Private Security

This Report was produced just before the Law Commission of Canada was defunded by the newly elected Conservative government. The Report argued for a new governance structure to oversee policing that incorporated the rapidly increasing private security sector.  The Report was presented to Parliament but received little consideration as the topic of police oversight remains politically charged and the structural reforms suggested were ambitious.

China is pressing ahead with ambitious plans to create a massive infrastructure network connecting it with many countries across the globe. Some of the 'belt and road' infrastructure will however, run through regions convulsed by chronic civil unrest, substantial criminality and incipient insurgencies and need protection by China's private security companies. Simultaneously the Chinese state is undertaking a major 'anti-secession and counter-terrorism' campaign in Xinjiang using a variety of high-technology means: artificial intelligence, big data, wireless connectivity, autonomous systems and robotics. The demand and supply sides seem to be in sync, suggesting Chinese private security companies will soon use a suite of advanced information technology systems with a proven employment doctrine across much of Central Asia, South Asia and Africa. Such a future may be plausible but it is by no means certain as various factors may yet thwart China's private security companies.

The trend towards privatization of security, ranging from the provision of logistics and supply to the utilization of armed units, has spread across democratic states since the 1990s. This article examines the Dutch Government's anti-piracy policies, specifically regarding the use of Private Military Security Companies (PMSCs) to protect Dutch merchant shipping in the Horn of Africa region. The regulation and legal status of Private Military Security Companies, and their role in terms of meeting national security goals, are still being resolved at both the national and international levels, although a patchwork normative regime is emerging. In the Dutch case, legal issues, commercial interests, and the State's ability to protect its nationals all play a role. However, this article focuses on the Ministry of Defence's wish to protect the primary role of the armed forces, and the aim more generally to maintain full jurisdiction over and claim on the monopoly of the use of ...

A exemplo do que tem ocorrido em diversos países do mundo, a expansão dos serviços de segurança privada no Brasil tem sido marcante, sobretudo pela sua presença em uma grande variedade de contextos e pela rápida evolução do número de empresas e funcionários, com o número de vigilantes tendo superado o número de policiais.

A Segurança Privada no Brasil: alguns aspectos relativos às motivações, regulação e implicações sociais do setor Resumo A partir de meados do século XX pode ser verificada, em diversos países, uma grande expansão dos serviços particulares de proteção, trazendo à tona importantes questões relativas à responsabilidade do Estado sobre a segurança. No Brasil, em que esse crescimento é marcante principalmente nas últimas duas décadas, pouco se sabe sobre o dimensionamento efetivo do setor, bem como sobre os pressupostos, motivações e os mecanismos de regulamentação desses serviços. O estudo analisa o quadro regulatório existente no país e procura traçar um perfil dos diferentes segmentos do setor, problematizando as implicações sociais do crescimento da segurança privada com relação à literatura existente e a outras características relevantes. Abstract The growth of private security verified in many countries in the middle of twentieth century displays important questions about state responsibility in relation to the security. In Brazil, where the growth is very significant mainly in the last two decades, not much is possible to know about the real dimension of the sector and about the conditions that carried out this appearance and expansion. Taking into consideration approaches observed in the international literature and the data relative to this sector, this work analyze the Brazilian regulatory framework, showing the implications about some more problematic features, like the training and qualification of the professionals, the second job of the public police in the private security and the use of firearm.

The U.S. national military hires private security companies (PSCs) to operate in zones of conflict. This article introduces the concept of a legitimacy transfer mechanism to answer the question of how nonnational providers of military support can be considered legitimate actors in areas of conflict. PSCs borrow legitimacy from the state that contracts the firm. Private firms do not operate alone; they are hired and, at least marginally, directed by a state. By using the established legitimacy of industrialized states, these firms are able to find legitimacy in Western security culture. To maintain future business, private security is forced to obey the security culture of the hiring state. More so, the firm will mimic the goals and policy of the hiring state in an attempt to build its own, independent, sense of legitimacy.

El ejército de los Estados Unidos contrata compañias de seguridad privada (PSCs por sus siglas en inglés) para operar en zonas de conflicto. En este artículo se introduce el concepto de un mecanismo de transferencia de legitimidad para responder a la pregunta de cómo proveedores no gubernamentales de apoyo militar pueden ser considerados actores legítimos en zonas de conflicto. Las compañías de seguridad privada toman prestada legitimidad del Estado que contrata la empresa. Las empresas privadas no operan por si solas; éstas son contratadas y, de cierta forma, dirigidas por un estado. A través de la legitimidad ya establecida de los estados industrializados estas compañias son capaces de encontrar legitimidad en la cultura de seguridad occidental. Con el fin de mantener el negocios futuros, la seguridad privada se ve obligada a obedecer la cultura de la seguridad del estado que la ha contradado. Más aún, la compañía adoptará la política y objetivos del estado que la ha contradado, esto con el fin de construir un sentido propio e independiente de legitimidad.

Global security assemblages' concept, in a decade of its existence, has been a useful tool to explain a lot of atypical security collaboration between private and public entities. It has hugely improved understanding of collaboration between public and private security forces, which, until then, mostly has been seen through the civil-military paradigm. Through the expansion of scenarios where private security forces have been observed (to include environments not considered either at war or in peace, but somewhere in between) global security assemblages demonstrated, on numerous occasions, examples that cooperation between private and public forces may contribute to the improvement of the global security environment. Hence, how far can we stretch this concept? There are numerous places where private entities operate and this concept may not be the most useful tool to understand their input in achieving a more stable environment. It has been applicable in peaceful settings, but would it be possible to apply it in more unstable environments, without direct violent conflict but within unpredictable security settings? This paper looks at how the concept has been used and applied so far, the scope where it can and has been applied, and draw the limitations to its use.

The UN is increasingly relying on private military and security companies (pmscs) for a wide range of services. Until recently, UN use of pmscs was not governed by system-wide rules and standards. The establishment of guidelines on the use of armed private security in late 2012 has led to greater accountability and transparency around this practice. The guidelines clarify the decision-making process and the criteria for the selection and hiring of companies providing armed security. However, they are overly reliant on self-regulation by pmscs and remain limited, raising questions about their capacity to avoid companies with objectionable records and prevent potential incidents. Moreover, the guidelines raise concerns that the use of pmscs by the UN may become normalised, with yet unexamined effects on the organisation’s security policies and its image.

Resumo A grande expansão dos serviços particulares de proteção, verificada em diversos países, sobretudo a partir de meados do século XX, trouxe à tona importantes questões relativas à responsabilidade do Estado sobre a segurança e à regulação do setor. A partir de uma contraposição crítica entre os aspectos regulatórios e a prática dos serviços de segurança privada em seu contexto de atuação, em especial na interface policiamento público e policiamento privado, este artigo procura discutir e explicitar as questões que estão em jogo para a compreensão do impacto específico, no exercício do policiamento, dado pela presença cada vez maior das forças privadas na provisão da segurança, no cenário brasileiro.

La seguridad es un aspecto central de la calidad de vida individual y colectiva. Analizar los problemas de seguridad de nuestras ciudades y diseñar las respuestas adecuadas es una necesidad ineludible para asegurar el bienestar de las personas. Los procesos de globalización, los cambios tecnológicos, o las desigualdades crecientes alteran los sistemas y dinámicas de la seguridad ciudadana tradicionales. Hoy existe el desafío de diagnosticar y gestionar nuevas amenazas delictivas, para la convivencia, y afrontar situaciones de emergencia. Ello implica conocer los riesgos, las instituciones, las tendencias, y las políticas de seguridad. El presente manual estudia esas cuestiones desde una visión sociológica. El objetivo es introducir al lector al mundo complejo del análisis y gestión de la seguridad ciudadana contemporánea. El texto ofrece una visión integral de la misma, tanto desde la óptica pública como de la privada. Discute el concepto de seguridad, presenta los problemas actuales, analiza los sectores y sus dinámicas de cambio, estudia las políticas públicas, y aborda la evaluación de la seguridad. En definitiva, el libro constituye una introducción avanzada al mundo de la seguridad ciudadana. Va dirigido a los estudiantes de los grados y másteres en criminología y seguridad, pero también a los de ciencias sociales y derecho. Es un texto esencial para los profesionales de la seguridad y para los gestores públicos. Pero también está escrito pensando en un público general interesado en las cuestiones de seguridad, por lo que utiliza un estilo de escritura claro y didáctico.

This article will reflect on the multiple ways in which private security can, and is, being held responsible and accountable to the public (and other security providers), in formalised, polycentric, or nodal assemblages. Drawing on empirical research conducted on plural policing partnerships, the article will show that private security is influenced by market forces, but that this is part of an interwoven, layered, formal-informal system of accountabilities – most of which are bottom-up and relational, rather than top-down and legislated. In fact, drawing on the work of John Braithwaite, we show that horizontal or circular forms of accountability (or accountabilities) play a large role in aligning the private sector to the public interest or common good within pluralised environments.

El crecimiento del mercado de la seguridad privada no fue acompañado por un proceso de adecuación normativa. Si bien en algunas jurisdicciones se sentaron las bases para una coordinación entre la esfera privada y la pública, este escenario resta aún ser explorado.

Increased  crime  and  violence  added  to  police’s  ineffectiveness  have increased  the  demand  for  private  security  services  to  protect  both  private  and public  places  in  recent  years.  Nevertheless  the  private  security  forces  are  not submitted to rules and limits to their actions as the public police forces are. But because private security companies are not regulated by the State, which has the legitimate monopoly of the violence, a loophole that induces inadequate actions
and abuse of authority by the companies was created. Another point is the fragile control  the  State  has  over  such  private  security  companies,  which  have  police powers in the private sector but don’t abide by the regulations that protect citizens
from police abuse.
A research about the private security companies eradicated in São Paulo is present  in  this  paper.  The  work  is  intended  to  describe  the  structure  and  the functioning of such companies and identify the exact control and limits the State has over the companies.

In this thesis, I interrogate the relationship between the intervention of private security guards in tree plantations and the emergence of the figure of the ‘Mapuche terrorist’ in the Central-South of Chile in the late 90s. The work is based on four months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Araucania region, mainly Collipulli, in which I carried out a historical ethnography of the private security company Organism of Private Security Alfredo Rodriguez (Organismo de Seguridad Privada Alfredo Rodriguez, Osepar). This partly entailed participant observation in Collipulli, interviews with former security personnel and members of Mapuche communities, as well as archival work with press material and court cases.
Employing the extended case method, I focus on the case of the arson at the Rucañanco estate house in August 1999, that prompted the utilization of exceptional legislation (the Law of Internal Security of the State) against leading Mapuche activist. I expand out from the arson to context to consider its local context of conflict between various non-state violent actors (chapter one), its representation in media (chapter two), and the judicial aftermath (chapter three). Throughout the thesis, I consider other cases, in which private security guards were present in local context and in which exceptional legislation was utilized or discussed against Mapuche (namely the Temulemu and the Cuyinco cases).
The main argument I have presented throughout this thesis is that the intervention of private security in local conflicts over territory contributed to the securitization of the Mapuche movement by escalating local conflicts through law-transgressive practices of harassment (hostigamiento), being camouflaged as forest firefighters in media, and enjoying impunity in the justice system. This altogether made particular counter-attacks by
Mapuche on private security guards appear excessively violent and motivated the use of exceptional legislation by local political authorities against the Mapuche movement based on the attacks. This, I argue, was key to the consolidation of the figure of the Mapuche terrorist.
Throughout the thesis, I draw on securitization theory as put forth by the Copenhagen School, who argue that security is best understood as a performative speech act. These authors argue that what comes to be understood as a security threat does so through a discursive process, in which securitizing actors in ‘securitizing moves’ – state and non- state – successfully declare a specific imperative community (the referent object) as existentially threatened. The security threats presented as threatening to the referent object do not exist independently of, but is performatively constituted through, this very articulation.
I show, however, that the securitization of the Mapuche movement was as dependent on performative silences as performative speech acts, this especially in regards to private security. Guards were camouflaged as firefighters and the practices of harassment that escalated local conflicts were not investigated or tried in the legal system. In relation to this last point, and following the emic notion of montajes, I argue that we might think of securitizing moves, not through a neatly separated division between performative speech acts and outside conditions of ‘threatening objects’, but as a bricolage of different discursive objects that have a unstable relationship to that which is signified. Through my analysis of the case of Rucañanco, I show how biased patterns of state sanction and impunity served to legitimize certain narratives over others. These factors contributed to establishing the Mapuche movement as an existential threat, and conflated the interests of the forestry industry with those of the entire Chilean nation state.

The past two decades have witnessed dramatic growth in the number of private security companies in the Caribbean and significant expansion of their remit, a trend reflected in wider global developments in the industry. In some cases, private security personnel outnumber police, and they are frequently blessed with greater resources and technical capacity. Despite this proliferation, though, the private security industry remains under-and, in some places, even un-regulated. As a consequence, there exist unanswered questions regarding the nature of the relationship between private security firms and both the state and their public counterparts, the nature of insecurity in the Caribbean, and the extent to which greater provision of private security services actually leads to greater meaningful security. This chapter seeks to engage with these issues, by drawing on comparative data from St Lucia, Jamaica, Trinidad and Haiti. It assesses the nature and consequences of the industry's rise in the region, and reflects on its likely evolution in the future.

The study illustrates the complexity of the issue of football hooliganism, and highlights the innovative solutions for the treatment of it. The background of football hooliganism by presenting domestic and foreign examples, the types of supporters and spectators, and the role of private security and sports policing are observed. In the decades following the regime change, the police lost their monopoly, and private security and civil policing became more prominent in Hungary. Nowadays, the personnel of private security and civil policing are involved in the process of risk assessment of sports events, escorting and transporting groups of supporters, detaining supporters after sports events. It is important to mention sports policing, a specific part of sports administration. This narrow field can be clearly defined as specialised policing, with a set of laws regulating everything related to sports policing, complemented by the regulations of the sports federations, which also serve as guidelines for the maintenance of sports law enforcement records and the security provided at sports events. Football hooliganism is a social and sport security problem that has been present in our world for centuries, and is something that we will probably have to deal with as long as football exists. Football hooligans are a closed community, a subculture with a specific set of rules and a deep knowledge of their functioning is essential to maintain the safety of our sport events. Nowadays, the emphasis is more on understanding the processes, communication and cooperation, as well as openness to innovative solutions.

Como consecuencia de la asimetría de las amenazas a la seguridad y la privatización de la violencia, las Empresas Militares Privadas (MPF´s por sus siglas en inglés) representan un nuevo actor que nos obliga a incorporarlo al análisis de los temas de seguridad y defensa, ya que representa la ruptura del paradigma del monopolio de la violencia física legítima del Estado y plantea la coexistencia de los militares de Estado con los militares privados como tendencia global.

Members of OACUSA who employ Special Constables commissioned a report to examine the role and responsibilities of campus special constables in Ontario.  This report was prepared by George Rigakos, a professor of the political economy of policing at Carleton University in Ottawa. The goal of this report was to provide an up-to-date review of legislative, operational, training, and oversight mechanisms currently governing campus special constables in Ontario.

This report and its contents will be of assistance to universities, colleges, the provincial government and police services which are involved in discussions regarding the future of law enforcement and community safety on our campuses. We welcome any comments or feedback you have after reading the report.

In 2012, the United Nations approved new Guidelines on the Use of Armed Private Security Companies by its agencies, funds and programmes. The Guidelines hold the potential to not only enhance the quality of armed security services contracted by the UN, but also raise professional standards within the military and security industry more generally by serving as a model for other consumers and companies. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Guidelines indicates that there is still room for improvements. Drawing on best practices identified by industry associations, major clients and academic research, this article makes six recommendations for revision. Specifically, the article contends that expanding the scope, content and enforcement of the Guidelines would contribute to strengthening the control over private security contractors.

A grande expansão dos serviços particulares de segurança, verificada em diversos países a partir de meados do século XX, traz à tona importantes questões relativas à responsabilidade do Estado sobre a segurança e sobre a necessidade de aprimoramento dos mecanismos de regulação e controle pelos órgãos responsáveis, sobretudo devido à diversificação das demandas por esse tipo de serviço, como as grandes empresas e os espaços privados abertos ao público, que representam hoje os principais consumidores dos serviços de segurança. A partir de parâmetros observados na literatura internacional, em documentos oficiais e nos dados relativos ao setor, este trabalho faz uma análise do marco regulatório existente no Brasil localizando as implicações relativas a algumas características mais problemáticas, como o treinamento e qualificação dos profissionais, a disseminação das empresas clandestinas, o segundo emprego dos policiais como guardas privados, o uso de armas de fogo e a questão das sanções e da regulação de acesso empregadas na segurança privada.

RESUMEN

El presente trabajo se ha propuesto investigar el rol de la industria de la gestión privada de la seguridad en la ciudad de Asunción. El fundamento principal consistió en la enorme carencia de estudios que existe sobre el fenómeno en cuestión y lo habitual que se ha convertido, por otra parte, la figura del guardia privado en colegios, universidades, hospitales, barrios cerrados, y otras tantas instituciones más. La Tesina se concentró en indagar cualitativamente a seis (6) dueños de empresas de seguridad privada pertenecientes a la Cámara Paraguaya de Trasporte de Valores y Seguridad Privada (CAPATRAVALSEP). Se preguntó sobre las tareas que realizan, el tipo de clientela que los contratan, como también, sus propias impresiones sobre el fenómeno determinado. Lo anterior basado en el fin ultimo de lograr describir el rol, o configuración social, de esta industria dentro de la realidad asuncena desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales. El resultado más significativo ha sido que la seguridad privada en Asunción, se encuentra orientada hacia la prevención de pérdidas económicas de aquellas empresas que la contratan. Una nueva industria que actúa a través de la racionalidad capitalista, “control de riesgos”, y satisface las necesidades empresariales o corporativas de ésta época, dentro del vocablo anglosajón, este tipo de rol ha sido denominado como safety. El estudio fue categorizado desde la sociología urbana, con una mira funcional, buscando, primeramente, la descripción, y luego, la comprensión del fenómeno observado.


Palabras clave: Seguridad – Gestión Privada de la Seguridad – Control de Riesgos - Empresas - Rol – Safety - Policing.
 

ABSTRACT

This paper is proposed to investigate the role of the private management industry in the city of Asuncion. The main rationale was to the huge lack of existing studies on the phenomenon in question and it has become customary, on the other hand, the figure of the private guards in schools, universities, hospitals, gated communities, and many other institutions. The thesis focused on qualitatively investigate six (6) owners of private security companies belonging to the Paraguayan Chamber of Transport Securities and Private Security (CAPATRAVALSEP). He wondered about the tasks they perform, the type of clientele who hire them as well, their own particular views on the phenomenon. This based on the ultimate aim of achieving describe the role, or social settings, in this industry within asuncena reality from the perspective of the social sciences. The most significant result has been that the private security industry is oriented towards preventing economic losses of those companies that hire them. A new industry that acts through capitalist rationality, "risk control", and meet new business needs or corporate this time, in the Anglo-Saxon word, such a role is termed as safety. The study categorized from urban sociology has owned the sociological approach functional perspective.


Keywords: Safety - Private Security Management - Risk Management - Business - Role - Safety - Policing.

The purpose of this study is identifying the impact of cross-cultural adjustments on expatriate’s job performance. A conceptual framework comprises of four (4) factors (cross-cultural training, organisational and family support, personality, and emotional intelligence) is used to examined the impact of cross-cultural adjustments on expatriate’s job performance. A multivariate likert-scale questionnaire (scale from 1-5) has been developed. A sample of 100 respondents has been used from five private colleges in Malaysia to collect the data using convenience sampling method. Simple linear regression and correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS 20. Regression beta coefficient and correlation coefficients were generated to test the hypotheses and to establish the causal effects of cross-cultural training, organisational and family support, personality and emotional intelligence on expatriate’s job performance. Also regression analysis was conducted on to establish the overall cross-cultural adjustments and its impact on expatriate’s job performance. The result of the research shows that personality and organisational and family support have significant and positive impact on improving expatriates job performance. The result shows a positive relationship between cross-cultural training, and emotional intelligence and expatriates job performance, although these relationships are not significant. However, the overall cross-cultural adjustment has a significant and positive impact on expatriate’s job performance. Therefore this study concluded that improved cross-cultural adjustments would improve expatriate’s job performance, where personality, organisational and family support has most significant impact on performance. Therefore managers at education sector should take initiatives and pay more attention to the personality of expatriates during its recruitment of expatriates, which would enable them to perform better. Further research could be undertaken on different context or by increasing the sample size to test the all the cross-cultural adjustment initiatives to confirm previous research finding. Also future research should be undertaken on different context or by increasing the sample size by widening the research context to ensure validity and reliability of the results.

Private security has become a global concern due to the lack of regulations, accountability
and its consequences on democracy. Based on a historical-institutional approach this book explores
the origins and development of private security in Guatemala. The book traces state trajectories and
identifies critical junctures and causal mechanisms that led to an expansion of private security. Rather
than resulting from the postwar levels of crime and institutional inefficiency that most explanations
address, this book concludes

Private contractors provide a wide variety of services, supporting international contingency operations that range from disaster relief to peacekeeping missions, and frequently occur in conflict and post-conflict areas. The size of the contingency contractor industry fluctuates significantly over time and is highly reflective of geopolitical events.  In fact, the industry’s size is directly based on the demands of clients, primarily national governments, but also nongovernmental organizations, relief organizations, international organizations and other private companies.  Industry ethics also largely stem from client requirements, and the drive by some clients to save costs can undermine international efforts to improve ethics and professionalism.  The character of the industry is influenced by several factors including market demand, contractual terms for the companies and the laws and regulations – created by relevant state bodies – that govern the type and manner of work private contractors may perform.  Ultimately the industry is a direct reflection of the urgent needs of the international community for specialized services in risky and difficult locations.

Studies on the private security industry have mainly focused on the growth of private security firms and the regulation thereof. Research focusing on the working experiences of security guards has been notably absent. However, in a recent article, Sefalafala and Webster (2013) have addressed this issue by surveying and interviewing security guards in Gauteng, a South African province. Although their study is very thorough on a number of levels, there are some important limitations. In this article, I add to this literature by highlighting the importance of place and agency in such discussions. This article addresses these limitations, by focusing on job-related issues and challenges security guards working at a particular place (North-West University’s Potchefstroom campus) experience on a daily basis and what agency (coping strategies) security guards use to overcome these issues and challenges. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with a manager and 20 security guards working at Potchefstroom campus were conducted. Verbal abuse by white students, the effect of irregular shifts on security guards and their families, and
boredom were some of the main issues and challenges found to be associated with their job. Security guards show different levels of agency in coping with these job-related issues and challenges.

This book provides a comparative and transnational examination of the complex and multifaceted experiences of anti-labour mobilisation, from the bitter social conflicts of the pre-war period, through the epochal tremors of war and revolution, and the violent spasms of the 1920s and 1930s.

It retraces the formation of an extensive market for corporate policing, privately contracted security and yellow unionism, as well as processes of professionalisation in strikebreaking activities, labour espionage and surveillance. It reconstructs the diverse spectrum of right-wing patriotic leagues and vigilante corps which, in support or in competition with law enforcement agencies, sought to counter the dual dangers of industrial militancy and revolutionary situations. Although considerable research has been done on the rise of socialist parties and trade unions the repressive policies of their opponents have been generally left unexamined. This book fills this gap by reconstructing the methods and strategies used by state authorities and employers to counter outbreaks of labour militancy on a global scale. It adopts a long-term chronology that sheds light on the shocks and strains that marked industrial societies during their turbulent transition into mass politics from the bitter social conflicts of the pre-war period, through the epochal tremors of war and revolution, and the violent spasms of the 1920s and 1930s.

Offering a new angle of vision to examine the violent transition to mass politics in industrial societies, this is of great interest to scholars of policing, unionism and striking in the modern era.

O mundo contemporâneo vem passando por importantes mudanças no conjunto de atividades que chamamos de policiamento. Dentre essas mudanças, o processo de expansão da segurança privada é um dos aspectos que mais chama a atenção, pela dimensão e pela influência que o setor exerce hoje na maior parte dos países em que se têm informações substantivas sobre o tema. Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o impacto que a expansão dos serviços de segurança privada tem causado nas atividades de policiamento - em especial em relação às inter-relações entre esses serviços e as polícias - em suas tarefas de prevenção do crime e da violência. O estudo específico acerca dessa inter-relação é realizado a partir da análise de três  espaços específicos, localizados na cidade de São Paulo e adjacências, que possuem policiamento realizado por forças privadas.

The Volume Private Security in Practice: Case studies from Southeast Europe presents eight case studies that explore the impact that private security has on security, human rights and the democratic order in four Southeast European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Serbia. Since regulation should not only limit the negative impact but also foster the positive contribution that private security can make, the authors specifically looked at how challenges posed by PSCs could be avoided and how opportunities can be seized.

Broadly, the case studies cover four governance challenges: the development of the private security market, particularly in relation to the state’s retreat from its monopoly on security provision (Part 1); the role of private security in the protection of critical infrastructure (Part 2); the state as a client of private security companies and the impact of public procurement processes on the private security market (Part 3); and the success and failure of different policies aimed at improving the professionalism of private security personnel (Part 4). Previous research by the authors demonstrated that these policy issues are important for each of the four target countries. However, it is worth noting that other pressing policy questions regarding private security exist in these countries, and the authors’ choice does not indicate that the topics discussed are necessarily more pertinent or urgent than others.

U radu se analizira i komaprira razvoj privatne sigurnosti u BiH u periodu od 2009. godine do 2016. Podaci koji su analizirani dobijeni su putem intervjua i dopisa od zvaničnih institucija. U radu je korišten kvalitativni istraživački pristup. Prikupljeni podaci o broju subjekata privatne sigurnosti u BiH pokazuju da je trend rasta  u zadnjih sedam godina zabilježen u oba bosanskohercegovačka entiteta (FBiH 76% : RS 27%), dok je trend pada zabilježen u BD BiH za 9%. Kada je u pitanju trend osoblja koje je certifikovano da radi u ovom sektoru, trend rasta je zabilježio entitet FBiH za 27%, entitet RS bilježi negativan trend za 14% u odnosu na 2009. godinu, kao i BD BiH s negativnim trendom od 35%. Smatramo da bi bilo korisno posebno istražiti uzorke ovakog trenada privatne sigurnosti i nepravilne distribucije subjekata privatne sigurnosti u BiH.

Yeni bir hizmet kolu olarak 2000‘li yıllarda yükselişe geçen özel güvenlik sektörü modern devletin temel görevlerinden biri olan güvenlik hizmetinin niteliğinde dönüştürücü bir etki bırakmaktadır. Özel güvenlik hizmet alanının yaygınlaşma nedeni, oluşan toplumsal ihtiyaç ile kamu personel rejimi dışında güvenlik istihdam politikası gibi gerekçelere dayanmaktadır. Türkiye'de hem kamu örgütlerinde hem de özel işletmelerde özel güvenlik istihdamı, güvenliğin niteliği üzerinden kamusal alan ve özel alan sınırları üzerine yeniden düşünmeyi sağlayacak önemli veriler sunmaktadır. 5188 sayılı Özel Güvenlik Hizmetlerine Dair Kanun ve Uygulanmasına İlişkin Yönetmelik ile genel kolluk kuvvetlerine yardımcı olmak üzere koruma ve güvenlik hizmetinin yasal çerçevesi belirlenmiştir. Yasa ile güvenliğin özelleştirilmesi yoluyla yeni bir tür yapılanma getirilmiştir. Özel güvenlik yapılanması kamudan özele güvenlik hizmetinin devredilmesinden ziyade yeni bir hizmet yetkilendirme alanıdır. Bu tür bir özelleştirme, devletin güvenlik alanından çekilmesini değil güvenlik alanında özel sektöre de alan açılmasını kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada özel güvenlik hizmeti kamusal alan ve özel alan tanımlarının yapılması ve sınırlarının belirlenmesi ile ilgili tartışmaları içeren kamusal alan literatürü ile birlikte değerlendirilecektir. Bu amaçla başta Habermas, Arendt ve Rawls olmak üzere çeşitli teorisyenlerce yürütülen kamusallık ve kamusal alan tartışmaları modern devletin ayrılmaz bir hizmet alanı olan güvenliğin günümüzde belirli bir oranda özelleşerek örgütlenmesine izin veren bir yapıya dönüşmesinin analizi için kullanılacaktır. Türkiye‘de kamu örgütlerinde özel güvenlik istihdam politikasının niteliği, özel güvenliğin eğitimi ve hizmet ruhsatı, özel güvenliğin yetkileri ve özel sektörün kendi güvenliğini sağlama alanı olarak özel güvenlik gibi unsurlar analiz edilerek ―özel güvenliğin kamusallığı‖ ve ―özel güvenlik ve kamusal alan‖ tartışmaları yürütülecektir.

After sixteen intensive months, I quit my employed position as a security guard at a local hospital. By drawing on my autoethnographic experiences in the form of “ethnographic fiction writing”, as well as eight interviews with my former male colleagues, I explore how the guards’ constructions of masculinity intersect with their security assessment and subsequent application of force, chemical incarceration, and other coercive security tactics on involuntarily-committed mental health patients. The narratives are framed by the available literature on gender and masculinity within the security, police, prison and military institutions, as well as the theoretical notions of gendered institutions (Acker), hegemonic masculinity (Connell & Messerschmidt), doing gender (West & Zimmerman), and Dave Holmes’s application of Foucauldian biopolitical power to forensic healthcare settings. These concepts are used in tandem with a creative methodological tool to reveal the “messy”, “bloody” and “gendered” ways in which hospital life unfolds between the guard, the nurse, and the patient prisoner. By escaping more traditional forms of academic writing, I am able to weave raw, sensitive and reflexive thoughts and emotions into the research design and analysis. The analysis is divided into two narratives: “Us” and “Them”. “Us” emphasizes the gendered ways in which the hospital guard learns, reproduces, resists, lives up, or fails to live up to the masculine codes of the profession. Here, the guard must confront cultural demands to demonstrate physical prowess, authority and heroism during a patient battle. “Them” explores how hegemonic masculinity shapes the hierarchical and coercive relations between the guard, the nurse, and the patient, and reinforces psychiatrized discourses that promote punishment, pain, bureaucracy and control. Overall, these findings call for the abolition of physical restraint, chemical incarceration and other coercive security measures within our healthcare institutions, and encourage future research to give voice to the lived experiences of women guards and security management teams.

In a wake of last October 2015 general election results controversy and a cut off from Zanzibar development partners and donor community budget support, now the country need a strategic thinking to institute an added sources of revenue to nourish the necessity of government needs for the country maintenance. One of the area which could undemanding generate revenues of an average of 1.3 billion a year to the government purse is to regulate private security industry. According to various documents accessed for this article private security contractors in Zanzibar secure hundreds of millions worth of contracts to various high profile clients within Zanzibar to include high class ranked hotels, commercial banks, other commercial premises and glamorous office blocks, mainly for manned guarding private security (including security guarding, close protection, cash and valuables in transit, and public space surveillance using CCTV), key holding and vehicle immobilising. Zanzibar private security contractors get pleasure from massive margin from these contracts while no direct benefits to the economy the country is enjoying. Regulating the industry through licensing will ensures private security industry will have direct contribution to the country economy as well its operatives are ‘fit and proper’ persons who are properly trained and qualified public safety to safeguard involved assets on their trust, as well to create secure job opportunities for the country misfortune young generation.

Through licensing private security approved contractors and its manpower, Zanzibar could generate smooth added source of returns to the government public pot and boost government revenue collections, as the industry is continuing to grow at unprecedented pace and soon its manpower will supersede the number of Police officers in Zanzibar. Through regulatory legal framework for the industry, the security contractor company will have to re-register their business and run from within Zanzibar and be subject to various governments’ dues including pay as you earn (PAYE) for its massive manpower and pay value added tax from the payment they receive out of their contract to Zanzibar authority not to where they locate their head office. Zanzibar will have to impose licensing fees for the company and its operatives to be legally operating in Zanzibar. To regulate private security industry Zanzibar will need a Private Security Industry Authority to be established through a well define regulatory policy and legal framework to regulate the looming country private security industry which is roaring in Zanzibar at an extraordinary rapidity, and yet have no direct benefits to the government economy. The authority to be established will have to lay down a means for the industry to contribute directly to the country economy as well creating medium and senior level jobs openings for our young generation furthermore re-deploy our talented uniform men and women to curb low level crime. The authority should be an independent body reporting to Ministry of State President Office (Special Forces) aimed to set standards for the private security industry in Zanzibar to meet our security and public safety concerns, along with national security agenda.

The newly authority will have two main functions. One is the compulsory licensing of private security manpower undertaking designated activities within the private security industry, the other is to manage licensing of the private security approved contractors, at the same time the licensing regime will have to regulate private security suppliers standards against independently assessed criteria to curb low level crime but eventual boost government economy through licensing fees and other government dues in addition to industry standards. The licensing regime will audit private security approved contractors business profiles for the correct government tax bands, while gives directives to their activities in Zanzibar according to the country security and national defence plan. The new authority will ascertain code of conduct for private security industry manpower so to make sure the private security industry manpower will not be part of the organise crime gangs against its clients or used to incubate terror cells or extremisms. The authority in collaboration with local training establishments will have to develop special curriculum where private security manpower will need to undertake to gain licence so to make the private security industry as a recognised accredited profession.

The private security industry is a crucial component of security and public safety for Zanzibar ordinary people. Today, private security is responsible not only for protecting many of the nation‘s institutions such as banks and critical infrastructure systems, but also for protecting sensitive corporate assets, Zanzibar business also rely heavily on private security for a wide range of security issues, including protecting employees and properties, conducting investigations, performing access control screening, providing integrated systems security monitoring, and many other functions. An accountable and effective private security industry can help to increase public safety and government oversight  to the industry, since a number of allegations of misconduct by private security industry staff are coming in, as well inappropriate links between private security contractors and organised crime gangs to facilitate crime at corporate level in particular banks.  This presentation can concludes that Zanzibar should call for a well define policy and a clear legal regulatory framework for private security industry to reform and contribute to the country economy, as well for the industry to be recognised as valuable profession to create jobs, and adhered within country public safety outline.