Protocols

External ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used to facilitate removal of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurologic dysfunction. Despite a high risk for infection (upward of 45%), many hospitals lack strict protocols for EVD placement and maintenance. In addition, EVD infections are typically not tracked with the same diligence as central-line catheter infections, because there are no widely accepted standards for routine management of EVDs. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for the development of a standardized, best practice EVD protocol for catheter insertion, care, and maintenance to reduce ventriculostomy-related infections. A secondary goal of this review is to provide support for the future development of guidelines for the consistent tracking of EVD insertion and maintenance practices. At an academic medical center, an interdisciplinary team of nurses, advanced practice nurses, and neurointensivists reviewed recent medical and nursing literature as well as research-based institutional protocols on EVD insertion and maintenance from the United States and abroad to determine global best practices. The goal of this literature review was to identify key areas of focus in EVD insertion and maintenance as well as to identify recent studies that have shown success in managing EVDs with low rates of infection. The following terms were used in this search: EVD, externalized ventricular drains, EVD infections, EVD insertion, EVD Care and Maintenance, Nursing and EVDS. The following databases were utilized by each member of the interdisciplinary team to establish a state of the science on EVD management: American Association of Neurosurgical Surgeons, CINAHL, Cochrane, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, and PubMed. The following common EVD themes were identified: preinsertion hair removal and skin preparation, aseptic technique, catheter selection, monitoring of EVD insertion technique using a ''bundle'' approach, postinsertion dressing type and frequency of dressing changes, techniques for maintenance and cerebrospinal fluid sampling, duration of catheter placement, staff education/competence, and surveillance.

This paper presents the design philosophy and initial design decisions of Herald: a highly scalable global event notification system that is being designed and built at Microsoft Research. Herald is a distributed system designed to transparently scale in all respects, including numbers of subscribers and publishers, numbers of event subscription points, and event delivery rates. Event delivery can occur within a single machine, within a local network or Intranet, and throughout the Internet. Herald tries to take into account the lessons learned from the successes of both the Internet and the Web. Most notably, Herald is being designed, like the Internet, to operate correctly in the presence of numerous broken and disconnected components. The Herald service will be constructed as a set of protocols governing a federation of machines within cooperating but mutually suspicious domains of trust. Like the Web, Herald will try to avoid, to the extent possible, the maintenance of globally consistent state and will make failures part of the clientvisible interface.

This paper presents a methodology for a unified cosimulation and co-synthesis of hardware-software systems. This approach addresses the modeling of communication between the hardware and software modules at different abstraction levels and for different design tools. The main contribution is the use of a multi-view library concept in order to hide specific hardware/software implementation details and communication schemes. A system is viewed as a set of communicating hardware(VHDL) and software(C) subsystems. The same C, VHDL descriptions can be used for both co-simulation and hardware-software co-synthesis. This approach is ilustrated by an example.

Anonymity protocols are a privacy-enhancing technology for Internet-based communication. Two important characteristics of anonymity protocols are the strength of anonymity provided, and the overhead required for anonymous communication. In this paper, we focus on the latter characteristic, and develop simple performance models for two anonymous communication protocols: Practical Buses and Taxis. We show that the message latency of the Practical Buses protocol scales quadratically with the number of participants, while that of the Taxis protocol scales linearly with the number of participants. Both models are validated with experimental measurements from prototype implementations of the protocols. We show that the Taxis protocol provides more scalable anonymous communication, without compromising the strength of anonymity provided.

Automated response to intrusions has become a major issue in defending critical systems. Because the adversary can take actions at computer speeds, systems need the capability to react without human intervention. An infrastructure that supports development of automated response systems is critically needed. This infrastructure must allow easy integration of detection and response components to enable experimentation with automated response strategies. This paper provides an overview of the Intruder Detection and Isolation Protocol (IDIP) architecture and how it supports the need for an intrusion detection and response infrastructure.

This paper provides a first look at the potential for implementing a high-bandwidth air/ground (A/G) digital networked voice and data system in the very high frequency (VHF) band. The Future Communication study (FCS), a joint study performed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and EUROCONTROL, evaluated several systems and found the system called Broadband-Aeronautical Mobile Communications (B-AMC) to be a leading technology candidate to supply data communications in the L-band. Based on the FAA's desire to maintain operations in the VHF band and on the 2007 World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC-07) decision to make 112 -117.975 MHz available for aeronautical mobile communications, The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) investigated the feasibility of implementing B-AMC in the VHF band and determined its potential for supporting networked voice using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Furthermore, this study examined how the B-AMC protocol layers can be tailored to VoIP protocols in terms of meeting certain performance measures. * An Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)/TIA standardized system for provision of packet data services in an interoperable dispatch oriented topology for public safety providers.

Some IP-phones are offering only a simple user interface with plain DTMF digits and optional function buttons, but without any graphical display. This kind of limited user interface makes cumbersome the usage of advanced IPtelephony services in many scenarios. Enhancing IP-telephony services with collaborative devices can both resolve the capabilities limitations of IP-phones and also encourage user location mobility. The introduced solution consists of using a third party device, such as a PC on an IP network, to make a connection with the IP-phone where the connection is realised with a specific protocol based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP); this protocol benefits from the Subscribe/Notify mechanism defined by the IETF. By exchanging Notify requests and by using suitable information encoding, the two devices are able to collaborate and can evolve together to carry out advanced IP-telephony services. On the scope of this work, some collaborative services such as the caller-id service were analysed, developed and implemented.

Mobile IPv6 is the protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enable nodes to roam between IP subnets. Its specification requires the mobile node to be configured with at least a Home prefix to discover a home agent address, a home address and the cryptographic materials needed to protect mobile IPv6 signaling. In a real deployment perspective,

Background • Approaches to IP integration of WSNs so far: Pure TCP/IP solutions: sensor nodes implement the TCP/IP stack (or a compatible set of protocols such as 6LoWPAN in 802.15.4 networks); and Gateway solutions: System Architecture and Networking PAGE 3 6/30/2010 • One node acts as an application layer gateway (e.g. base station), to make the lower layer protocols from both networks (e.g. TCP/IP, IEEE 802.15.4) transparent and to route information. • Sensor nodes implement the TCP/IP stack (or a compatible protocols such as 6LoWPAN in 802.15.4 networks)

In this paper we present a state of the art review of the soft computing based approaches for trust and reputation computation. We divide the soft computing based approaches for trust and reputation computation into five different classes. Each of the five different classes is discussed in this paper.

Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Active versus expectant management of 3rd stage of labour (all women), Outcome 1 Severe primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) at time of birth (clinically estimated or measured blood loss ≥ 1000 mL). Analysis 1.4. Comparison 1 Active versus expectant management of 3rd stage of labour (all women), Outcome 4

In 2006, 100,000 servers were broken down just within 10 minutes . Those were the victims of some Denial-of-Service attacks. This news and knowing that some of those victims were so well-known companies like Hotmail and Amazon, indicate the significance of this kind of threats and attacks. "In a DoS attack, a malicious client (called the attacker) performs operations designed to partially or completely prevent legitimate clients from gaining service form a server (called the victim)" . DoS attacks can be categorized in two main classes: logic attacks and flooding attacks. In flooding attacks, which are discussed in this paper, the resources of the victim server are consumed by sending a big number of requests to it in order to make it unable to provide appropriate services to legitimate clients.

We introduce models for cooperative mitigating response strategies to suppress large scale Internet worm attack. In our models, cooperating members communicate with oth- ers using a "friend protocol" that spreads attack reports to potentially vulnerable uninfected sites. We use mathemati- cal models for the simplest strategies and a simulation for more complex models of mitigation. We investigate the per- formance

Quasi-Delay-Insensitive design is a promising solution for coping with contemporary silicon technology problems such as aggressive process variation and tight power budgets. However, one major barrier to its wider adoption is the lack of support for automated optimization techniques in semi-custom design flows. This paper proposes an innovative design flow that relies on the use of consolidated commercial EDA frameworks for synthesizing 1-of-n 4-phase Quasi-Delay-Insensitive circuits using Null Convention Logic. Accordingly, asynchronous gates, which are usually not supported by these frameworks, are modelled as conventional logic gates, allowing synthesis tools to perform static timing analysis and pre-and post-mapped design optimizations that can be specified by the designer using conventional timing constraints.

We investigate the idea of using nodes with controllable mobility as intermediate relays for reducing the power consumption in a network of mobile wireless sensors. We present the relay deployment problem, which is to optimally position the relay nodes in the network so as to minimize the power consumed in communication. We discuss and evaluate a localized solution methodology that computes the optimal position and movement of the relay nodes based on the information pertaining to the active data flows and the mobility patterns of the sensors in the network. Results from a preliminary simulation study indicate that deployment of relay nodes can result in considerable energy savings. We also outline some of the issues that need to be addressed in deploying such mobilitycontrollable relay nodes in a real network.

In this paper different optimization of Ad-hoc routing algorithm is surveyed and a new method using training based optimization algorithm for reducing the complexity of routing algorithms is suggested. A binary matrix is assigned to each node in the network and gets updated after each data transfer using the protocols.

The use of optimization algorithm in routing algorithm can reduce the complexity of routing to the least amount possible.

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) pose stringent network efficiency requirements in order to sustain feasibility. The feasibility of such a network specifically depends on the latency and energy efficiency that the communication protocol stack achieves. This paper presents an investigation into performance gains for the WSAN communication protocol stack that are achieved by adopting a crosslayer paradigm that facilitates interaction between multiple layers towards network efficiency optimization with regards to latency and energy.

The work station is the most important part of any CAD/CAM system in industrial operation. Uniform operating procedures and easy access to archives, engineering data, and product models are key requirements of a work station in an integrated system. Environmental and ergonomic aspects are also of increasing importance for the general acceptance of this technology. A work station should take into account the various backgrounds and training of the people who will use it.1 So far, however, most work stations employing interactive graphic displays have been designed to suit the available hardware features rather than the user's needs. The limited dynamics of storage tubes and raster displays inhibit interaction between the user and the computeri.e., man-machine communication. The effectiveness and ease of man-machine communication depend on the kinds of accommodations that a computing system accords the user. Appropriate channels, devices, protocols, and controlling parameters are needed for communication in either direction. But the real aim in constructing CAD/CAM systems should be to achieve man-model communication, a higher function than man-machine communication. Manmachine communication deals with the input and output devices required for the exchange of information between a computer and a user; man-model communication deals with the interactions necessary to define, interrogate, and confirm the computer-based model. In this article we refer to such interaction as "dialogs. " The model involved in the dialog is typically stored in virtual memory and often involves transfers via a database management system. To achieve successful man-model dialogs, a designer must have not only the tools and protocols of man-machine communication but also an unobstructed sense of the model and a feeling of free interaction. Available work stations Work stations, as we know them, take several different forms. They are usually categorized by their graphics capabilities, their processing power, their program

We introduce the continuous convergence protocol for handling locally committed and possibly concurrent updates to replicated data objects in distributed real-time databases. The protocol is designed for systems where replicated database objects are used to share data between collaborating real-time applications. We define the properties of the protocol, and describe how it can be implemented using data structures such as version vectors and conflict sets. We also show how applications can exploit the protocol's properties, and how the protocol supports forward resolution of update conflicts.

From a software engineering perspective, agent systems are a specialization of object-oriented (OO) systems, in which individual objects have their own threads of control and their own goals or sense of purpose. Engineering such systems is most naturally approached as an extension of object-oriented systems engineering. In particular, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) can be naturally extended to support the distinctive requirements of multi-agent systems. One such requirement results from the increasing emphasis on the correspondence between multi-agent systems and social systems. Sociological analogies are proving fruitful models for agent-oriented constructions, while sociologists increasingly use agents as a modeling tool for studying social systems. We combine several existing organizational models for agents, including AALAADIN, dependency theory, interaction protocols, and holonics, in a general theoretical framework, and show how UML can be applied and extended to capture constructions in that framework.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) has been proposed for physical layer standard for high speed wireless personal area networks (WPAN). It has emerged as cost effective and reliable alternative to traditional wireless technologies in WPANs. This paper describes low complexity high data rate Ultrawideband system based on Wimedia communication protocol. It intends to evaluate the performance of Wimedia-UWB wireless networks communication for spatial and aeronautic systems. The paper suggests a simulation model using NS-2 simulator to assess the feasibility of such networks and analyses it performance by providing high data-rate wireless communication.

Safety critical, Internet of Things (IoT) and spacebased applications have recently begun to adopt wireless networks based on commercial off the shelf (COTS) devices and standardized protocols, which inherently establishes the security challenge of malicious intrusions. Malicious intrusions can cause severe consequences if undetected, including, complete denial of services. Particularly, any safety critical application requires all services to operate correctly, as any loss can be detrimental to safety and/or privacy. Therefore, in order for these safety critical services to remain operational and available, any and all intrusions need to be detected and mitigated. Whilst intrusion detection is not a new research area, new vulnerabilities in wireless networks, especially wireless sensor networks (WSNs), can be identified. In this paper, a specific vulnerability of WSNs is explored, termed here the matched protocol attack. This malicious attack uses protocol-specific structures to compromise a network using that protocol. Through attack exploration, this paper provides evidence that traditional spectral techniques are not sufficient to detect an intrusion using this style of attack. Furthermore, a ZigBee cluster head network, which co-exists with ISM band services, consisting of XBee COTS devices is utilized, along with a real time spectrum analyzer, to experimentally evaluate the effect of matched protocol interference on a realistic network model. Results of this evaluation are provided in terms of device errors and spectrum use. This malicious challenge is also examined through Monte-Carlo simulations. A potential detection technique, based on coarse inter-node distance measurements, which can theoretically be used to detect matched protocol interference and localize the origin of the source, is also suggested as a future progression of this work. Insights into how this attack style preys on some of the main security risks of any WSN (interoperability, device limitations and operation in hostile environments) are also provided.

The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of trained medical interpreters in face-to-face clinical settings for patients with low proficiency in the local language on: 1 Trained medical interpreters in a face-to-face clinical setting for patients with low proficiency in the local language (Protocol)

Tarantula is an aggressive floating point machine targeted at technical, scientific and bioinformatics workloads, originally planned as a follow-on candidate to the EV8 processor [6, 5]. Tarantula adds to the EV8 core a vector unit capable of 32 double-precision flops per cycle. The vector unit fetches data directly from a 16 MByte second level cache with a peak bandwidth of sixty four 64-bit values per cycle. The whole chip is backed by a memory controller capable of delivering over 64 GBytes/s of raw bandwidth. Tarantula extends the Alpha ISA with new vector instructions that operate on new architectural state. Salient features of the architecture and implementation are: (1) it fully integrates into a virtual-memory cache-coherent system without changes to its coherency protocol, (2) provides high bandwidth for non-unit stride memory accesses, (3) supports gather/scatter instructions efficiently, (4) fully integrates with the EV8 core with a narrow, streamlined interface, rather than acting as a co-processor, (5) can achieve a peak of 104 operations per cycle, and (6) achieves excellent "real-computation" per transistor and per watt ratios. Our detailed simulations show that Tarantula achieves an average speedup of 5X over EV8, out of a peak speedup in terms of flops of 8X. Furthermore, performance on gather/scatter intensive benchmarks such as Radix Sort is also remarkable: a speedup of almost 3X over EV8 and 15 sustained operations per cycle. Several benchmarks exceed 20 operations per cycle.

The key issue of the localization study is that how we can minimize the energy consumption of devices with guaranteeing high degree of accuracy. In this paper, we show that the collaboration among proxy devices with short range communication is helpful to energy-efficiently localize their locations in time-average sense by analyzing the device proximity including real GPS trace of students in KAIST and NCSU campuses. Next, we deliberate what is the best method for selfish mobile users to collaborate for the energy-efficient localization, and formulate an optimization problem which considers the energy efficiency and/or user fairness. However, optimizing this problem is tricky since it requires a global knowledge of sets of proxy devices and also solving a NP-hard problem to select devices which directly measure locations. This paper makes a contribution towards presenting a practical and fully distributed location sharing protocol based on competition for turning off GPS, and an opt...

An essential function for achieving security in computer networks is reliable authentication of communicating parties and network components. Such authentication typically relies on exchanges of cryptographic messages between the involved parties, which in turn implies that these parties be able to acquire shared seeret keys or certified public keys. Provision of authentication and key distribution functions in the primitive and msmwce-constrained environments of low-function networking mechanisms, portable, or wireless devices presents challenges in terms of resouree usage, system management, ease of use, etBciency, and flexibility that are beyond the capabilities of previous designs such as Kerberos or X.509. This paper presents a family of lightweight authentication and key distribution protocols suitable for use in the low layers of network architectures. All the protocols are built around a common two-way authentication protocol. The paper argues that key distribution may require substantially different approaches in different network environments and shows that the proposed family of protocols offers a flexible palette of compatible solutions addressing many different networking scenarios. The mechanisms are minimal in cryptographic processing and message size, yet they are strong enough to meet the needs of secure key distribution for network entity authentication. Tbe protocols presented have been implemented as part of a comprehensive security subsystem prototype called KryptoKnight, whose software and implementation aspeets are discussed in [16], and which is the basis for the recently announced IBM Network Seeurity Program product. 1. INTROD(JCTION T HE STEADILY growing use of computer networks is fostering increasing concerns about network security. One of the main issues is effective control of access to network components and resources by expanding populations of users, some of which cannot always be trusted to use the network properly. An essential requirement for implementing suitable access controls is a mechanism for reliable authentication of communicating entities and network users. State-of-the-art authentication protocols typically rely on exchanges of cryptographic messages between entities wanting to authenticate one another prior to or during actual communication. Such exchanges in turn demand that the communicating parties be able to acquire cryptographic keys Manuscript

Emergency situations require specific needs in particular in terms of communications, data transmission and sharing. Of particular concern are the transmissions of the patient's medical history to the emergency physician, the transmission of medical streaming data collected by devices (ECG, stethoscope …) to the emergency services. This will make it possible to get real time second opinion from experts, but also to retrieve medical history of the patient, and to initiate a medical file with objective data as collected for that emergency. The relevance is to benefit from a second opinion in real time; the physician can remotely consult the patient's medical history, or add new information. Protocols exists to transfer medical information. Thus, according to the state of the art, nowadays, we assist to the emergence of communication protocols adapted to medical domain: the Bluetooth device medical profile. Likewise, Dicom is a commonly format use to transfer medical data (images) on the network. Nevertheless, new needs appear that are not considered in the existing protocols. For instance, the case of the stethoscope or auscultation sounds has not been considered. So, we propose to use the existing protocols (Bluetooth medical device profile, Dicom) and to integrate these data that are not considered today. It should allow to homogenize the communications medium and better share auscultation sounds. The final aim will be the creation of the "School of Auscultation" whose goal is to reposition auscultation as a fundamental non invasive exam, thanks to the new technologies.

Ahsrrcict-Th is paper proposes I IP(I ntel I igent Internet Protocol) which effectively addresses the issues involved in wireless communication at Network Layer such a s support for mobility, frequent loss of connection due to fading, handoffs and security. We have chosen to use Intelligent Agent technology for our architecture of 1IP because it provides desirable properties such as Speed-up and Efficiency, Robustness and Reliability, Scalability and Flexibility, Development and Re-usability. We make use of .four Intelligent Agents namely Principal Agent(PA), Agent for Address Resolution and Mobility Support(AARMS), Agent for Error Handling and Recovcry(AEHR), Agent for Network Security(ANS) and design each Agent bused on BDI(Belief-Desire-Intention) Architecture. A variant of Blackboard architecture is used for inter-agent communication. Special carc has been taken to make proposed IP compatible with existing Networks. The proposed work has been simulated and verified for its operational effectiveness.

We propose a novel explicit rate-flow-control algorithm intended for available-bit-rate (ABR) service on an ATM network subject to loss and fairness constraints. The goal is to guarantee low cell loss in order to avoid throughput collapse due toretransmission by higher level protocols. The mechanism draws on measuring the current queue length and bandwidth availability, as well as tracking tile current number of active sessions contending for capacity, to adjust an explicit bound on the source transmission rates. We identify the factors that affect queue overflows and propose simple design rules aimed at achieving transmission with controlled loss in a dynamic environment. We also discuss how conservative design rules might be relaxed by accounting for statistical multiplexing in bandwidth sharing among bursty ABR sources and variable-bit-rate (VBR) sources. Index Terms-ABR service, ATM networks, delay differential equations, explicit rate flow control. |. INTRODUCTION A SYNCHRONOUS transfer mode (ATM) networks are geared at supporting and integrating a variety of communication services. These services may be divided into those based on reservation, e.g., constant-and variable-bit-rate (CBR, VBR) services, and best effort services, such as unspecified-bit-rate (UBR) and to some extent available-bit-rate (ABR) services. Among the latter, ABR service promises to play an important role in supporting high-bandwidth data as well as Internet traffic, such as TCP traffic. The rationale for including ABR is to provide an economical and flexible way to carry data traffic, as might be needed to simplify adoption of ATM to support delay adaptive real-time applications [6]. From the service provider's point of view, ABR traffic can be used to enhance utilization by directing sources to make the most of the network's available capacity subject to minimum cell rate and cell loss guarantees. It has been shown in [22], [23] that TCP performs poorly over ATM networks when congestion leads to lost ATM cells which in turn result in multiple corrupted IP packets. Significant performance degradation results from corrupted IP packets since

This paper presents a 3-layer service architecture for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) that incorporates other protocols to provide multimedia and presence communications. Beyond SIP basic services, personalized services are also addressed. To enrich presence related services, presence information is extended from the well known "online" and "offline" indicators to a much broader meaning that includes "location", "lineStatus", "role" and "availability". Based on this, the Call Processing Language (CPL) is extended to describe presence related personalized services in both call-processing systems and presence systems using information such as a person's presence status, time, address, language, or any of their combinations.

In the domain of content delivery over Internet, each of the Client/Server and P2P communication modes has its pros and cons. In this scope, hybrid network architectures have been recently proposed as a relevant solution. In this paper we propose a new hybrid architecture that is called P2PWeb, between the centralized client/server and the non-centralized P2P architectures for content delivery. The main objective of this proposal is to reduce the load over the server in order to provide a better Quality of Service (QoS) for the end-users. A new P2PWeb communication protocol has been implemented and deployed to reach the objective. The experimentation results and the performance evaluations that we have made show the efficiency of the proposed system in terms of QoS evaluations.

In this work a novelty use of the High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) in the Train Communication Network (TCN) is presented. Nowadays, the 10 years old TCN standard is being renewed toward an Ethernet-based solution, but it is necessary to accomplish some special restrictions for such a critical application. The HSR standard can help solve the redundancy required in train communications.

Due to the growth in ubiquitous computing technology in the past few years, the need for context-aware service discovery across wide area networks is becoming prevalent. We propose GloServ, which is a global service discovery architecture that locates services throughout wide and local area networks. It supports services encompassing different domains such as events, people or places. Services can be described semantically using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and can be queried using the RDF Query Language (RQL). GloServ hierarchically defines services using RDF schemas and assigns each service a URI according to its location within the hierarchy. The hierarchical architecture for GloServ is similar to how domain names are categorized in DNS. Service discovery can either be initiated by the user or by the system. For automated service discovery, users are detected with sensors and are presented with services available according to their preferences. Graphical user interfaces for querying data is dynamically generated through the processing of RDF data.

Energy-efficiency is key to meet lifetime requirements of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) applications. Today's run-time platforms and development environments leave it to the application developer to manage power consumption. For best results, the characteristics of the individual hardware platforms must be well understood and minutely directed. An Operating System (OS) with suitable programming abstractions can micromanage power consumption of resources. We demonstrate with the Mote Runner platform how the inherent overhead of managed application code is compensated for by a platform-independent communication API together with sleep optimizations. The proposed abstractions and optimizations can be applied to other modern sensor network platforms. To quantify the effectiveness of our approach, we measured the energy efficiency of a realworld WSN application using a custom TDMA communication protocol fully implemented on both Mote Runner and TinyOS. Mote Runner's power management and sleep phase optimizations outperforms TinyOS in our test application for duty cycles below 10% on the Iris hardware.

External Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP) is the ubiquitous protocol used today for advertisement of reachability information and for route selection among administrative domains (Autonomous Systems or ASs) in the Internet. However, many emerging needs in commercial and military networking have exposed limitations of the current eBGP. In particular, these IP networks of the future will carry a very diverse mix of applications, with very diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (in the broad sense of the phrase). Some of these networks also have a very diverse set of component networks (wireless and wireline, fixed and mobile with different degrees of mobility, long lived and short term ad-hoc) and some of the component networks may be very dynamic in their service capabilities. These scenarios call for enhancing eBGP to allow for multi-topology and QoS-aware routing, using several QoS metrics in decision making. In such an enhanced BGP, more than one route (or path vector) may be propagated in BGP_UPDATE messages, helping optimize with respect to different QoS metrics as needed by different traffic types. In this paper, we discuss such an enhancement of eBGP. We develop details of advertisements, route thinning, and route selection needed to make the eBGP multi-topology and QoS-aware in the sense described above. We take the eBGP and internal BGP (iBGP) advertisement and route selection process and identify any modifications needed at each stage. We also discuss interactions between eBGP and iBGP and between BGP and the Interior (intra-domain) Gateway Protocol (IGP) needed to make the approach work end-to-end. We also discuss alternative ways to ensure that packets follow the selected end-to-end routes (both within and between domains). In particular, the potential uses of MPLS, source routing, tunneling, and DiffServ/ToS bits for this purpose are discussed in the paper.

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In this paper, we propose a cooperative transmission scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks to enhance the network performance. Relay nodes are exploited as virtual antennas to achieve diversity gains. Based on the distinct char acteristics of the underwater channel such as high transmission loss, propagation delay, and ambient noises, the paper presents a distributed cooperative scheme including networking protocols and cooperative transmissions at the physical layer in order to enhance the reliability by providing diversity gains through intermediate relay nodes. Destinations and potential relays are selected from a set of neighbor nodes that utilize distance cost and local measurement of the channel conditions into calculation. The simulation and numerical results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional direct transmission schemes in terms of average energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.