembrances of Alexandria in the cultural treasures of Venice ������������������165 Chryssa Maltezou The destruction of libraries in the course of history and the international law on the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������173 Artemis Papathanassiou Is the possession of the Parthenon Marbles lawful according to the contemporary English law? �������������185 A tentative methodology of sea-level change based on fish tanks from Hellenistic Alexandria, vis-a-vis, the submerged el Hassan rock provide a new look for subsidence estimates ����������������������������������������������������289

The vast majority of modern scholars hold that very soon or even immediately after Alexander’s death Ptolemy became a separatist who wanted to secede the satrapy of Egypt from the Macedonian empire. His conquest of areas outside Egypt is then interpreted as defensive imperialism. This article will question that assumption, and argue that it is more likely that Ptolemy was not less ambitious, but simply more careful than his rivals. The combination of his actions and his propaganda seems to suggest that like all other Successors, he wanted to become Alexander’s one and only true successor over the entire empire.