Protection systems

Actualmente, los estados liberales han demostrado su incapacidad para resolver las situaciones resultantes de la inmigración de menores. Por esta razón, en el marco de un programa de cooperación científica interuniversitario, un grupo de profesores de las Universidades de Jáen (España) y Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah (Fez, Marruecos) y otros profesionales de este campo, han desarrollado varias propuestas relacionadas con el propósito de crear un "sistema internacional de protección a la infancia" entre España y Marruecos en torno a dos ejes: atención familiar e inserción socio-laboral, como solución duradera y adecuada que atienda al interés del menor como interés prioritario al que debe supeditarse la gestión de los flujos migratorios.

Neutron flux monitoring system forms an integral part of the safety design of a Generation IV sodium cooled fast reactor system. During the initial design phase of a neutron flux monitoring system, one needs to explore various locations and configurations. Diverse possibilities of detector system installation should be studied for different locations in the reactor vessel in order to detect any perturbations in the core. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of placing fission chambers beyond the lateral neutron shield, ex-core but in-vessel and study the detectability of inadvertent control rod withdrawal with these fission chambers. A generic core design of a Generation IV, 1500 MWth French sodium-cooled fast reactor is used for the study and calculations are performed with the Monte Carlo code SERPENT2. We propose certain design changes that are needed to be incorporated, w.r.t. the facilitation of neutron transport to this ex-core location. We are able to show that there is a visible signature in the fission chambers following an inadvertent control rod withdrawal in the core. The equally-spaced detectors azimuthally, are able to follow changes in the neutron flux distribution in the core. This study helps us analyze multiple detector locations and give general trends for monitoring indications to detect any perturbation in the core.

National audienceClassical methods for vent sizing are based on experimental correlations coming from academic test situations, sometime quite different from real industrial conditions. Thus, they do not take into account the variation of turbulence in industrial enclosures, which may alter drastically the explosion violence. The DELFINE installation presently in construction will allow studying dust explosions in real working conditions of a dust collector. Preliminary experiments in an instrumented small size filter are presented, which allow characterizing the turbulence level in every work phase of the system. It appears that the turbulence level is generally lower than in the standard conditions for vent testing, even during reverse jet cleaning. It should offer perspective for optimization of the venting areas for dust collectors. Explosion tests in real conditions on the DELFINE installation will be performed to try to confirm these first observations.Les industries de la chi...

This study presents a new methodology for designing, manufacturing, and testing advanced armor protection systems and applied to the development of three different protection solutions suitable for real armored vehicles. The backplate laminates of the presented composite armor protection solutions were composed of three different materials: steel, aluminum AA6082, and aluminum alloy AA2024 reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The frontal laminates remained the same for the three cases. Keeping almost the same mass while changing the material of each backplate and adapting the thickness, the three different protection systems were ballistically tested and compared according to Level 4 (Level IV) of the standard AEP-STANAG 4569 (projectile 14.5 mm × 114 mm API B32) with real military tests. Furthermore, the performance of the total laminated structure and the performance of each backplate in the total laminated structure were compared in terms of deformation and ballistic fractures. High-quality images acquired by the high-speed camera were helpful in evaluating and comparing the backplates and the entire protection system. The results show that all three protection configurations present high performance mechanical properties and ballistic characteristics compared to commonly used armor systems. Even the under-developed AA2024-CNTs composite is a promising near-term backplate solution.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de las características de distintas herramientas de simulación de transitorios electromagnéticos para la simulación de la operación de la protección diferencial de transformadores. Se evaluaron las características de los programas EMPT/ ...

Aunque la legislación española no reconoce como violencia de género la Trata de Personas con Fines de Explotación Sexual, lo cierto es que desde distintas instancias se está trabajando para su modificación en línea con los acuerdos internacionales firmados y ratificados por el Gobierno español y con las voces que se han alzado desde la sociedad civil. Su estrecha relación con la prostitución, su confusión con el tráfico ilícito de personas y el baile de datos que existe para su cuantificación, lo han convertido en un fenómeno que muchos dicen desconocer pero que alcanza importantes cotas de presencia en el territorio. Visibilizar este fenómeno y abrir espacios para la reflexión son los objetivos de este trabajo.

In the framework of the development of the Sodium Fast Reactor technology (SFR) the analysis of all possible scenarios leading to perturbation of nominal operating condition is exploited. Among these scenarios attention is being paid on reactivity modification due to core assemblies bowing and deformation, and to lattice readjustments consequent to earthquakes. A computational scheme based on the spatial projection method fulfilling a good compromise between the accuracy of stochastic codes and the quick runtime of deterministic codes has been developed and used to determine the reactivity changes issued from core lattice deformations and irregularities. The calculation of reactivity changes induced by core deformation is achieved by modifying the isotopic concentrations of assemblies concerned by displacements, by projecting the deformed lattice geometry on that corresponding to regular reference case. This methodology was validated by comparison with stochastic codes, and good agreements between the results achieved and those obtained by the Monte Carlo code TRIPOLI4 are observed. The deterministic code available at CEA for fast reactors, i.e. ERANOS/PARIS, has been used to solve neutron transport equation in a full 3D core representation and to calculate the reactivity changes due to core flowering and compaction. In this work, such a method has been used to determine the maximal positive/negative reactivity insertion corresponding to a postulated mechanical energy supplied to an SFR core, as much as the lattice deformation causing it. The results presented in this paper, represent a first step in the assessment of a favourable calculation scheme that can be easily scaled-up to large-sized core and used for the future application in core design and safety analysis.

Quantification of Risk Reduction Due to the Installation of Different Lightning Protection Solutions for Large Atmospheric Storage Tanks Amos Necci*, Giacomo Antonioni, Valerio Cozzani, Alberto Borghetti, Carlo Alberto Nucci a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Terracini n.28, 40131 Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e dell’Informazione «Guglielmo Marconi», DEI, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy amos.necci2@unibo.it

España presenta unas cifras muy elevadas de personas migrantes entre las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Por ello, este artículo plantea una aproximación crítica al sistema de protección español dirigido a dichas víctimas. Con este objetivo se realizó un análisis comparativo con cinco países del entorno europeo. Los resultados indican que España tiene una infraestructura deficitaria para la identificación. Ello impide a las víctimas no detectadas beneficiarse de las coberturas formales de protección y les bloquea su acceso al periodo de restablecimiento y reflexión, así como al permiso de residencia. Para garantizar la atención y los derechos de todas las víctimas, España debería articular un sistema de identificación integrado por un mayor número de operadores especializados, como se observa en el modelo británico, portugués y neerlandés. Dado el alto componente migratorio de la trata de seres humanos, dicho sistema debería ser especialmente competente en materia de diversidad ...

This topic is focused on the analysis and application of the Constitution as a legal tool, which main interest shall be eradicating child work in the Ecuadorian society. All this together has brought me do a deep research about the kind or work that the Ministerio de Relaciones Laborales is taking care off, specially its inspectors who are directly in charge of controlling and protecting that no company in the country will have employed anyone under 15 years of age, making reference to what is expressed under the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Art. 46, numeral 2, which states: "Special protection against any type whatsoever of financial or working exploitation is prohibited to those under 15 years of age, as well as other policies against child work will be applied. Teenagers work will be exceptional and they will never violate their rights to study as well as they will never perform any kind of job under hazardous situations. Their work will be respected as well as all the different activities they will perform." There is a legal fundament Art 3 of the Constitution that states: "They are primary duties of the Estate: 1.-Guarantee with no discrimination that all the rights in the Constitution will be effective and in their international instruments, in particular what is related to the education, health and food, social security and water for the habitants….. 5.-Planify national development, eradicate poverty, promote a sustainable development and the equal distribution of the resources and wealthness that will lead to a better life…." this is completed with the laws under the Codigo de la Ninez and the Working Code that both require respect to children and adolescent rights, setting as the main goal "recreation". With this considerations, and understanding that the rights will only be respected if their rights are done: the State, the society, and he family, granting if necessary the obligation to confess a violation of the mentioned rights.

In this paper we propose a local, completely autonomous protection system against voltage instability that can be readily integrated in the controller of each bulk power delivery LTC transformer. The protection system will identify an imminent voltage instability and will subsequently apply the necessary corrective measures to restore stable operation by properly adjusting the distribution voltage setpoint of the LTC. Application of this system on a 52-bus test system showed excellent performance for two unstable cases. For reasons of comparison, the indirect load curtailment proposed in a severe instability case is compared with direct load shedding schemes based on the local detection of instability, as well as on a global detection of instability assuming wide area measurements.

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del marco normativo vigente en Ecuador y España en materia de trata infantil con fines de explotación sexual. El objetivo es identificar semejanzas y diferencias que orienten las políticas públicas de ambos países en la detección, identificación y protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas de trata, en un contexto en el que recientemente se han identificado nodos de conexión de trata de personas.

In this paper we propose a local, completely autonomous protection system against voltage instability that can be readily integrated in the controller of each bulk power delivery LTC transformer. The protection system will identify an imminent voltage instability and will subsequently apply the necessary corrective measures to restore stable operation by properly adjusting the distribution voltage setpoint of the LTC. Application of this system on a 52-bus test system showed excellent performance for two unstable cases. For reasons of comparison, the indirect load curtailment proposed in a severe instability case is compared with direct load shedding schemes based on the local detection of instability, as well as on a global detection of instability assuming wide area measurements.

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del marco normativo vigente en Ecuador y España en materia de trata infantil con fines de explotación sexual. El objetivo es identificar semejanzas y diferencias que orienten las políticas públicas de ambos países en la detección, identificación y protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas de trata, en un contexto en el que recientemente se han identificado nodos de conexión de trata de personas.

This paper describes evaluation of power system reliability including failures of protection system. A protection reliability model system is modified including two major protection failure modes is entrenched. The main cause of cascading outages is Protection system failure. The mechanism and scheme of protection system have been eveluated on their contribution to the cascading outages after a fault occurs. To implement the stochastic properties of component contingency and protection system failure Nonsequential simulation approach is used. The procedure is authenticated in the IEEE-9 bus system. BIP (Bus Isolation Probability), LOLP (Loss of Load Probability), and LOEE (Loss of Expected Energy) are calculated to exhibit the susceptibility of a power system under cascading outages.

This paper proposes a methodology to coordinate protection relays with a VSC-HVDC link for mitigating the occurrence of cascading failures in stressed power systems. The methodology uses a signal created from an evaluation of the relay's status and simplifications of certain system parameters. This signal is sent to a Central Control Unit (CCU) which determines corrective action in order to

This paper describes the characteristics of three electromagnetic transients simulation programs for the simulation of differential protection scheme in power transformers. The evaluation was done for the programs EMPT/ATP, PSCAD and Matlab/Simulink, considering the following model featuring, magnetization curve, inrush current and over excitation conditions in the transformer core. Finally, the results of differential protection simulation in PSCAD with harmonic restriction are presented, the proposed scheme discriminates between inrush and short circuit currents.

La trata de seres humanos constituye una realidad intrínsecamente ligada a los movimientos migratorios que demanda un abordaje centrado en la detección y protección de las víctimas. En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza su aproximación institucional en España con base en una encuesta cumplimentada por 150 entidades, unidades u organismos que pueden ocuparse de ella. El estudio se focaliza, de un lado, en determinar cómo afloran los casos de trata y qué entidades son las más eficientes en su detección. De otro, en analizar la forma en que las víctimas son asistidas y protegidas, incluyendo una valoración de la aplicación de mecanismos de tutela previstos en la Ley de extranjería para garantizar su permanencia en España. Los resultados confirman que la aproximación institucional a la trata sigue centrada en la explotación sexual de mujeres extranjeras y propone alternativas para superar dicho sesgo.

In this paper, NERC (North American Reliability Council) records of power system disturbances for the year 1984 through 1999 are explored. The disturbance sizes show a power law distribution which confirms the early results (2). Further, we find that the probability density of time intervals between disturbances can be given an exponential fit. Based on this observation, the suitability of

In this paper, we propose a distributed agent based supervisory scheme to make Zone 3 relays robust to hidden failure induced tripping, facilitated by the communication network-soon to become an integral parts of the smart grid. Possible elimination of Zone 3 relays (remote backup protection) has been studied in the recent past and these remote backup relays have been adjudged to be essential for power system protection [23]. Even though Zone 3 relays are often overly sensitive to remote line overloading, and are known to cause unwarranted trips during cascading failure scenarios, they are prescribed as acceptable means for remote backup. Therefore, providing robustness to Zone 3 relays to minimize the risk of erroneous trips, especially when hidden failures [10, 1] make them vulnerable to over reaction, is an important problem. In our scheme, a synchronous grid is populated with agents at each relay, and an agent hierarchy is maintained in master/slave relationship. The communication established between relay agents decreases the probability of erroneous Zone 3 trips thereby preventing them from aggravating cascading failure scenarios, and reducing the probability of cascading blackouts. Unlike other agent based relay proposals, ours is a nonintrusive approach.

Large-scale blackouts typically result from cascading failure in power systems operation. Their mitigation in power system planning calls for the development of methods and algorithms that assess the risk of cascading failure due to relay overtripping, short-circuits induced by overgrown vegetation, voltage sags, line and transformer overloading, transient instabilities, voltage collapse, to cite a few. This paper describes such a method based on composite power system reliability evaluation via sequential Monte Carlo simulation. One of the impediments of the study of these phenomena is the prohibitively large computational burden involved by the simulations. To overcome this difficulty, importance sampling technique utilizing the Weibull distribution is applied to power generator outages. Another method combing importance sampling and antithetic variates together is implemented as well. It is shown that both methods noticeably reduce the number of samples that need to be investigated while maintaining the accuracy at a given level. It is found that the combined method outperforms importance sampling to certain extent. To illustrate the developed techniques, two case studies are conducted and analyzed on the IEEE onearea and three-area reliability test system. Index Terms-Composite power systems; cascading failures; risk assessment; Monte Carlo methods; importance sampling; antithetic variates. I. INTRODUCTION OWER Systems are operating under the risk of major disturbances that may induce large-scale blackouts, which are costly to society. One typical example is the 2003 U.S.-Canada blackout, whose total estimated costs incurred by the United States economy range between 4 to 10 billion U.S. dollars. In Canada, the gross domestic product suffered in August 2003 a decrease of 0.7% while the work hours' losses amounted to 18.9 million. In Ontario, the manufacturing shipments decreased by 2.3 billion Canadian dollars [1]. This blackout has prompted the development of new approaches and methodologies aimed at assessing and managing the risk of cascading failures in power systems. The need to secure a continuous supply of electric energy for a modern nation has raised major concerns about power system reliability. These concerns have promoted system This work was sponsored by NSF under grant EFRI 0835879. Quan Chen and Lamine Mili are with the

Extracto de "El trabajo forzoso, la esclavitud y sus prácticas análogas como finalidades del delito de trata de seres humanos", de Tania García Sedano. Prologado por Joaquín Nieto Sáinz. La inexistente tipificación de la esclavitud y de sus prácticas análogas, la servidumbre y el trabajo forzoso, realizada por el legislador español contraviene los compromisos internacionales asumidos por nuestro país; por ello, se hace una propuesta de lege ferenda. ISBN: 978-84-290-2494-4

This paper describes evaluation of power system reliability including failures of protection system. A protection reliability model system is modified including two major protection failure modes is entrenched. The main cause of cascading outages is Protection system failure. The mechanism and scheme of protection system have been eveluated on their contribution to the cascading outages after a fault occurs. To implement the stochastic properties of component contingency and protection system failure Nonsequential simulation approach is used. The procedure is authenticated in the IEEE-9 bus system. BIP (Bus Isolation Probability), LOLP (Loss of Load Probability), and LOEE (Loss of Expected Energy) are calculated to exhibit the susceptibility of a power system under cascading outages.

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del marco normativo vigente en Ecuador y España en materia de trata infantil con fines de explotación sexual. El objetivo es identificar semejanzas y diferencias que orienten las políticas públicas de ambos países en la detección, identificación y protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas de trata, en un contexto en el que recientemente se han identificado nodos de conexión de trata de personas.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the normative framework in force in Ecuador and Spain regarding child trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The objective is to identify similarities and differences that guide the public policies of both countries in the detection, identification and protection of children and adolescents trafficked, in a context in which recently have been identified trafficking connection nodes.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación enfocada en el diseño de un sistema mecánico eficiente, económico, de fácil mantenimiento y operación, empleando el método QTC, que permita reducir el tiempo de restablecimiento de la energía eléctrica evitando la caída de las torres de suspensión y los costos que de ésta se generan.

El Estado, la sociedad y las familias garantizan a todos las niñas, niños y adolescentes que viven en el Ecuador su protección integral, con el fin de lograr su desarrollo integral y el disfrute pleno de sus derechos, en un marco de libertad, dignidad y equidad. Sin embargo existen situaciones especiales de desprotección que por su gravedad vulneran drásticamente sus derechos: violencia, explotación, abuso, trata, tráfico, etc. En estas situaciones especiales se les debe brindar protección especial.

Large-scale blackouts typically result from cascading failure in power systems operation. Their mitigation in power system planning calls for the development of methods and algorithms that assess the risk of cascading failure due to relay overtripping, short-circuits induced by overgrown vegetation, voltage sags, line and transformer overloading, transient instabilities, voltage collapse, to cite a few. This paper describes such a method based on composite power system reliability evaluation via sequential Monte Carlo simulation. One of the impediments of the study of these phenomena is the prohibitively large computational burden involved by the simulations. To overcome this difficulty, importance sampling technique utilizing the Weibull distribution is applied to power generator outages. Another method combing importance sampling and antithetic variates together is implemented as well. It is shown that both methods noticeably reduce the number of samples that need to be investigated while maintaining the accuracy at a given level. It is found that the combined method outperforms importance sampling to certain extent. To illustrate the developed techniques, two case studies are conducted and analyzed on the IEEE onearea and three-area reliability test system.

Defense systems are needed to prevent catastrophic failures of a power grid due to cascaded events. Cascaded events can be attributed to improper operations of protective relays. The most challenging problem for the design and implementation of a defense system is the performance in accuracy and speed in a real-time environment. Protective devices are normally designed to operate fast in order to isolate the fault(s). This paper proposes a new methodology to distinguish line overloads from actual faults for distance relays. In order to distinguish between line flow transfers from a line outage and an actual fault, the line outage distribution factor (LODF) and generation shift factor (GSF)-based power flow estimation method, and a secure peer-to-peer (P2P) communication structure are adopted. Computer simulations of cascaded events for a six-bus system and the Korean power grid have been performed to establish the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

This paper presents a simulation test bed aimed at evaluation  of  relay  operation  under  faults  leading  to  cascading events. The test bed uses physical relays and  waveforms replayed  from  the  Alternative  Transients  Program  (ATP)  simulations. A system  level  tool  which identifies  probable  cascade  scenarios for the  given load  condition  and  topology is  presented.  These scenarios  are analyzed  for zone-3  misoperation  on any  of  the overloaded  lines which  may lead  to cascading  events. The fault scenarios  are  simulated  in  ATP  and  the  generated  wave  forms are  used  to test operation  of  actual relays. The  relay  operation  evaluation  has  been  performed  using SEL  421  distance  relay  utilizing an  open -loop  transient  testing  simulator. The IEEE 118 bus system is used
for creating test cases.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de las características de distintas herramientas de simulación de transitorios electromagnéticos para la simulación de la operación de la protección diferencial de transformadores. Se evaluaron las características de los programas EMPT/ATP, PSCAD y Matlab/Simulink considerando la característica de magnetización, la corriente de magnetización y las condiciones de sobreexcitación del núcleo de un transformador de potencia. Finalmente se presentan los resultados de la simulación de una protección diferencial con restricción por armónicas realizada en PSCAD, para realizar la discriminación entre corrientes de magnetización y corrientes de cortocircuito.

This paper describes power system reliability evaluation including protection system failures. A modified protection system reliability model including two major protection failure modes is established. Protection system failure is the main cause of cascading outages. The mechanism and scheme of protection system have been analyzed on their contribution to the cascading outages after a fault occurs. Nonsequential Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to implement the stochastic properties of component contingency and protection system failure. The whole procedure is verified in the WSCC-9 bus system. BIP (Bus Isolation Probability), LOLP (Loss of Load Probability), and newly introduced EPL (Expected Power Loss) are calculated to demonstrate the vulnerability of a power system under cascading outages.

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de las características de distintas herramientas de simulación de transitorios electromagnéticos para la simulación de la operación de la protección diferencial de transformadores. Se evaluaron las características de los programas EMPT/ATP, PSCAD y Matlab/Simulink considerando la característica de magnetización, la corriente de magnetización y las condiciones de sobreexcitación del núcleo de un transformador de potencia. Finalmente se presentan los resultados de la simulación de una protección diferencial con restricción por armónicas realizada en PSCAD, para realizar la discriminación entre corrientes de magnetización y corrientes de cortocircuito.