Privacy

In “Physician Burnout Calls for Legal Intervention” (November-December 2019), Sharona Hoffman calls for a “requirement” in the form of a “mandate that health care employers measure physician wellness using the [Maslach Burnout Inventory] (or another reliable tool) and report outcomes to [the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]” (p. 9). Such a requirement would be unlawful under the Americans with Disabilities Act’s rules on prohibited medical examinations of employees.

Sharona Hoffman’s response to my letter states “employers may require periodic job-related medical examinations of all employees ‘in positions affecting public safety.’ As I argued in my commentary, doctors, to whom patients entrust their health every day, have safety-critical jobs.”

This comparison is inapt. As Ilene N. Moore, Screening Older Physicians for Cognitive Impairment: Justifiable or Discriminatory, 28 HEALTH MATRIX 95, 140 (2018) recently explained: “any interpretation suggesting that that physicians are in a position affecting public safety is not supported by the statutory language of the ADA, the EEOC Enforcement Guidance, or EEOC correspondence. Only one federal law defines some physicians as public safety officers: physicians who serve as part of a public rescue squad or ambulance as defined by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.” (internal citations omitted).

Data protection concerns have been identified as one of the most serious barriers for the deployment and development of cloud computing. 1 There is a general lack of regulation and policy on a European (EU) level. The Data Protection Directive (DPD) is currently under revision and will be replaced with a regulation in the near future.

This article examines changing rules and regimes 0/visibility on social media, using Facebook as a case study. Interpersonal social media surveillance warrants a care of the virtual self. Yet this care is complicated by social media's rapid growth, and especially Facebook's cross-contextual in/ormation/Iows that publicize otherwise private information. Drawingfrom a series of thirty interviews, this article/octises on how usersperceive and manage their own visibility and take advantage ofthe visibility of other users. These experiences are tied to shifting understandings of private and public information, as well as new terms like "stalking" and "creeping" that frame surveillant practices. RÉSUMÉ Cet article examine l'évolution des règles et des régimes de visibilité sur ¡es médias sociaux, en utilisant Facebook comme une étude de cas. La surveillance interpersonnelle sur les médias sociaux nécessite un soin de l'être virtuel Pourtant, ce soin est compliqué par l'expansion rapide dès médias sociaux, et en particulier la nature inter contextuel de Facebook, qui diffuse de l'in/ormation privé. Tirant d'une série de trente entrevues, cet article concentre sur la manière dont les utilisateurs perçoivent et gèrent leur proper visibilité sur Facebook ainsi que de profiter de la visibilité des autres. Ces expériences sont liées à l'évolution des conceptions de l'in/ormation publique et privée, ainsi que de termes nouveaux comme «harcèlement» et «stalking» qui caractérise la surveillance sur les médias sociaux. MOTS CLÉS Surveillance; La vie privée-. Les médias nouveaux; Les médias sociaux Daniel Trottier is a postdoctoral fellow in the

Background: There is increasing recognition of the need to identify risk factors for poor mental health in pregnancy and following birth. In New South Wales, Australia, health policy mandates psychosocial assessment and depression screening for all women at the antenatal booking visit and at six to eight weeks after birth. Few studies have explored in-depth women's experience of assessment and how disclosures of sensitive information are managed by midwives and nurses. This paper describes women's experience of psychosocial assessment and depression screening examining the meaning they attribute to assessment and how this influences their response.

Conferência ao IV Congresso Interativo Virtual "Humanos Direitos Máquinas - amigos ou inimigos". Universidad Nacional de Lanús / E-Justicia Latinoamérica, Argentina. Dia 20 de novembro de 2019.
A mesma retoma a comunicação apresentada na "Nordic Conference on Legal Informatics - 2019", na Universidade da Lapónia, Rovaniemi, dia 14 de novembro de 2019.

Güvenlik ve Gizlilik kavramları gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte günümüz dünyasında önemini arttırmıştır. Güvenlik kavramı, geçmiş zamanlarda fiziki tehditler ve bu tehditlere karşı alınabilecek önlemler ile sınırlı iken günümüzde özellikle internet ve diğer teknolojiler ile sanal dünyayı da kapsayacak şekilde anlamını ve etkisini genişletmiştir. Teknolojinin insan ve toplumların hayatına ve her anına tesir ettiği düşünüldüğünde güvenlik ve mahremiyetin kritik ve olası zararlarının daha yaygın ve etkili olacağı görülebilir. Günümüz teknolojilerinin ortaya çıkardığı güvenlik ve gizlilik tehditleri bu anlamda kişileri, işletmeleri, kurumları ve hatta devletleri direk olarak etkilemektedir. Bu derece önemli olan bu iki olgunun çok farklı alanlarda uygulamaları ve etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu kitap ile Bilgisayar sistemlerinde güvenlik ve gizlilik ile ilgili çok geniş kapsamlı bir çalışma ortaya koyulmuştur. Güvenlik ve gizliliğin; şifreleme, rastgele sayı üreteçleri, sızma testleri, kötücül yazılımlar, DDos saldırıları ve makine öğrenmesi gibi teknik ve mühendislik temellerinden, büyük veri, nesnelerin interneti, mobil bankacılık, bulut bilişim, mobil cihazlar, eğitim alanı, uzaktan eğitim, akıllı ev uygulamaları, kurumsal yapılar ve çevrimiçi sosyal ağlar gibi çeşitli alanlarındaki durumu ve uygulamalarına kadar geniş bir yelpazede siz okurlarımıza sunulmuştur. Farklı alanlarda geniş bir bilgiyi düzenli ve anlaşılır bir şekilde sunan bu kitap, ilgilenenlere yol gösterici bir kaynak kitap olacaktır.

I social media sono giunti alla soglia della maturità. Nei primi vent’anni di storia il loro numero è aumentato, i modelli comunicativi sono cambiati e sono nati nuovi assetti economici. I social media oggi sono naturalizzati e vengono percepiti come un aspetto scontato dell’esperienza quotidiana e della cultura. Per quasi tre miliardi di persone nel mondo.
Attraverso varie piattaforme comunicano: persone comuni, istituzioni, associazioni, imprese. Il loro raggio di azione non è più limitato alle relazioni interpersonali (pubbliche o private), ma arriva a toccare processi sociali importanti, come la rappresentazione della realtà, la circolazione delle informazioni o la comunicazione tra generazioni.
Il volume si propone di contribuire alla comprensione dei social media alla soglia della maturità, descrivendone nella prima parte vent’anni di storia, con particolare attenzione all’evoluzione tecnologica, comunicativa e culturale. La ricostruzione storica comprende anche un confronto tra le diverse fasi di studio e i loro intrecci con i discorsi sociali e mediali.
La seconda parte è dedicata a tre snodi del dibattito: la rappresentazione della realtà – i social media sono ormai uno strumento importante di diffusione di racconti (veri e falsi), ma sono anche il luogo in cui le narrazioni si costruiscono collettivamente nelle conversazioni tra utenti; la relazione tra ciò che è privato e ciò che è pubblico – i social media ne rimettono in gioco la definizione stessa, insieme a quella delle forme di controllo dei confini della nostra privacy; l’uso intergenerazionale – i social media non possono più essere, parafrasando il titolo di un film, un paese per giovani, piuttosto un ambiente multigenerazionale. Contribuiscono alla formazione delle generazioni più giovani e vengono interpretati e usati in modo diverso dai meno giovani, che vi applicano i modelli di comunicazione a loro più familiari. Muovendosi dalla storia all’attualità, dal quadro d’insieme all’approfondimento, il volume vuole raccontare una fase di sviluppo dei social media in cui, non più novità, sono divenuti parte della cultura di chi li usa.

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) harmonizes personal data protection laws across the European Union, affecting all sectors including the healthcare industry. For processing operations that pose a high risk for data subjects, a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) is mandatory from May 2018. Taking into account the criticality of the process and the importance of its results, for the protection of the patients’ health data, as well as the complexity involved and the lack of past experience in applying such methodologies in healthcare environments, this paper presents the main steps of a DPIA study and provides guidelines on how to carry them out effectively. To this respect, the Privacy Impact Assessment, Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (PIA-CNIL) methodology has been employed, which is also compliant with the privacy impact assessment tasks described in ISO/IEC 29134:2017. The work presented in this paper focuses on the first two steps of the ...

Big Data can unify all patient related data to get a 360-degree view of the patient to analyze and predict outcomes. It can improve clinical practices, new drug development and health care financing process. It offers a lot of benefits such as early disease detection, fraud detection and better healthcare quality and efficiency. This paper introduces the Big Data concept and characteristics, health care data and some major issues of Big Data. These issues include Big Data benefits, its applications and opportunities in medical areas and health care. Methods and technology progress about Big Data are presented in this study. Big Data challenges in medical applications and health care are also discussed.

One of the obstacles to improved security of the Internet is ad hoc development of technologies with different design goals and different security goals. This paper proposes reconceptualizing the Internet as a secure distributed system, focusing specifically on the application layer. The notion is to replace specific functionality by an equivalent, based on principles discovered in research on distributed systems in the decades since the initial development of the Internet. Because of the problems in retrofitting new technology across millions of clients and servers, any options with prospects of success must support backward compatibility. This paper outlines a possible new architecture for internet-based mail which would replace existing protocols by a more secure framework. To maintain backward compatability, initial implementation could offer a web browser-based front end, but the longer-term approach would be to implement the system using appropriate models of replication.

Background: Since the early 1990s, a concerted effort has been made to develop community-and state-based immunization registries. A 1995 survey showed that nine states had laws specifically authorizing immunization registries. This survey was conducted to describe the current status of legislation and policies addressing immunization registries and the sharing of immunization information. Methods: A telephone survey was administered from September 1997 to February 1998 to immunization program managers and/or their designees within the state health department of each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Some of the survey items were later updated through follow-up interviews and informal communications. Copies of legislation, administrative rules and regulations, and immunization registry policies were collected for review. Results: As of October 2000, 24 of 51 states (47%) had laws (21) or rules (3) specifically authorizing an immunization registry. Nine additional states (18%) have laws specifically addressing the sharing of immunization information. Conclusions: Over half of the states have enacted legislation or rules addressing registries or the sharing of immunization information. Further research should be conducted to assess the impact of this legislation on immunization registries.

A major problem for companies that develop and operate IT applications that process personal data
of customers and employees is to ensure the protection of this data and to prevent privacy breaches.
Failure to adequately address this problem can result in considerable reputational and financial
damages for the company as well as for affected data subjects. We address this problem by proposing
a methodology to systematically consider privacy issues in a step-by-step privacy impact assessment
(so called ‘PIA’). Existing PIA approaches lack easy applicability because they are either
insufficiently structured or imprecise and lengthy. We argue that employing the PIA proposed in this
article, companies will be enabled to realise a ‘privacy-by-design’ as it is now widely heralded by
data protection authorities. In fact, the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) ratified
the approach we present in this article for the technical field of RFID and published it as a guideline
in November 2011. The contribution of the artefacts we created is twofold: First, we provide a formal
problem representation structure for the analysis of privacy requirements. Second, we reduce the
complexity of the privacy regulation landscape for practitioners who need to make privacy
management decisions for their IT applications.

The era of big data introduces new considerations into the traditional context of research ethics. Ethical questions may be considered in terms of accuracy, humane treatment, informed participants, and the necessity and applicability of the work, but big data complicates these issues. Since social media participants reflect certain demographic
features, data drawn from those sources should not be taken to represent the general
population. Big data collection may be more invasive than necessary due to easy access,
and consent may be nonexistent. Data that was once anonymous may become identifiable, last indefinitely and conflict with goals for publication. Ways to respect ethics in big data research include involving participants throughout the process, avoiding collecting information that should remain private, notifying participants of their inclusion and providing them options to correct or delete personal information, and using public
channels to disseminate research

In the application domain of online information services such as online census information, health records and real-time stock quotes, there are at least two fundamental challenges: the protection of users' privacy and the assurance of service availability. We present a fault-tolerant scheme for private information retrieval (FT-PIR) that protects users' privacy and ensures service provision in the presence of malicious server failures. An error detection algorithm is introduced into this scheme to detect the corrupted results from servers. The analytical and experimental results show that the FT-PIR scheme can tolerate malicious server failures effectively and prevent any information of users from being leaked to attackers. This new scheme does not rely on any unproven cryptographic premise and the availability of tamperproof hardware. An implementation of the FT-PIR scheme on a distributed database system suggests just a modest level of performance overhead.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has the potential to revolutionize the retail industry, yet the linking of this automatic identification (auto-ID) technology to consumer goods has resulted in widespread concern over the potential privacy threats, primarily due to the aspect of traceability it could impose on consumers. As a consequence, privacy has come to be perceived as a barrier stopping RFID adoption in retail in its tracks. When investigating other complex information and communication technologies (ICT), it becomes apparent that consumers often sacrifice privacy in order to take advantage of some form of value afforded by the technology. This interplay between value and privacy is seen as a balance which must be favorable to the consumer to encourage acceptance. This study is focused on exploring this balance, with the addition of control as another important factor. The paper presents a review of literature, commencing with RFID technology itself and subsequently the value proposition that RFID offers retailers and consumers. It will investigate the privacy debate, looking at commonly expressed privacy concerns and the meaning of privacy. This will provide a basis for discussion of potential solutions that have been proposed.

The adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and the granting to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the same legal force as the Treaty has lent a new impulse to the consideration of fundamental human rights by the European Union (EU). The question remains, however, as to how this legal discourse, centred upon human rights, is actually shaping the EU regulatory framework in specific policy domains. The aim of this paper is to critically appraise the ways that the fundamental rights of security, privacy and freedom guaranteed by the Charter are being construed in the context of EU law and policy on biometrics, an ethically and morally sensitive security technology whose development and use are being actively promoted by the EU. We conclude that the interpretation of the pertinent rights, as well as their balancing, owes a great deal to the goals of EU policies for research and development, and under the auspices of Freedom, Security and Justice, shaped largely by political and economic considerations. These considerations then tend to prevail over ethically or morally-based legal claims. ª 2012 Maria Eduarda Gonç alves, Maria Inê s Gameiro. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 This paper is based on work undertaken as part of the research project 'The Landscape and Isobars of European Values in Relation to Science and New Technology (Value Isobars)' (2009e2011), funded under the EU's 7th Framework Programme on R&D. 1 European Commission, 'Strategy for the effective implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Union',

Mobile devices have become very popular nowadays, due to is portability and high performance, a mobile device became a must device for persons using information and communication technologies. In addition to hardware rapid evolution, mobile applications are also increasing in their complexity and performance to cover most the needs of their users. Both software and hardware design focused on increasing performance and the working hours of a mobile device. Different mobile operating systems are being used today with different platforms and different market shares. Like all information systems, mobile systems are prone to malware attacks. Due to the personality feature of mobile devices, malware detection is very important and is a must tool in each device to protect private data and mitigate attacks. In this paper, we will study and analyze different malware detection techniques used for mobile operating systems. We will focus on the to two competing mobile operating systems-Android and iOS. We will asset each technique summarizing its advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the work is to establish a basis for developing a mobile malware detection tool based on user profiling.

Feedback is viewed as an essential element of ubiquitous computing systems in the HCI literature for helping people manage their privacy. However, the success of online social networks and existing commercial systems for mobile location sharing which do not incorporate feedback would seem to call the importance of feedback into question. We investigated this issue in the context of a mobile location sharing system. Specifically, we report on the findings of a field deployment of Locyoution, a mobile location sharing system. In our study, (n = 56), one group was given feedback in the form of a history of location requests, and a second group was given no feedback at all. Our major contribution has been to show that feedback is an important contributing factor towards improving user comfort levels and allaying privacy concerns. Participants' privacy concerns were reduced after using the mobile location sharing system. Additionally, our study suggests that peer opinion and technical savviness contribute most to whether or not participants thought they would continue to use a mobile location technology.

One of the main features of the technology is saving the personal information and the many ways to access this information and build many reports to use it to help the organizations to take the right decisions. The personal information may contain sensitive information, and that may lead to abuse of using this information due to another purpose such protecting the others or due to losing to control for the people who have access to this information. McFarland, M. (2012). Al-Khouri, A. (2012). Explains that multiple owner can own the personal information as the below Figure and when the user registers their information they give them the authority to use this data and using this information depend on the ethical of the organizations and to the country laws. The organizations must consider the human rights of using the personal information and Erm.ecs.soton.ac.uk, (2015). Explains that the information must use it without harm the others maintain their privacy by taking the required pe...

Constitutional Guarantees of Information Privacy Protection in Light of New Technologies Development The development of new information technologies has contributed to a significant change in the methods of collection, processing and transfer of various kinds of personal data. Mass aggregation of the data and invention of cloud computing affected the flow of personal data. These developments create challenges for the privacy protection. The article contains an analysis of the constitutional standard of privacy protection, particularly with regard to the processing of personal information. Part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the permissible limitations to the right to privacy and legislative process in which those limitations are developed.

There is widespread disagreement about the terms in which privacy ought to be defined and consequently about the scope of the concept. It is said to lack coherence, leading some to question its value for practical reasoning. In this essay I argue that disagreement about privacy is, at least in part, a manifestation of disagreement about more general moral-political values that the concept of privacy is invoked to serve. Commitment to these values will lead not only to differing views on the value of privacy, but also as to the terms in which it ought to be defined. Locating accounts of privacy in political theory will e

BioGrid Australia is a federated data linkage and integration infrastructure that uses the Internet to enable patient specific information to be utilized for research in a privacy protected manner, from multiple databases of various data types (e.g. clinical, treatment, genomic, image, histopathology and outcome), from a range of diseases (oncological, neurological, endocrine and respiratory) and across more than 20 health services, universities and medical research institutes. BioGrid has demonstrated an ability to facilitate powerful research into the causation of human disease and the prediction of disease and treatment outcomes. BioGrid has successfully implemented technology and processes that allow researchers to efficiently extract data from multiple sources, without compromising data security and privacy. This article reviews BioGrid's first seven years and how it has overcome 9 of its top 10 challenges.

The primary focus of this study is to investigate which characteristics of health service quality are most likely to determine client satisfaction with health services among adolescents in Mongolia. Methods: Data were gathered from 1301 male and female clients. Exit interviews were used to measure client satisfaction; 82 clinics were visited. All clients between the ages of 10 and 19 years were asked to participate in the client exit interview; those who agreed to participate completed the questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine significant associations between service satisfaction and the independent variables. All variables showing a significant bivariate association with service satisfaction (p Յ .05) were retained for logistic regression analyses.

The first question that will be examined in this paper is whether IP addresses should be considered personal data. Even if many jurisdictions accept IP addresses as personal data, not every legal system takes this stance. Secondly as a result of the technical process in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks users' IP addresses are visible to others users while downloading/uploading files. One could then be tempted to argue that internet users make this data (their IP addresses) publicly available when they access (P2P) networks.  However, how consciously the peers reveal their IP addresses is a question that needs to be answered more categorically. Secondly, this paper will evaluate whether copyright holders’ obvious legitimate interest in enforcing copyright claims against infringers can overweight the privacy of the data subject. Overall, this paper will examine which criterion can be taken into account, in today’s digital age, when assessing the lawfulness of IP addresses processing in P2P networks. In this respect, the paper examines the 95/46/EC Directive, German Law and Swiss Law in a comparative perspective.

Recently, attempts have been made to use Weblogs and other personal webpublishing technologies to support individual and social reflection in higher education. Weblogs can be highly individual and reflective in nature, and students’ experiences and perceptions of the technology and practice are of primary importance in furthering educational use. In this phenomenological study 8 participants who maintained Weblogs in a graduate course were interviewed. Initial data analysis indicates that participants found Weblogs helpful for learning, reflecting, and building a sense of community. However, participants expressed concerns over the lack of structure for Weblog usage and the public nature of the reflective process. Implications for future practical and research applications of Weblogs are presented.

Currently, Social Networking Sites (SNSs) expand internet users’ relationships and their businesses. Despite the huge benefits gained by SNS users, the huge amount of information exchanged by different users makes SNSs an easy target for privacy threats. The goal of this paper is to explain how information disclosure to adversaries will be minimized by using integrated algorithm. This study takes the advantages of Kanonymity algorithm and ldiversity algorithm then evaluated the effectiveness of the combined strengths. The result shows that the proposed algorithm increases the level of privacy for SNSs users by anonymizing and diversifying disclosed information.

In this paper is presented a novel software solution for the implemention of a Student Management Information System at the University of Prishtina. The novelty of implemented solution is based on extending the subject name in X.509 digital certificates and using this certificate for securing student grades. The issued X.509 digital certificate is used to digitally sign the student grades, which is in full compliance with the Kosovo Law on Information Society. For security reasons, the certificate and its associated private are stored in a smart card. The access to private key is protected by a personal identification number. The protection of the student grades against misuse was a "must have" feature of the software solution for the management of the university. This implementation was installed at the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering and has successfully passed a six semester testing period. Beyond increasing the security of the systems, students were, for the first time in the history of the University of Prishtina, able to apply online to take an exam.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) will start becoming deployed within the next decade. Among other benefits, it is expected that VANETs will support applications and services targeting the increase of safety on the road, and assist in improving the efficiency of the road transportation network. However, several serious challenges remain to be solved before efficient and secure VANET technology becomes available, one of them been efficient authentication of messages in a VANET. There is a significant body of research work addressing this issue, however, while progress has been made, the challenge is still far from having been resolved and reliable and secure systems ready for deployment becoming available. In this paper, we propose the Privacy Preserving Broadcast Message Authentication (PPBMA) scheme, which, instead of performing asymmetric verification, uses Message Authentication Code (MAC) functionality and HASH operations to authenticate messages. Moreover, we use two-level key hash chain, which assists avoiding message losses. Simulation results demonstrate that PPBMA has superior performances in terms of packet loss rate and message delivery latency when compared to existing solutions. Due to this advantage, it can support emergency and routine messages alike, while existing solutions can only support routine messages.

This essay aims to address a general conception of what privacy is, as well as an analysis of the challenges and dangers of living without privacy and the importance of data protection against the breakdown of traditional paradigms by new technologies disruptive, concluding that cyber literacy and cyber hygiene are fundamental pillars to combat threats, disclosures, risks and vulnerabilities that could become security incidents that threaten arbitrary interference with private life.

The crisis generated by the emergence of the new
coronavirus and its rapid spread at global level has led states
to implement measures to prevent and combat the effects of
the pandemic. In the context in which the presence of the
virus in the human body is manifested by the increase of body
temperature, several national authorities, including the
Romanian ones, imposed on public and private entities the
obligation to organize their activity, so as to ensure, upon the
entry of the premises, the mandatory epidemiological triage
and measurement of the body temperature. In the present
study, we aim at identifying and assessing the impact of the
coronavirus pandemic on the personal data processing and
application of the GDPR Regulation provisions. The present
study highlights the types of personal data processed with the
state of emergency/alert period and seeks to define whether
or not the body temperature value may be included in the
concept of personal data. Body temperature information is
analysed by analogy with the concept of personal data, data
concerning health, biological data, and sensitive or special
data.

O presente trabalho não objetiva discutir a existência ou inexistência de um direito à tutela dos dados pessoais nem seus eventuais contornos, mas sim discutir estratégias regulatórias colocadas em prática, tendo como premissa a existência de tal direito e seu conteúdo já solidificado, ao menos em princípio, na doutrina sobre o assunto . Dado este enorme passo, deve-se, entretanto, atentar a uma questão relevante e anterior a qualquer discussão sobre direitos e deveres específicos: como regular?

Organizadores: Sérgio Branco, Chiara de Teffé
Editora: Lumen Juris

Privacy is ondergeschikt aan gemeentelijke schatkist: digitale parkeermeters zijn erger dan de cookies van Facebook Civis Mundi Digitaal #52 door Lode Goukens Wie in Antwerpen nog wil parkeren moet net als in Utrecht en vele andere steden zijn nummerplaat of kenteken ingeven. Niet alleen is er het tijdverlies om in de rij te staan bij automaten waar mensen hun kenteken ingeven en zelfs niet meer met munten kunnen betalen. De overheid heeft lak aan het gebruiksgemak van de ouderwetse parkeermeter met muntjes. De oogst bestaat uit kenteken en bankgegevens bij de betaling. Kortom een databank van bankrekeningen en van gekoppelde kentekens bestaat al. Welk doel dient dit en waarom worden deze gegevens via een netwerk gecommuniceerd? Verholen identificatieplicht Vanuit privacy-standpunt is dit dus een verhulde legitimatieplicht en een tracking van de burger zonder dat hiervoor een noodzakelijke dringende en dwingende reden bestaat. De meeste automobilisten zullen al blij zijn eindelijk een parkeerplaatsje gevonden te hebben en zich wellicht geen zorgen maken over mogelijke misbruiken van die gegevens. De vraag met welk recht de overheid het publieke domein ten gelde maakt via private organisaties die parkeergelden innen lijkt misschien ver gezocht, doch een klein kind weet dat deze organisaties hun winst zullen maximaliseren en daarbij al wat niet uitdrukkelijk verboden is zullen toepassen. Allemaal voor parkeergeld. Een parkeergeld waar geen enkele tegenprestatie voor geboden wordt: parkeren blijft op eigen risico, schade of diefstal wordt niet vergoed en een bescherming tegen dubbele belasting komt al helemaal niet ter sprake. De enige tegenprestatie is het niet krijgen van een boete indien men niet betaalt (eveneens gegeven en geïnd door private ondernemingen die in concessie werken en dus macht en bevoegdheid ontvangen in ruil voor geld). Niettemin dient de vraag gesteld waarom de automobilist zijn privacy moet opgeven en de overheid of onbekenden mogen weten waar hij zijn inkopen doet, waar hij 15 minuten, een uur of meerdere uren vertoeft. Wat gebeurt er met die gegevens? Winkelen, studeren of andere activiteiten die mensen naar een stad brengen zijn legitieme redenen om ergens te parkeren dus waarom wil de overheid toelaten dat dit allemaal gelogd en bijgehouden wordt? De nietsvermoedende burger achtervolgen tot in zijn auto is even verwerpelijk als hetgeen Facebook of Google doet en waar alle politici gespeelde verontwaardiging over etaleren. Geen overmatige gegevensverwerking? Ondergetekende stelde de vraag aan de Privacycommissie. In België bestaat sedert 8 december 1992 een privacywet. In artikel 4, paragraaf 4 derde lid staat betreft de verwerking van die gegevens: ' toereikend, terzake dienend en niet overmatig te zijn, uitgaande van de doeleinden waarvoor zij

An electronic voting system makes it possible for the voters to cast their ballots over the computer network. Hence, voters 11 can participate in elections without having to go to the polling places, which is more convenient and efficient. To design a 12 practical voting scheme, Mu and Varadharajan have recently proposed an anonymous secure electronic voting scheme to be 13 applied over the network. It does not only protect voters' privacy and prevent double voting, but also suits large-scale elections. 14 However, the scheme has a weakness in security; that is, some voters may still double vote without being detected and may 15 even reveal information they should not. In this paper, we shall show this weakness and improve the scheme to increase the 16 protection against fraudulence. 17 D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 18 19 23

An Institute of Medicine (IOM) panel charged with reviewing the system for overseeing research involving children concluded in 2004 that Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), institutions engaged in research, and study sponsors should "adopt explicit written policies on acceptable and unacceptable types and amounts of payments related to [children's] research participation." 1 We previously reported data on practices and policies in the U.S. regarding payments to children who participate in research and their parents. 2 Here, we report additional results from our study and identify some of the decisions that must be made in developing payment plans and on which payment policies will be expected to offer guidance. We conclude that further conceptual analysis and empirical research are necessary before IRBs, institutions, and sponsors can develop specific rules on numerous aspects of payment. Nevertheless, payment policies that promote the ethical treatment of children in research and their parents can be developed. We propose a structure for such policies.

The success of an intelligent sensor environment is mainly determined by the extent to which it is adopted by users. In order to understand how the adoption process works and when it is likely to be successful, we developed a general adoption model and applied it to the four main categories. Based on four case studies, we developed and tested questionnaires that contribute as an instrument for evaluating existing sensor environments, or during the design phase. It turns out that each specific type of intelligent sensor environment has its own adoption issues.

engstler theorizes a continuum of 6 compliance positions for educators (Avoidance, Ignorance, Knowledgeable Non-Compliance, Approaching Compliance, Establishing Compliance, & Full Compliance) with regard to the application of British Columbia’s (Canada) Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA) to the use of social media and cloud computing tools in BC public schools. The article concludes with a call for collaboration to increase compliance.

In this book, Sandra Petronio, a Professor in the Department of Communication and the School of Medicine at Wayne State University, takes us through the labyrinth of privacy and disclosure issues that engulf the human person in all facets of life – from the micro level to the macro level. Her goal is to demonstrate how our lives are immersed in the never-ending tension between privacy and disclosure and the role of communication within these continuous tensions.