Prussian History

Symposium: The Staatskapelle Berlin at 450 – A Review

“Crisis and Prosperity: The Development of Prussian Court Music from 1713 to 1806“

Venue: Staatsoper im Schiller Theater
Date: 7th- 9th October 2016

Call for Papers
Deadline: 1st April 2016

From 7th- 9th October 2016, the Staatskapelle Berlin will hold its second international symposium, in cooperation with the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation, Berlin-Brandenburg. The Staatskapelle celebrates its 450th anniversary in 2020, making it one of the oldest orchestras in the world. Ahead of this occasion, the Staatsoper is holding a series of annual symposia devoted to the history of the Staatskapelle Berlin and its international significance. This year’s topic, ‘Crisis and Prosperity: The Development of Prussian Court Music from 1713 to 1806’, places a focus on the 18th century, from the dissolution of the Prussian Court in 1713 to the collapse of the ‘old’ Prussia in 1806.

The subject of this article is the Wild & Wessel factory in Berlin, one of the foremost producers of kerosene lamps in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. The success of this factory was due in large part to its founding directors’ dual emphasis on art and technology: they hired well-known and respected contemporary artists to design and prototype their lamps, and spent large sums on research and development. This, and their emphasis on catering to an inclusive market with a range of low to high price points, on thoughtful merchandising and branding, and on streamlining production, put Emil Wild and Wilhelm Wessel in the footprint of Josiah Wedgwood, often seen as the pioneer of entrepreneurship.

Sir Ribbentrops Instructions and orders for the reorganisation of Prussian hospitals 1808-1832.
The general war commissioner v. Ribbentrop established a very effective hospital organisation for the reformed Prussian army in 1813-15. Simultaneously, the surgeon general Dr. Goercke  reformed the combined education of army surgeons amd medical doctors in the "Medizinalanstalt" i.e. military medical institute at Berlin. The medical organisation in the campaigns and the sieges of fortresses is considered in particular.

Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786), best known as Frederick the Great, was a prolific writer of philosophical discourses, poems, epics, satires, and more, while maintaining extensive correspondence with prominent intellectuals, Voltaire among them. This edition of selected writings, the first to make a wide range of Frederick’s most important ideas available to a modern English readership, moves beyond traditional attempts to see his work only in light of his political aims. In these pages, we can finally appreciate Frederick’s influential contributions to the European Enlightenment—and his unusual role as a monarch who was also a published author.

In addition to Frederick’s major opus, the Anti-Machiavel, the works presented here include essays, prefaces, reviews, and dialogues. The subjects discussed run the gamut from ethics to religion to political theory. Accompanied by critical annotations, the texts show that we can understand Frederick’s views of kingship and the state only if we engage with a broad spectrum of his thought, including his attitudes toward morality and self-love. By contextualizing his arguments and impact on Enlightenment beliefs, this volume considers how we can reconcile Frederick’s innovative public musings with his absolutist rule. Avi Lifschitz provides a robust and detailed introduction that discusses Frederick’s life and work against the backdrop of eighteenth-century history and politics.

In diesem Artikel wird der Wanderhandel als Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Konflikte des 19. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel des oberlausitzer Grenzraums beleuchtet. Die Modernisierungsprozesse des 19. Jahrhunderts hielten auch und gerade für die historisch gewachsenen Strukturen der Oberlausitz enorme Wandlungsprozesse mit großem Konfliktpotenzial bereit: Die Zentralisierung staatlicher Macht und der Aufbau eines bürokratischen Verwaltungsapparates, die Durchsetzung kapitalistischer Wirtschaftsweisen und die nationale Homogenisierung vermöge des Staatsbürgerschaftkonzeptes drangen bis in die letzten Refugien alter Ordnungen vor. Diese Transformationen spiegeln sich in vielerlei Hinsicht im Phänomen des Wanderhandels, „hinter dem sich ein Widerstreit politischer, konfessioneller und wirtschaftlicher Interessen birgt.“  In den folgenden Überlegungen wird dieser Tatsache Rechnung getragen, indem unterschiedliche Akteursgruppen, Problemwahrnehmungen und Lösungsstrategien beleuchtet werden. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung steht ein soziales Konfliktfeld, das sich zwischen dem staatlichen Wunsch nach Regulierung, dem wissenschaftlichen Versuch der Kategorisierung und dem Eigenwillen der ökonomischen und mobilen Akteure aufspannt.

Stella Ghervas & Mark Jarrett,  "Wie Frieden geschaffen wird" [How Peace was established], Die Zeit 38, September 11, 2014, p. 20.
http://www.zeit.de/2014/38/wiener-kongress-europa-frieden
Der Wiener Kongress vor 200 Jahren gilt als Triumph der Reaktion gegen die Revolution. Aber er war auch ein großer Moment der Diplomatie, der Europa stabilisierte.

160pp., 4to, over 800 colour illustrations, printed boards binding. 2018.

This is the major work on the subject, exploring the uniforms, organisation and equipment of the Landwehr, essential for Prussia to maintain her important contribution to the coalition effort to defeat Napoleon. Precise details of uniforms are difficult to sort out with the distance of time. Stephen presents the known information and resolves inconsistencies. This stunning publication includes photographs of original costume and delightful artwork by the incomporable Stanislav Lyulin.

In diesem Aufsatz ist von zwei der bedeutendsten und engsten persönlichen und politischen Freunde Otto von Bismarcks die Rede. Im Jahr 1873 schied der enge Freund Bismarcks, Albrecht von Roon, aus seinem Amt als preußischer Kriegsminister aus. Dieses Ereignis bildete eine von vielen Etappen des sich über mehrere Jahre anbahnenden und hinziehenden "Bruches der preußischen Konservativen" mit Bismarck, eines Bruches, der im Jahr 1875 dann manifest werden sollte. In diesem Aufsatz geht es um die inhaltliche Erläuterung eines Briefes, den Bismarck 1873 an seinen Freund Roon gerichtet hat. Der Brief enthält eine Fülle von Anspielungen auf historische Ereignisse und Personen. Diese werden - wenigstens zum Teil - erläutert. Vor allem aber wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf die persönliche Stimmung und Lage gerichtet, aus der heraus Bismarck diesen Brief zu schreiben veranlaßt war. Bismarck erklärte noch Jahre später: "Das ununterbrochene Bewußtsein der Verantwortlichkeit für große Ereignisse, bei denen die Zukunft des Vaterlandes auf dem Spiele stand" wäre ihm erleichtert worden durch den "Verkehr mit anderen, die man für gleichgestellt hält". Wenn aber ein Verantwortung Tragender in einer solchen Stellung wie der seinen "mit sich und seinen Erwägungen vereinsamt wird, so muß das den Eingriff (der) amtlichen Sorgen in seine Nerven und seine Gesundheit verschärfen". Es wird ein sehr menschlicher Zug auf Seiten des Politikers Bismarck herausgearbeitet: Die Bedeutung der Freundschaft für sein Leben und für die Geschichte-Gestaltung Deutschlands und Europas.

This new comprehensive study of Frederick II’s Fusilier and Garrison Regiments is organised by province reflecting contemporary practice rather than using the regimental number. It combines sources from the earliest available to the most recent studies, details their Chef (colonel-in-chief), campaign history, organisation, uniforms, flags and equipment.

The strength of this study lies in the lavish number of illustrations. There are over 750 colour illustrations, including over 315 drawings by Dessauer (1729, 1737), Accurate (1759), Stammliste (1762), Etat Militaire (1770), and Menzel (1857) with schematics from Hans Bleckwenn, Eduard Bolz, Hans Brauer and Richard Knötel.

The uniform and equipment chapters have 250+ uniform details, equipment, fusilier caps, lace and weapons plus 92 Flags. In addition there are 8 maps, 15 tables and 16 orders of battle. 

This is the companion volume to the author’s acclaimed study of Prussian Musketeers of the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years War.

Abstract: In an attempt to resolve contested memory narratives, the urban landscape of Berlin has given rise to the process of reconstructing German identity itself. This paper provides a critical analysis of the controversial cycle of growth, demolition and reconstruction of the built environment on Schlossplatz in Berlin-mitte. In the context of Erinnerungskultur, it will argue that the removal of the Palast der Republik is not as significant as the planned Wiederaufbau of the former Prussian Stadtschloss in its place.

Independent of the Stadtschloss’ resurrection as potentially detrimental to the organic authenticity of the urban landscape, this paper will ask what this action may tell about Germany’s current relationship with its Prussian past. Does the decision to rebuild the Stadtschloss (even in partial form) represent a normalized relationship with Prussian identity, and if so, exemplify a ‘mastery of the past’? Could a confrontation with complex historical legacies help forge a new sense of united German identity on the urban landscape? If so, would this be desirable, or could it present a slippery slope of renewed nationalism? What is at stake for the identities of former East (and West) Germans to achieve an emotional integration and a sound historical self understanding? Finally, in relation to Germany’s continued dialogue with GDR memory, is destruction of the Palast/reconstruction of the Stadtschloss reminiscent of the same dialectic of memory and repression that facilitated a kind of self-justification rather than an acceptance of responsibility in the immediate post-war era? These questions should act as prisms through which wider problems of collective memory and cultural identity in reunified Berlin can be examined.

Citation: MaryKate Cleary, "Destroying the Palace/Rebuilding the Castle: Collective Memory and the Search for Historical Identity in Berlin," in: Georg Ulrich Grossmann and Petra Krutisch, The Challenge of the Object = Die Herausforderung des Objekts: 33rd Congress of the International Committee of the History of Art (Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art - CIHA) Nuremberg, 15th-20th July 2012, Germanishes National Museum, Nürnberg, 2013, pp. 460-464.

This thesis is an attempt to present modern earth fortifications from the area of the Polish Sudetes,
including their time of origin, history, current state of research and preservation,
as well as the presentation of author's research results - conducted by the researcher in 2014-2016,
whose aim was to inventorise remains of former redoubts and other defensive devices in the Sudetes. There are of course some minor and major mistakes and things that need to be added. Nevertheless,
in future articles by the author they have been corrected and completed.

Diese Magisterarbeit ist ein Versuch, moderne Erdbefestigungen aus dem Gebiet der polnischen Sudeten vorzustellen, einschließlich ihrer Entstehungszeit, Geschichte, des aktuellen Forschungs- und Erhaltungsstandes sowie einer Präsentation der Forschungsergebnisse des Autors, durchgeführt vom Forscher in den Jahren 2014-2016, dessen Ziel die Inventarisierung der Überreste alter Schanzen und anderer
Verteidigungsanlagen in den Sudeten war. Es gibt natürlich einige kleinere und größere Fehler und Dinge, die ergänzt werden müssen, aber in zukünftigen Artikeln des Autors wurden sie korrigiert und vervollständigt.

Niniejsza praca jest próbą przedstawienia nowożytnych fortyfikacji ziemnych z obszaru polskich Sudetów, z uwzględnieniem ich czasu powstania, historii, obecnego stanu badań i zachowania, a także prezentacją autorskich wyników badań – prowadzonych przez badacza w latach 2014-2016, których celem było zinwentaryzowanie pozostałości dawnych szańców i innych urządzeń obronnych w Sudetach. Jest oczywiście kilka mniejszych i większych błędów i rzeczy wymagających uzupełnienia, nie mniej w przyszłych artykułach autora zostały one poprawione i uzupełnione.

Arnold) 860 2. Forschungsstand 867 3. Die mittelalterliche Architektur im Ordensland 869 4. Der Burgenbau 871 4.1. Funktionsweise und bauliche Struktur der Konventsburgen 871 4.2. Die frühen Deutschordensburgen (1230 bis um 1270/80) 871 4.3. Das Aufkommen und die Etablierung des Kastellburgentypus 876 4.4. Die Marienburg als Hochmeistersitz (1309-1457) 889 4.5. Die Amtsburgen des Deutschen Ordens 898 4.6. Ragnit, Neidenburg, Bütow -Endpunkte des Burgenbaus in Preußen 903 4.7. Genese und Ausstrahlung der Deutschordensburgen 908 4.8. Die Burgen der Bischöfe und Domkapitel 909 5. Der Sakralbau 924 5.1. Zisterzienser und Bettelorden 924 5.2. Die Dome der preußischen Bistümer 925 5.3. Die Pfarrkirchen der preußischen Städte 940 5.4. Ermländische Stadtpfarrkirchen 955 5.5. Die Dorfkirchen im Preußenland 964 5.6. Die Pfarrkirchen im Samland 975 5.7. Die Sakralarchitektur in Pommerellen 978 5.7.1. Danzig -Zentrum spätgotischer Architektur 978 5.7.2. Klöster in Pommerellen 993 5.7.3. Die Pfarrkirchen der pommerellischen Städte und Dörfer 998 6. Der bürgerliche Profanbau in den Städten des Preußenlands 1008 6.DEU TSCHORDEN SL AN D PREUSSEN niedriger, schließt mit einer Baufuge an das Langhaus an, muss also jünger sein. Seine Gewölbe erhielt er erst 1645. Große Ähnlichkeit mit Putzig zeigen noch zwei weitere pommerellische Pfarrkirchen: St. Nikolai in Mewe/Gniew 160 (Abb. 1753) im südlichen Pommerellen, wo das Langhaus mit dem einge-I 1003 Abb.

ABSTRACT
Similar to some other so called sensitive issues, Freemasonry as well is avoided due to it has been accepted objectionable spoken and written. However, ''who do not know history can not shape the future''. In fact, there are how many issues similar to this, particularly on socio-cultural low fragments of less developed and developing  societies which were accepted taboo and shown hostility, actually without knowing what it is.
In this connection, without taking into account similar unconscious hostility, I will try to reflect  the subject of ‘’The Role of the German Grand Lodge ‘’ZU DEN III WELTK’’, on the Development of the Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite (AASR) of Freemasonry in the Continental Europe’’, for which I realised a deep research on that subject, in the content of this talk.

At the very beginning, I must elaborate that ‘’why I have chosen this subject?’’ While researching the historical development of Freemasonry in Turkey,  I have always felt the need for a more detailed examination of the known that the beginning phase of Freemasonry’s implantation, development and spreading in the Continental Europe in general terms.

The very first Freemasonry Lodge of the Continental Europe was founded by a group of Jacobins under the leadership of Lord Charles Radcliffe, the Count of Derwentwater, in Paris France in 1725. As it is seen, contrary to the thought at first glance, Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite of Freemasonry was neither founded in Scotland nor England but France.
The Masonic authorities of France tasked Stephen Morin from Bordeaux in 1761, in order to deliver the high degrees to the next shore of the Ocean and Morin established these degrees in Caribbean islands in 1763. On May 1801 in Charleston  in the United States, the first Supreme Council was opened as known the US South Jurisdiction.
Following this brand new establishment, we learned that on August 14th, 1738, at the Rheinsberg Castle in Brunswick which is castle of the Crown Prince who wil be known Frederick the Great of Prussia later on, a private lodge was established as the first step of Freemasonry and  Frederick II initiated to the Freemasonry in this lodge. Afterwards, on September 13th, 1740, a second private lodge was established in Berlin by Etienne Jordan with the permission of the King and Frederick II stayed as Grand Master until 1799.
Therefore, you will find the roles of either the Grand Lodge 3 Globes and Frederick II on these developments, in the context of this research study.
ÖZET
Bazı diğer sözde hassas konular gibi, genelde konuşulup yazılması sakıncalı kabul edildiği için Masonluğa da uzak durulur. Ancak ‘’tarihi bilmeyen geleceği şekillendiremez’’.  Özellikle az gelişmiş toplumlarda ve de bu toplumların sosyo-kültürel alt katmanlarında ne olduğu bilinmeden tabu kabul edilen ve düşmanlık gösterilen benzeri ne çok konu vardır.
Ben bu bağlamda, benzer bilinçsiz düşmanlıkları dikkate almadan, bu konuşmamda sizlere, uzun süredir araştırdığım ‘’Eski ve Kabul Edilmiş Skoç Riti’nin (EKSR) Kıta Avrupasındaki Gelişiminde, Alman Üç Küre Büyük Locası’nın Rolü’’ konusunu yansıtmaya çalışacağım.
Sunumumun başında, bu konuyu seçme nedenimi de yansıtmak isterim. Masonluğun ülkemizdeki tarihsel gelişimini incelerken, zorunlu gördüğüm karşılaştırmaları gerçekleştirebilmek için, hep Eski ve Kabul Edilmiş Skoç Riti’nin kıta Avrupasına girişi ve yayılmasındaki başlangıç aşamalarını daima genel hatları ile bilinenden daha detaylı inceleme gereğini hissetmişimdir.
Kıta Avrupasındaki ilk Mason Locası 1725’te Derwentwater Kontu Lord Charles Radcliffe öncülüğünde bir grup İngiliz Jakoben tarafından Paris Fransa’da kuruldu. Görüleceği üzere, ilk bakışta düşünülenin aksine, Eski ve Kabul Edilmiş Skoç Riti İskoçya’da veya İngiltere’de değil, Fransa’da kuruldu. 1761’de Fransa’daki Masonik Yetkililer yüksek dereceleri Okyanus ötesinde Amerika’ya taşımak üzere Bordeaux’dan Stephen Morin’i görevlendirdi.  1763’te de Morin bu dereceleri Karaip Adaları’nda Fransa patenti altında kurdu. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Charleston’da Mayıs 1801’de, bugün ABD Güney Juridiksiyonu olarak bilinen ilk Yüksek Şura açıldı.
Bu Locanın kuruluşunu takiben, 14 Ağustos 1738’de Brunswick’de sonradan Büyük Frederik olarak anılacak Prusya Veliaht Prensi’nin kendi Rheinsberg Kalesi’nde, Prusya’daki Hürmasonluğun ilk adımını oluşturan bir özel loca kurulduğunu ve Frederik II’nin bu Locada mason olduğunu biliyoruz. Bunu takiben kıralın izniyle 13 Eylül 1740’ta Berlin’de Etienne Jordan tarafından 3 Küreler adı altında ikinci bir Özel Loca kuruldu ve Frederik II 1799 yılına kadar Büyük Üstad olarak kaldı. İşte bu araştırma kapsamında gerek 3 Küre Büyük Locası’nın ve gerekse Frederik II’nin bu gelişmelerdeki rollerini bulacaksınız.
More Info:

This talk was delivered by M. Iskender TARGAC, on November 28th, 2012, in Turkey’s Idea and Culture Association in Istanbul.

Time: 7 PM to 9 PM

KEYWORDS

3 Globes, Frederick II, Frederick the Great, Lord Charles Radcliffe, Stephen (Estienne) Morin, John Mitchell, Fredrich Dalcho, German Grand Lodge, Lycee Louis-Le-Grand, Magnoludoviciens, Clermont Cizvit Koleji, Francken Manuscripts, Albert Pike, Franz Liszt, Lorenz Adlon, Symbols, Theology, Mythology, Religion

Event Date: November 28th, 2012

Organization: Turkey’s Idea and Culture Association (Istanbul)

Prusya ekolünün askerliğe kattığı en önemli şey, stratejik kuşatma öğretisidir. Prusya ekolü ile ilgilenen çoğu kişi Clausewitz'i bilmesine karşın Moltke ve Schlieffen'i işin içinde olmayanlar pek bilmez. Ben de bu yazıda Moltke'nin (Büyük Moltke ve Yeğeni Genç Moltke) ve Schlieffen'in strateji üzerine düşüncelerini bu yazı vasıtası ile okuyabilirsiniz. Daha doğru bir deyişle Alman ekolünün Napolyon, Avusturya-Prusya, Prusya-Fransa ve nihayetinde Birinci Dünya Harbinde Alman Ordusunun Fransa'yı en kısa sürede işgal için oluşturulmuş strateji olan Schlieffen planı ve Fransız Genelkurmayı'nın meşhur No:17 savunma planı üzerinde durulan bir yazı bulacaksınız.

In 1576, a map of Prussia “Prussiae Das ist des Landes zu Preussen Welches das herrlichste Theil ist Sarmatiae Europeae, Eigentliche und warhafftige Beschreibung” was published in Konigsberg. Its dimensions were 88.3 x 98.5 cm, and the scale 1:370 000. It was a wall map. Its initiator, organizer and performer of the most important work was a Prussian Lutheran pastor, historian and cartographer Kaspar Henneberger (1529–1600). The map was created innovatively, thoroughly and was very informative. This shows the symbols, abbreviations and historical and geographical entries in separate boxes. For the first time the lands of the Balts were shown on it: there were written their names and in Theilung der Alten dieses Landes Preussen were described their boundaries. It is a geographical and historical map of Prussia. It was printed in Konigsberg in 1576, 1595, 1629, 1638, 1639, 1656 and 1679. Unfortunately, it is a rare map as not many copies of it have remained.

""TITLE: Prussian Musketeer Regiment of the Austrian War of Succession and Seven Years War:
SUB-TITLE: Uniforms Organisation and Equipment
AUTHOR: Dr Stephen Summerfield
PUBLISHER: Ken Trotman Publishing
ISBN Number: 978-1-907417-38-2
NOW OUT OF PRINT: 2nd edition should be available in April 2015

The Army of Frederick the Great was one of the most successful and feared military forces of the modern world. Created, tructured and organized by a military genius, it was the model of military achievement in its time. Much has been written about its organization and uniforms, including many pioneering works.

This new, comprehensive study of the Musketeer Regiments (Grenadier, Fusilier and Garrison Regiments will be dealt with separately) is uniquely structured by Province, reflecting contemporary practice and Frederick’s own grading of his troops. It combines sources from the earliest available to the most recent studies, combined to detail every regiment’s campaign history, organization, uniforms, flags and equipment.

The strength of this new study lies in the lavish extent of its illustrations. There are over 800 colour drawings, including over 320 contemporary illustrations from Accurate (1759), Stammliste (1762) and Etat Militaire (1770) and later schematics drawn from Hans Bleckwenn, Eduard Bolz and Hans Brauer.

Depicted are 120 Leibfahne and Kompaniefahne flags including 40 M1713 flags used during the War of Austrian Succession. The 330 illustrations of uniforms details and equipment include 170 drawings from the 1755 Lace Book. There are also 8 maps, 20 Orders of Battle and 18 Tables.""

This is a short presentation of chapter 5 in the anthology "Christianity and War in Medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia",
ed. R. Kotecki, C.S. Jensen & S. Bennett (Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2021), 97-115.

The entire book can be purchased here: https://arc-humanities.org/products/c-67104-10597-68-8253/

The author investigates the position held by Macedonia in German public discourse from the beginning of 19th century until the break of World War I. In the first part the author discusses the place Macedonia held in German historiography, the birth of the comparison between Prussia and the Macedonian Kingdom as well as the transformation of ancient Macedonian history into a political argument by the German intelligentsia. The second part deals with the new-found, by the fragmented German world, interest for contemporary 19th century Macedonia. The unknown and unexplored views of travelers, cartographers, publicists, politicians, military men, propagandists, writers and artists about Macedonia and its inhabitants, together with the political present and future of the latter, are also analyzed in close correlation with the political developments in the Balkans and Europe. Trends, such as antislavism, turcofilia and imperialism, developed within the German Empire as well as within the Austro-Hungarian Empire are also emphasized throughout this analysis

El propósito de este artículo es analizar, contrastando obras de época con estudios actuales, el surgimiento de Prusia como potencia militar en las décadas centrales del  siglo XVIII. Para ello, es necesario poner el foco de nuestra investigación en la figura de Federico II, rey de Prusia, aunque no será nuestro objetivo sumergirnos en profundidad en su vida y personalidad, sino estudiar su política militar, la estructura y organización de sus ejércitos y sus hechos de armas más destacados, con la idea de que éstos nos sirvan de evidencia para comprender el calado de la aplicación de sus decisiones. Este texto, asimismo, pretende estudiar el funcionamiento práctico del ejército prusiano, al tiempo que tiene como inquietud secundaria explorar los posibles nexos entre los ejércitos prusiano y español en el marco político europeo de la centuria que estudiamos.

NOWOŻYTNE FORTYFIKACJE ZIEMNE JELENIEJ GÓRY W trakcie wojen prowadzonych na Śląsku w XVII-XX w. umacniano swoje pozycje budując m.in. liczne ziemne fortyfikacje polowe, związane np. z obozowaniem wojsk lub ochroną danego obszaru. Kilka z nich zachowało się do dnia dzisiejszego w Jeleniej Górze. Są to np. szańce powiązane z pruskimi obozami warownymi na Wzgórzu Partyzantów i Wzgórzu Kościuszki oraz inne fortyfikacje ulokowane na pozostałych miejskich wzniesieniach.

Early modern period earthwork FORTIFICATIONS in Jelenia Góra

Jelenia Góra for many times was a witness of multiple wars during which different field fortifications were created. Many of them were built during Thirty Year's War. Some of them protected the town others were left by besieging  armies. They are not preserved to modern times. Ramparts from the Silesian Wars (1740-1763) and War for Bavarian Succesion (1778-1779) were preserved , however. Thanks to lidar photos (ALS), source query (cartography, writen sources) and surface research (2014-2019) 6 position could be discovered and inventoried, 5 of them should be connected with field fortyfications, and one can be conical stronghold/castle (type Motte assumption). The Article is the first trial of issue description and thesis made in it must be verified as a result of further research.

Im Preußenland, dem Gebiet zwischen Weichsel und Memel, existierte vom 13. bis zum frühen 16. Jh. der Staat der Deutschordensritter. In der
Zeit der Ordensherrschaft entstand eine reiche Architekturlandschaft,
die vor allem durch ihre Burgen, eine Synthese aus Kloster und Befestigung, berühmt geworden ist. Daneben wurden fast 100 Städte gegründet, in denen rasch Kirchen, Stadtbefestigungen und Kommunalbauten aus Backstein heranwuchsen. Auch in den etwa 1000 neugegründeten Dörfern errichtete man zahlreiche Pfarrkirchen. Die Architektur im Ordensland zeigt ausgeprägte Merkmale einer eigenständigen Bautradition, die Gegenstand des Buches ist.
Der Verfasser, Professor für Kunstgeschichte an der Universität in Danzig, hat in seiner Arbeit alle mittelalterlichen Burgen, Kirchen und Rathäuser der Region erfasst und den Architekturbestand unter verschiedenen Fragestellungen ausgewertet. Im analytischen Teil wird die preußische Architekturlandschaft auf empirischer Basis untersucht. Der Katalog enthält eine vollständige Dokumentation aller Bauten (425 Objekte) mit einem umfangreichen Abbildungsteil.

ABSTRACT in English (résumé en français ci-après):
This article (as all my other articles on Clausewitz) isn’t a discussion “around” the thoughts of Clausewitz, which would be first based on Clausewitz – an attractive name! – in order to speak thereafter in a prospective manner, as we see quite often. My article is an analysis focussed on what Clausewitz actually wrote in his lectures on the “kleinen Krieg” [I would say here “small war” to be short, even if I don’t like this translation]. The aim is, first, making a synthesis of the thoughts of Clausewitz on the relations between the “kleinen Krieg” and insurrectional wars; and, second, explaining the context of that days which underlain his thoughts, in order to better understand them: the context related to 1) the wars on which Clausewitz bases his speech, 2) the military culture of the officers of that days (and also the military culture of Clausewitz) and 3) the reflection of his time on the “kleinen Krieg” and on insurrectional wars.

Indeed, Prussia's military defeats in 1806 led in this country to a reflection on national defence, on the question of armed citizens, and on the “petite guerre” as the appropriate tactic for popular uprisings. The lecture upon the “petite guerre” that Clausewitz delivered at the War College in Berlin between 1810 and 1812 is part of this framework. Moreover, the Revolutionary War, which was an insurrection against the British homeland, is one of the examples Clausewitz did choose to feed his thinking, just like the Wars of the Vendée and the Tyrolean events during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars – which were other uprisings with insurrectional characteristics. In his lecture, Clausewitz doesn’t distinguish between the two words and the two realities of “petite guerre” and “guerrilla warfare”; however, he shows from time to time the particularities of the civil wars and of the wars with armed citizens. Our article studies the lecture on the “petite guerre” from Clausewitz with a new point of view, in order to point out the parts which are related to the popular wars and to the insurrections; indeed, as Raymond Aron expresses it, the thinking of Clausewitz has been built on watching how the extreme violence of passions could not be separated from people's wars.

RESUME en français :
Cet article (comme tous mes autres articles sur Clausewitz) n’est pas une discussion « autour » de la pensée de Clausewitz, qui partirait de Clausewitz – un nom porteur ! – pour parler de façon prospective, comme on le voit souvent. C’est une analyse centrée exclusivement sur ce que Clausewitz a écrit dans son "Cours sur la petite guerre". L’objectif est, premièrement, de saisir et de synthétiser la pensée de Clausewitz sur les rapports entre petite guerre et guerre insurrectionnelle ; et, deuxièmement, d’expliciter le contexte de l’époque qui a nourri cette réflexion, pour mieux la comprendre : le contexte concernant 1) les guerres sur lesquelles Clausewitz appuie son discours, 2) la culture militaire des officiers de ce temps (donc la sienne) et 3) la réflexion de son temps sur la petite guerre et la guerre insurrectionnelle.

Les défaites subies en 1806 engendrèrent en effet, en Prusse, une réflexion sur la défense nationale, sur l’armement du peuple, et sur la petite guerre comme tactique du peuple soulevé. Le « Cours sur la petite guerre » donné par Clausewitz à l’École supérieure de guerre de Berlin, entre 1810 et 1812, s’inscrit entres autres dans le fil de cette impulsion. Au reste, la guerre d’Indépendance américaine, insurrection contre la métropole anglaise, est au nombre des exemples choisis par Clausewitz pour alimenter sa réflexion, comme les guerres de Vendée et les épisodes tyroliens de la Révolution et de l’Empire, autres soulèvements à caractère insurrectionnel. Si Clausewitz n’opère pas pour ses auditeurs la distinction entre « petite guerre » et « guérilla », il pointe de temps à autre les particularismes des guerres civiles et des contextes guerriers avec armement du peuple. Cet article revisite le Cours sur la petite guerre de Clausewitz pour y relever la part redevable aux guerres populaires et aux insurrections, si tant est que, comme l’exprime Raymond Aron, la pensée de Clausewitz sur la guerre s’est construite en considérant le déchaînement des passions inhérent aux guerres populaires.