Precarious Work, Precarity

Η πολιτική οικονομία της γεωγραφίας αποτελεί έναν σύνθετο και πολυδιάστατο κλάδο που αναλύει την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ οικονομικών δομών, κρατικών πολιτικών και χωρικών μετασχηματισμών. Η διαμόρφωση των οικονομικών και κοινωνικών σχέσεων στον χώρο δεν είναι στατική, αλλά μεταβάλλεται δυναμικά μέσω ιστορικών, πολιτικών και τεχνολογικών αλλαγών.
Στο πλαίσιο της κριτικής γεωγραφίας, ο κριτικός ρεαλισμός και η θεωρία της ρύθμισης έχουν διαδραματίσει κεντρικό ρόλο στην ανάλυση των κοινωνικοοικονομικών και χωρικών φαινομένων. Ο Κριτικός Ρεαλισμός, ως επιστημολογική προσέγγιση, προτείνει ένα μοντέλο κατανόησης της πραγματικότητας που ξεπερνά τον θετικισμό, δίνοντας έμφαση στην ύπαρξη βαθύτερων, μη άμεσα παρατηρήσιμων κοινωνικών και οικονομικών δομών. Από την άλλη, η Θεωρία της Ρύθμισης προσφέρει ένα ερμηνευτικό πλαίσιο για τη μελέτη των διαφορετικών τρόπων οργάνωσης της καπιταλιστικής οικονομίας, αναδεικνύοντας τις μεταβάσεις μεταξύ διαφορετικών καθεστώτων συσσώρευσης κεφαλαίου.
Το δοκίμιο αυτό αποσκοπεί στην εις βάθος ανάλυση της σχέσης μεταξύ αυτών των θεωρητικών πλαισίων και της πολιτικής οικονομίας στη γεωγραφία. Στο πρώτο μέρος, θα παρουσιαστούν οι βασικές αρχές του Κριτικού Ρεαλισμού και οι διαφορές του από τον θετικιστικό τρόπο σκέψης. Στη συνέχεια, θα αναλυθούν οι αιτίες και οι επιπτώσεις της κρίσης του φορντιστικού καθεστώτος συσσώρευσης κεφαλαίου, εστιάζοντας στον ρόλο της Θεωρίας της Ρύθμισης στη διαμόρφωση νέων προσεγγίσεων στη γεωγραφική έρευνα.

espanolResumen: En este trabajo se analizan las condiciones laborales de profesores en universidades mexicanas publicas y privadas. A partir de una metodologia cualitativa, intentamos responder: como perciben los profesores de tiempo parcial (PTP) sus condiciones de trabajo. Como objeto de investigacion en Mexico, los PTP han sido escasamente estudiados, por ello, en la primera seccion desarrollamos una sintesis del estado del arte de profesores de educacion superior. Enseguida, exponemos el desarrollo del sistema de educacion superior en relacion con la evolucion del mercado academico, y presentamos un marco interpretativo de las condiciones laborales de los docentes, donde la precariedad laboral es una constante. Finalmente, se exponen los resultados de la investigacion que conducen a la propuesta de una tipologia y una agenda de investigacion para futuros trabajos sobre el tema. EnglishAbstract: This article analyzes the employment conditions of professors in Mexican universities...

Rights (UDHR) serves as the foundation for the worldwide safeguarding and advancement of human rights. Given the prevalence of online platforms in today's social media era, the values of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) hold particular significance. This concise analysis explores the relationship between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and social media in India, with a focus on the challenges of regulating online communication while safeguarding the right to freedom of expression. Social media has revolutionized communication, information sharing, and public conversation. Although there are beneficial aspects, the presence of misinformation, hate speech, and other negative content presernts significant Human Rights (UDHR) on regulatory efforts in India. It explores the challenge of safeguarding online speech while also mitigating its negative consequences.

Resumo: A história do meu rosto entrelaça conceitos da semiótica social e análise do discurso para explorar como um material impresso, neste caso um folheto, pode gerar estigmatização dos catadores, conhecidos no oeste do Canadá como binners. Diariamente, a mídia expõe os humanos a signos (palavras, fotografias, desenhos) que parecem ser triviais, mas influenciam o modo como percebemos o seu significado. Entre os significados frequentemente encontrados nos meios de comunicação, a palavra "scavengers" tem sido usada, com uma conotação prejudicial para se referir aos recicladores autônomos. O presente estudo qualitativo baseia-se em dados coletados com binners durante pesquisa realizada na cidade de Victoria, Canadá. Em primeiro lugar, analisamos o diálogo entre os binners para explorar a percepção do estigma que sofrem. Segundo, usamos um folheto de alerta contra a atividade de catação de lixo (scavenging) produzido pela prefeitura para ilustrar o modo como o conteúdo comunica e reforça a estigmatização contra os recicladores. Em terceiro lugar, analisamos a discussão com o governo local, a comunidade local e os binners sobre gestão inclusiva de resíduos sólidos para descobrir diferentes percepções negativas. Ilustramos como os recicladores percebem o estigma e sugerem que a marginalização pode ser superada reiterando a imagem de agente ambiental.

A temática que gira em torno dos catadores de material reciclável toma vigor em nossa sociedade e traz uma diversidade de questões que exigem respostas na compreensão das relações de trabalho e de produção desses trabalhadores que estão na base da indústria da reciclagem. Eles são, a cada dia, mais numerosos na cidade e sua presença (des) agrada os mais diversos órgãos e a sociedade como um todo. O local de estudo é o bairro Camobi, cidade de Santa Maria, RS o qual se situa no urbano periférico mais distante do bairro Centro. Neste texto, abordam-se o cotidiano do trabalho dos catadores com vistas àqueles que buscam, nesse trabalho, a fonte de sua sobrevivência, como também outras formas de emprego e renda. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é compreender o trabalho cotidiano dos trabalhadores "sobrantes" do urbano periférico da cidade de Santa Maria, RS, especialmente os que trabalham na coleta de material reciclável no e do bairro Camobi. Também se apresenta o espaço de vida e de trabalho da família desses catadores que têm, na "catação/pedição", expectativas de encontrar na rua bens para sua sobrevivência. São relações construídas pelos catadores que criam laços territoriais que lhes favorecem formas de sustentar necessidades básicas da vida. O trabalho cotidiano dos catadores representa um embate ao poder público, às empresas e à sociedade, numa relação de (in) visibilidade no mundo do trabalho onde essas pessoas lutam pelos direitos de sua cidadania.

espanolResumen: En este trabajo se analizan las condiciones laborales de profesores en universidades mexicanas publicas y privadas. A partir de una metodologia cualitativa, intentamos responder: como perciben los profesores de tiempo parcial (PTP) sus condiciones de trabajo. Como objeto de investigacion en Mexico, los PTP han sido escasamente estudiados, por ello, en la primera seccion desarrollamos una sintesis del estado del arte de profesores de educacion superior. Enseguida, exponemos el desarrollo del sistema de educacion superior en relacion con la evolucion del mercado academico, y presentamos un marco interpretativo de las condiciones laborales de los docentes, donde la precariedad laboral es una constante. Finalmente, se exponen los resultados de la investigacion que conducen a la propuesta de una tipologia y una agenda de investigacion para futuros trabajos sobre el tema. EnglishAbstract: This article analyzes the employment conditions of professors in Mexican universities...

Purpose-Revitalisation of Quality of Working Life (QWL) research points to non-standard work such as remote platform work as a compelling setting where research on QWL is needed. Whereas the literature on working conditions in remote work platforms is rich, knowledge on the topic is fragmented. This systematic review aims to synthesize and integrate findings from existing literature, to offer an encompassing and multidimensional understanding of QWL and the managerial practices linked to it, in remote work platforms. Design/methodology/approach-A systematic review of 24 empirical qualitative studies selected based on a multiple-database search using Boolean search engines. The selection of studies to be included in the review was performed through a 4-steps procedure, following the PRISMA protocol. A thematic analysis of the studies was performed to synthesize findings. Findings-We synthesize and show how remote platform workers experience a degrading quality of working life along five QWL dimensions and we illustrate how these QWL dimensions are influenced by platforms' managerial practices such as client-biased systems, rate-setting mechanisms, reputational systems, global competition schemes, lock-in systems, monitoring and nudging systems and information asymmetry. Originality-The study contributes to reinvigorating QWL literature by producing a systematic synthesis of workers' experience of QWL in the non-standard work context of remote platform work and the managerial practices that influence QWL. Our study overcomes two main shortcomings of the existing empirical studies published: (a) studies examine only a few QWL dimensions and/or (b) examine some platforms' managerial practices that influence QWL, overlooking others.

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación destinada a diagnosticar el impacto del sistema de jubilaciones en la composición por edad de la planta académica de las IES públicas. La brecha en los ingresos y la pérdida de prestaciones contractuales constituyen el principal factor a la hora de postergar el ejercicio de este derecho. En cuanto a las condiciones de retiro es indispensable la adopción de un sistema de retiro complementario de cotización definida, la experiencia indica que su adopción se ha visto obstaculizada por la desconfianza entre autoridades y comunidades, dada la insuficiente información y la precariedad de los fondos aportados por las instituciones. Otro de los problemas detectados es la falta de valorización de las ventajas del retiro a una edad menos avanzada.

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación destinada a diagnosticar el impacto del sistema de jubilaciones en la composición por edad de la planta académica de las IES públicas. La brecha en los ingresos y la pérdida de prestaciones contractuales constituyen el principal factor a la hora de postergar el ejercicio de este derecho. En cuanto a las condiciones de retiro es indispensable la adopción de un sistema de retiro complementario de cotización definida, la experiencia indica que su adopción se ha visto obstaculizada por la desconfianza entre autoridades y comunidades, dada la insuficiente información y la precariedad de los fondos aportados por las instituciones. Otro de los problemas detectados es la falta de valorización de las ventajas del retiro a una edad menos avanzada.

This paper reviews how COVID-19 became a global pandemic, why we now have to live with it, and what needs to be done to stop viruses going global in the future. Specifically, it argues that the still prevailing neoliberal model of development combined with related forms of class structure and ideological struggle all but guaranteed that the priorities of global capital and its agents, along with COVID-19, would win out in the end. Vaccinations have become the only path for resolving the tension between neoliberal capitalism and COVID-19 suppression. However, they take time to develop, are hampered by the capitalist model of vaccine production and distribution, and face a resistant alienated precariat. As a critical alternative, this article explores the neoliberal model of development’s democratic socialist transformation with particular reference to the prevention of global pandemics.

Changes in the world of work set the challenge of a greater understanding of precarity in contemporary societies. Instead of limiting it only to the contractual status of workers, we propose a multidimensional perspective of precarity anchored into the problematic of social inequalities. By observing the countries that are part of the European Union we discuss the hypothesis that the various forms of precarity analyzed will be more or less pronounced due to inequalities that structure the European space of work. Through data from the “Labour Force Survey” (LFS) and the “EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions” (EU-SILC), it is possible to analyze the main trends of the precarity before and during the crisis and, synchronously, draw a picture about the current precarity in the European context of the knowledge society. We verify that the crisis and the austerity policies that followed have exacerbated the precarity in the European Union area. Categorical inequalities (of national s...

This publication has been made possible with the financial support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. | III THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (4IR) AND THE FUTURE OF WORK 1 Throughout this paper, the term "Africa" refers to all the countries of the continent, both North Africa (NA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Often, data are not available for the whole continent; in this case, data for NA and SSA are cited separately. 2 Scientific innovation is the discovery of new scientific knowledge. Technological change is the application of that knowledge to solve existing problems (e.g., mobility, lighting, communication, preventing or curing a disease, etc.). 3 The First Industrial Revolution, which began around 1770, used water and steam power to mechanize production. The Second, beginning about 100 years later, used electric power to create mass production. The Third Industrial Revolution began another 100 years later.

This paper reviews how COVID-19 became a global pandemic, why we now have to live with it, and what needs to be done to stop viruses going global in the future. Specifically, it argues that the still prevailing neoliberal model of development combined with related forms of class structure
and ideological struggle all but guaranteed that the priorities of global capital and its agents, along with COVID-19, would win out in the end. Vaccinations have become the only path for resolving the tension between neoliberal capitalism and COVID-19 suppression. However, they take time to develop, are hampered by the capitalist model of vaccine production and distribution, and face a resistant alienated precariat. As a critical alternative, this article explores the neoliberal model of development’s democratic socialist transformation with particular reference to the prevention of global pandemics.

Drawing on the Foucauldian ideas of governmentality and biopolitics this analysis will present a genealogical account of the different ways, in recent history, the government has used its sovereign power to govern and control the population through the mechanism of the welfare state. The institutions, the governmental techniques, and the regimes of practice form together as the security apparatus in place to protect the health and wealth of the nation.
Foucault suggests that to fully understand how we have arrived at our current point, in our current circumstance, we must first have a historical awareness of how we got here.  Limiting the historical frame of analysis to the last century, from 1918 onwards, my research will identify and discuss the key moments in welfare state reform that collided with particular societal conditions that gave rise to a significant change in both the concept and provision of the British welfare system.
Analysis of the construct and character of welfare state provision through the lens of governmentality provides insight into the rationales, the knowledge that supports government action and Identifies biopolitical modes of action that serve to create self-governing, productive, healthy, compliant citizens. This research extrapolates techniques of governance that have been specifically deployed to redefine the power relations that exist, underpinning the reconstruction of the socio-economic relationship between the subject and the state.  This historical review of the “remodelling and dismantling of the welfare state”  will reveal the traditional modes of governmentality that exist to control the population. It will discuss new modalities that have emerged as a result of government policy and the regimes of practice that led to the transition of the welfare state system from one that protected and promoted life to a system ruled by Necropolitics and governmental precarization. 
“Precarization means more than insecure jobs, more than lack of security given by waged employment. By way of insecurity and danger, it embraces the whole existence, the body, modes of subjectification. It is a threat and coercion, even while it opens up new possibilities of living and working. Precarization means living with the unforeseeable, with contingency”. 
Focusing specifically on employment, this critical analysis will consider the role of the welfare state, its function when a pandemic threatens to destabilise the health and wealth of a nation. The research will identify specific techniques of governance, the governmentality of bio-economics and the power of the state.  Discuss how power is diffused through the mechanisms of the welfare state but also conferred on to Scientists, Doctor’s, technology giants and private corporations. Crucially this analysis will reveal how the government has harnessed the opportunity of a crisis to expand its powers through systems of precarization. Powers government will retain long after the threat of the virus has passed. The governmentality of a pandemic has ultimately enabled the government to achieve the object of state power, reconstructing the citizen into a modern political subject.

This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. .

Bu çalışmada, ataması yapılmayan işsiz öğretmenlerin, işsiz olma halini etkileyen değişkenlerin ve onların işsizlik sorununu aşma konusundaki örgütlenme deneyimlerinin çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma Ataması Yapılmayan Öğretmenler Platformu (AYÖP) içerisinde yer alan 13 ataması yapılmayan öğretmen ve bu hareket içinde yer almayan 13 ataması yapılmayan işsiz öğretmen olmak üzere, toplam 26 işsiz öğretmenle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla yürütülmüştür. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre ataması yapılmayan öğretmenler çoğunlukla dershane öğretmenliği ve ücretli öğretmenlik başta olmak üzere lise ve daha alt düzeyde eğitim gerektiren, düşük ücretli, geçici, kesintili, güvencesiz işleri yapmakta bir yandan da KPSS’ye hazırlanarak herhangi bir devlet okuluna atanarak “asıl” işlerini aramaya devam etmektedir. Dolayısıyla mezun olduklarında devlet okullarında kadrolu ve güvenceli bir öğretmen olarak çalışacakları varsayılan öğretmenler ucuz işgücü ...

Περίληψη Η οικονομική κρίση του 2008-2009 πυροδότησε σημαντικές μεταβολές στα πρότυπα συσσώρευσης παγκοσμίως, σηματοδοτώντας μια μετατόπιση προς υψηλότερα επίπεδα εργασιακής ευελιξίας στις ευρωπαϊκές αγορές εργασίας. Η εργασία αυτή μελετά τα μεταβαλλόμενα περιφερειακά πρότυπα ευέλικτης απασχόλησης στην Ελλάδα, τόσο πριν όσο και μετά την έναρξη της κρίσης. Διερευνώντας τις ποικίλες διαδικασίες αναδιάρθρωσης ανάλογα με την κλαδική εξειδίκευση των περιφερειών της χώρας, η εργασία φέρνει στο προσκήνιο τα διαφορετικά πρότυπα ευέλικτης απασχόλησης και συγκεκριμένα, μερικής απασχόλησης, προσωρινής απασχόλησης και αυτοαπασχόλησης. Ο συνδυασμός κρίσης και απελευθέρωσης στην αγορά εργασίας προκαλεί μαζική ανεργία και οδηγεί σε μείωση της συνολικής απασχόλησης, της τυπικής μισθωτής εργασίας, καθώς και των ευέλικτων μορφών. Καταγράφονται άνισες και διαφοροποιημένες γεωγραφικά μεταβολές για τις διαφορετικές μορφές απασχόλησης, ανάλογα και με την περιφερειακή κλαδική εξειδίκευση. Συνολικά οι υποβαθμισμένες πρακτικές ευελικτοποίησης και επισφάλειας στις αγορές εργασίας της ΕΕ, και ειδικά στην Ελλάδα, θέτουν σε αμφισβήτηση την αποτελεσματικότητα και τη στόχευση των πρόσφατων εργασιακών θεσμικών μεταρρυθμίσεων.

The rapid expansion of the platform economy has generated concerns about its economic and social consequences (Lei, 2021; Vallas, 2019). As independent contractors provided with little or no employee rights and managed by algorithms, the job insecurity of platform workers is significant. This damages employment relations, complicates the function of HR departments, and as a result is driving governments and relevant organisations to regulate the platform economy more heavily. This can provide platform workers with more benefits but can also result in gender discrimination and hinder the achievement of gender equality by increasing the gender pay gap. This report discusses three possible solutions to job insecurity among platform workers. Firstly, governments could provide them with similar rights to employees by creating a new category besides employees and independent contractors within existing law, although this would worsen labour market segmentation and social inequality. Secondly, alternative unions which are more flexible could effectively help platform workers to fight for their legal rights, but limited resources would reduce their ability to deal with the problems of every worker. Finally, platform workers could devote themselves to improve their bargaining power to strive for higher income to reduce insecurity, however, it would be hindered by many factors like oversupply of labour force. After analysing and comparing these three solutions, it is recommended that the job security of platform workers could be increased by incorporating them in a special labour law protecting non-standard workers. However, the effectiveness of this could vary from depending on country.

Η κατάργηση των τεχνητών εμποδίων διασυνοριακής αλληλεπίδρασης εντός της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, απελευθέρωσε δυναμικές που επηρέασαν σημαντικά τον συνοριακό οικονομικό χώρο. Αντίθετα, στα εξωτερικά σύνορα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, οι φραγμοί στη διασυνοριακή αλληλεπίδραση με τις όμορες τρίτες χώρες έγιναν πιο αισθητοί στη σφαίρα της πραγματικότητας. Μέσα σ' αυτό το περίγραμμα, ένα νέο μείγμα ευκαιριών και κινδύνων φαίνεται να έρχεται στο προσκήνιο μαζί με ένα νέο πολιτικό, κοινωνικό και οικονομικό χάρτη που επαναπροσδιορίζει την έννοια της γειτνίασης. Στο παρόν άρθρο επιχειρείται η μελέτη της "επίδρασης του συνόρου" στην Ευρώπη, μέσα από τη διερεύνηση των βασικών παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν και προσδιορίζουν τις χωρικές δυναμικές της διασυνοριακής αλληλεπίδρασης. Τα ευρήματα του άρθρου συμβάλουν στην καλύτερη κατανόηση της "επίδρασης του συνόρου", και εμπλουτίζουν τη σχετική συζήτηση τόσο στο επίπεδο της θεωρίας όσο και στο επίπεδο των πολιτικών.

The meteoric growth of the platform economy, its economic underpinnings as well as the accompanying human practices, have provoked academic debates as well as shone a light on its praxis. In this gig-economy, the conditions of work have significantly changed from what used to be relatively stable markets, moored self- and work identities, with predictable technological cycles, established jobs in which individuals were ‘tied’ into roles and their organisations-of-employ, sufficient income during work and non-work periods, and with substantive protections through employment rights and social protection – also known as the standard employment relationship (SER). The gig economy has introduced efficiencies in engaging customer segments and supply chains, however its non-standard forms of employment (NSFE) which includes part-time, temporary and zero-hour contracts and dependent self-employment, has brought with it: low pay, insufficient and variable hours, short-term contracts and limited social protection rights (Rubery, Grimshaw, Keizer & Johnson, 2018). The majority of employees, migrants and foreigners, remain dependent on in-country structures to grant them SER rights – in many countries, though, they do not have the power to engage with those structures and no way to build on and improve their rights. The emerging story of the gig economy divides scholars, particularly in relation to the distribution of the economic and social benefits of this ‘new economy’, as well as international relations (IR) scholars in that race and indigeneity, and its intersections, have been missing in many of the debates. The challenge remains to upend the coloniality and neoliberal nature of work, and create a more democratic and inclusive labour market, in which more of the economic benefits are fairly distributed among those who participate in the gig economy, and not just for indigenous citizens exclusively.

This paper addresses issues the global concern of uncertainties of digital creative workers, emphasizing Indonesian case. This paper argues creative digital workers in digital media industry deal with uncertainty in "atypical," "contingent," "temporary," "informal," and, in particular, "precarious" settings. This research will provide arguments about new forms of labour exploitation in the era of "user-generated content" and "prosumption". This paper's primary theoretical contribution is to clarify the precarious nature of labor for digital labor in communication and media organizations, with a focus on creative workers in Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Additionally, this study will demonstrate how staff members in various communication and media companies routinely work under deadline pressure, work remotely, have short-term contracts, and participate in hustle cult practices. This study used qualitative and in-depth interview studies to look ten people at the lives of digital content officers in a social media specialist (as new media professionals) who produce digital content in social media, managing content for influencers, internet celebrities, and corporations. This research took place between January and June 2022, and it raised fundamental concerns regarding how these industries develop the rhetoric of flexibility, autonomy, and informality.

In the past few decades there have been a variety of attempts to interpret the processes of flexibilisation and individualisation of work (Beck 1992; Sennett 1998; Boltanski and Chiapello 1999; Bauman 2000). Cultural and creative industries are an emblematic case for understanding these phenomena, firstly, because they have been early adopters of flexible working arrangements and, secondly, because they embody the ambivalence of the flexibilisation and individualisation of work, which may increase not only the autonomy and degrees of freedom for workers but also their personal exposure to risk and precariousness. Much sociological

This article examines what it means to be an academic in the knowledge economy, using auto-ethnographic writing or storytelling as its starting point. Although academic mobility has been researched for about a decade, deep listening and deep reading in the context of ethnography have not been utilised in analysing what it means to move in this global space. To conduct this exercise, fellows from the European Union-funded Universities in the Knowledge Economy project who were all mobile academics, were invited to participate in ethnographic writing workshops and explore the personal, subjective elements of narrating their experiences of being mobile and being migrants. I aim to not only present the narratives of colleagues who populate the global knowledge economy but also analyse them and ask if certain ideal forms of narrative habitus support academic mobility.

Resumo As mudanças no mundo do trabalho colocam o desafio de uma maior compreensão da precariedade nas sociedades contemporâneas. Propõe-se uma perspetiva multidimensional da precariedade e ancorada na problemática das desigualdades sociais, ao invés de circunscrevê-la apenas ao vínculo contratual dos trabalhadores. Observa-se o conjunto dos países que constituem a União Europeia para discutir a hipótese de que as várias dimensões da precariedade analisadas serão mais ou menos acentuadas em função de desigualdades que estruturam o espaço europeu do trabalho. Através do "Inquérito ao Emprego" (LFS) e do "Inquérito às Condições de Vida e Rendimento" (EU-SILC) é possível compreendermos as principais tendências de evolução da precariedade antes e durante o período da crise, e sincronicamente, traçarmos um retrato sobre a atual precariedade no contexto europeu da sociedade do conhecimento. Verifica-se que a crise e as políticas de austeridade que se seguiram agravaram a precariedade na União Europeia. As desigualdades categoriais (de estado nacional, género e idade) e distributivas (de recursos educativos e rendimentos) acentuam processos de precarização laboral. Na Europa vislumbra-se um xadrez precário saliente em múltiplos tabuleiros, que se exprime em função das dimensões da precariedade e de determinadas regularidades regionais e transnacionais.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de anemia e analisar os fatores de risco a ela associados nos catadores de material reciclável que utilizam carrinho de propulsão humana do município de Santos - São Paulo. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 253 catadores foi realizado em julho de 2005. A coleta de informações foi feita por meio de questionário com informações sobre características individuais, ocupacionais e dietéticas. Foi realizada avaliação antropométrica e coletado sangue venoso para hemograma completo e sorologias de HIV, HCV, HBV e sífilis. A análise estatística foi feita por análise uni e multivariada (regressão logística), relacionando a anemia aos fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia foi de 38,3%. As variáveis que mostraram associação independente com anemia no modelo multivariado foram: sexo (OR 4,11; IC95%: 1,56-10,87), infecção pelo HIV (OR 9,23; IC95%: 2,93-29,1), IMC (OR 0,21; IC95%: 0,07-0,64), anos de trabalho como catador (OR 4,54; IC95%: 1,29-16,0), con...

Labour markets foster qualification models and professionalisation strategies characterised by insecurity and deregulation. This article analyses narratives of precarious graduates through a subject-oriented approach, taking into account the increasing vulnerability, insecurity and fragmentation that characterise the professional experiences of graduates in the current global economic and financial crisis. Drawing upon information-rich evidence from 21 focus group interviews carried out in a research project in Portugal, this article aims to highlight how young graduates are experiencing, interpreting and managing dilemmas in their transitions from higher education into the labour market. It concludes that ambivalent and unpredictable paths have become the ‘main route’ for accessing a profession in a context of precariousness.

Using mixed methods, the research studied the motivations, methods and dynamics of organizing unions in three garment manufacturers in the Cavite export processing zone in the Philippines. The study revealed decent work de icits: low pay, inadequate bene its, insecure jobs, inhumane treatment, excessive production quota, and cases of gender-based violence. The study found the existence of tempos: invisible workers who are hired for ixed terms without employment contracts and do not receive mandated minimum bene its. The motivation for workers to unionize are, in order of rank, the desire to have higher pay, better bene its, more secure jobs and more humane treatment from management. John Kelly's mobilization theory and its categories such as interest, opportunity and forms of collective action were relevant in analyzing the process of unionization. Similar to Kelly, the research posits that workers use a calculus of the rewards and risks of organizing to determine their support or opposition to unions.

This article focuses on the socioeconomic aspects of migration and migrants-economic refugees. The author presents the migrants as a precarious workforce, which is an indispensable part of modern global capitalism. In this article, the author points out that among the many factors influencing migration, the economic ones play the most crucial role. Forces released by the neo-liberal paradigm led to the global economic and social tensions. This is due to the fact that the market has become the only regulator of economic and social relations. This article is not another critique of neo-liberal doctrine, advocating for replacing capitalism by "something else." The author believes, similarly to John Gray, that what we need is a consensus between the states on different models of capitalism, as there are different cultures.

The measurement of precarity and the identification of a set of indicators that can be used for its assessment has been established as a key issue in Europe, central to the entire discipline of labour statistics, social policy, and sociology of work. Most recent studies agree upon the basic characteristics that a worker should have to be considered as precarious: insecurity, vulnerability, and no or limited entitlements. The present paper offers an innovative method that combines statistical analysis regarding the measurement of nine key indicators that are linked with precarity to a lesser or greater extend, with a rule-based expert system to rate each worker's precarity. Raw data are drawn from the EU-Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for the case of Greece. However, the suggested method can be applied with minor modifications to the remainder thirty-four participating in the EU-LFS countries since a common questionnaire is used for all countries. The estimated indicators refer to three domains that are linked with precarity: labour market conditions and job insecurity, limited entitlements, and insufficient resources. Having estimated a precarious score for each worker, the socio-demographic characteristics of precarious workers are identified, extracting valuable knowledge on their profile.

O presente texto trata de um mapeamento construído por pesquisadores da Faculdade Municipal de Educação e Meio Ambiente de Clevelândia-PR sobre as condições de vida e trabalho dos coletores de recicláveis na cidade. Para isso utilizou-se os dados obtidos com os 61 questionários aplicados com esses trabalhadores, além de duas de 17 entrevistas orais produzidas, tendo por intuito entender e construir uma lógica do que envolve a reciclagem na cidade, com diferentes sujeitos e práticas envolvidos, uma sistêmica. O trabalho teve início a partir do projeto "Do lixão ao parque Tamarino", realizado pelo Núcleo de pesquisa e estudos AMADURECER, que buscou identificar quais sujeitos trabalharam no aterro, se ainda moravam nas redondezas e quais e quantos ainda sobreviviam da reciclagem, observando, também, as transformações socioambientais e culturais no antigo aterro, hoje Parque Natural Tamarino D'Ávila e Silva, gestado pela FAMA. Buscou-se identificar os envolvidos no ramo da reciclagem: coletores, atravessadores e associação de catadores, promovendo conscientização ambiental, valorização de direitos trabalhistas e afirmação de políticas públicas para este contingente precarizado.

Audiovisual Arts (both in their intra-cinematic elements and through its extra-cinematic contexts) have always been a vehicle to display and discuss precarity, as well as affected by it in their modes of production. The notion of Precarity, however, in itself, is also a very open and problematic concept. Often used in reference to changes in labour dynamics, associated with the neoliberal turn, and with the mechanisms of gig-economy, this term has assumed the most various significance up to the point of becoming capable of embodying and speaking in the name of an entire collective predicament  in the contemporary world. From the politics of debt/credit and the digital economy, to ecological crises, passing to accounting for the current reassessment of violent identitarian regimes (in the broad sense of the word), precarity seems to identify both mechanisms and dynamics of exploitation and marginalisation, and the awareness of a sense of vulnerability and interdependence existing between subjects. These latter elements, in fact, also allow for open and creative critical opportunities to be explored and mapped and, at the same time, actively mobilised in their counter-subjectivating potentialities. Exactly by taking into account the openness and polysemic nature of the notion of precarity, this call for papers is directed to the investigation of how such issues variably relate to Screen Culture. Indeed, the connection between precarity and the moving image can refer to modes in which subjectivities and spaces of precarious existence are displayed on screen, or rather to the ways in which such dynamic is intersected on the line of class, race, gender, ability/disability. It can take into account new productive and distributive dynamics, helping in effectively assessing new tensions between mainstream and ‘niche’ screen culture and/or strategies to challenge such divisions. Likewise, understanding these mechanisms is also connected with the possibility of tracing genealogies of precarity in the multiple histories of cinema and audiovisual productions examining hegemonic and counter-hegemonic trends in their developments or even entrenched in the very emergence of a visual culture. In addition we are also interested in the relation between precarity and public policies concerning cinema, as well as film and AV laws, i.e., how policies have addressed it (case studies are welcome) or how legislators may address the broader topic of precarity with regard to the moving image.It is for these reasons that the call follows a double-trajectory: on the one hand, it is directed to the analysis of cinematic experiences and, on the other, it encourages examinations of the infrastructure within which these images operate and exist and, concurrently, of the multiple strategies meant to counteract it. Indeed, as precarity seems to permeate more and more strata of contemporary life (and threatens to do so even more after the pandemic), it becomes all the more important to be tackled, studied, explained and, ultimately, solved. That is why we encourage more than purely critical or analytical discussion.
Addressing precarity and the moving image also means putting in relation screen with wider media, social, and environmental ecologies and accounting for how much cinema, television, and audiovisual experiences in a broad sense, always exist by interrelating to wider and, in turn, evolving, reality.

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar como os Estudos Organizacionais brasileiros utilizam a Teoria Social do Discurso proposta por Fairclough (2008). Foram selecionados dos Anais do EnANPAD 2010, do EnANPAD 2011 e do EnEO 2010, os artigos da área de Estudos Organizacionais que trabalharam com a abordagem faircloughiana. Para o estudo, utilizouse a análise de conteúdo, considerando-se como categorias de análise as dimensões de Fairclough (2008): análise textual, prática discursiva e prática social. Concluiu-se que as três dimensões nem sempre estão presentes nos artigos, mas isso não invalida a crítica realizada aos discursos neles abordados. Análise do Discurso. Análise Crítica do Discurso. Fairclough. Estudos Organizacionais. Estudos Organizacionais Críticos.

Já me acostumei': interfaces entre trabalho, corpo e saúde de catadores de materiais recicláveis 'I am already used to it': interfaces between work, body and health of recyclable material collectors 'Ya me acostumbre': interfaces entre el trabajo, el cuerpo y la salud de los recolectores de materiales reciclables

Resumo O presente texto tem o intuito de descrever e avaliar a prática desenvolvida na busca da correta gestão e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos que são produzidos no Município de Passo Fundo. O objetivo é promover o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e construir alternativas à problemática dos resíduos sólidos, considerando a conjuntura estrutural já existente na municipalidade, bem como, as contribuições de projetos e programas de extensão universitária presentes nesses espaços projeto. Para tanto, vislumbra-se a reciclagem como uma alternativa plausível para a geração de trabalho e de renda, para o desenvolvimento de espaços cooperativos e associativos e como prática de humanização, emancipação e de protagonismo dos catadores e catadoras. Para atingir tal condição, desenvolve-se uma prática de trabalho cooperativo e de gestão participativa do processo, fundamentado nos princípios pedagógicos da educação libertadora. Trata-se de uma prática que busca não só quebrar paradigmas sobre a dimensão dos resíduos sólidos, mas desenvolver a capacidade de movimento/conhecimento econômico, social, cultural, acadêmico e político dos próprios catadores e catadoras.

Na atualidade, diante de um mercado de trabalho excludente, várias são as estratégias de sobrevivência adotadas pelos grupos sociais com menor qualificação. Dentre aqueles que se encontram nessa situação, podemos mencionar a realidade dos catadores de materiais recicláveis. Para este grupo, que vive das latas de lixo, local onde podemos encontrar os principais e mais abundantes bens de nosso tempo, os descartes do consumo, mas ao mesmo tempo, representa o local dos rejeitados e excluídos, lugar em que ninguém quer estar, uma situação particular é delineada. É ali que estes trabalhadores, sujeitos a uma identidade social deteriorada, encontram uma forma lícita de sobreviver, de construir sua identidade e almejar reconhecimento social. Este trabalho apresenta como este processo vem se estabelecendo e como este grupo, em especial, tem tentado, valendo-se de formações coletivas, promover sua distinção como grupo social legítimo. Palavras-chave: formação de identidade; associativismo; lixo; trabalho; grupos sociais. N a transição do século XX para o XXI, ricos e pobres são afetados por transformações das mais diversas maneiras e intensidades. É a modernidade tardia, que Beck considera uma fase em que a modernidade é inserida num novo modelo social que mina e revisa as características do momento anterior, industrial, e que abre o projeto humano para novas contingências, complexidades e incertezas. Entre essas, a modernidade tardia marca uma fase de transformações no jeito de viver das pessoas. Contemporaneamente, Bauman acredita que o estilo de vida é caracterizado pela precariedade, marcada por condições de incerteza constante, pela transitoriedade e alterações sucessivas em suas formas. É uma vida líquida, em que o existir significa transformar-se constantemente, numa verdadeira sucessão de reinícios. Esta vida líquida (Bauman, 2007) marca uma sociedade balizada por valores voláteis, instáveis, descompromissados com o futuro, egoístas e hedonistas. Valores estes que acabam por gerar preceitos e ligações frouxas, além de compromissos revogáveis. Muda-se o modelo social, alteram-se o jeito de viver e os valores. Em consequência, acredita Bauman, nestes cenários se reestruturam os processos de formação identitários baseados em referências em movimento, marcadas por grupos móveis, frágeis e velozes, que buscam desesperadamente âncoras sociais com as quais possam se referenciar momentaneamente, e onde "as identidades ao estilo antigo [...] simplesmente não funcionam" (Bauman, 2005a, p. 33). Um modelo identitário caracterizado por ganhar livre curso, cabendo a cada indivíduo fazer suas escolhas, a partir dos recursos e ferramentas que tem disponível. Resumo

A pesquisa qualitativa, fenomenológica, aborda a Percepção em Merleau-Ponty. Apresenta-se como questão-problema: como @s catador@s de material reciclável se reconhecem/percebem enquanto sujeitos/atores no contexto de atuação na sociedade? As informações da pesquisa (dados) foram “buscadas” junto a seis sujeitos/atores, três do sexo masculino e três do sexo feminino, catador@s residentes em diferentes bairros de um município do sul de Santa Catarina. A busca por informações foi realizada por meio de conversas gravadas, observações, fotos, desenhos, mediante a aprovação dos sujeitos/atores estudados de acordo com documentos submetidos ao Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. O fenômeno estudado foi interpretado com base em adaptações do Método Fenomenológico de Colaizzi e as suas essências e assertivas principais destacadas, vislumbrando processos e potencialidades de autorre(conhecimento), pertencimento e visibilidade dos sujeitos/atores também entre si e a sociedade pelo viés da educação e/ou...

Pregledni naučni članak UdC 331.5:004(497.11) aleksandar kovačević * Univerzitet u Beogradu Fakultet političkih nauka ka dostojanstvenom digitalnom radu-Položaj radnika na digitalnim platformama ** Apstrakt Pojam digitalizacije rada nije nov fenomen. kao posledica digitalizacije javljaju se novi oblici zaposlenja od kojih se posebno ističe rad na digitalnim platformama. Rad na digitalnim platformama, sa druge strane, predstavlja relativno nov i slabo istražen fenomen sa stanovišta političke sociologije. U ovom radu se nastoji da se na osnovu analize utvrde osnovne karakteristike rada na digitalnim platformama i utvrdi da li karakteristike rada na digitalnim platformama odgovaraju aktuelnom shvatanju pojma dostojanstvenog rada. U svrhu odgovora na ovo istraživačko pitanje izvršiće se analiza rada na digitalnim platformama i navesti osnovne karakteristike ovog oblika rada. Sa druge strane, navešće se i osnovne karakteristike dostojanstvenog rada. nakon toga će biti izvršeno upoređivanje ovih karakteristika. Rezultati koji će se postići u ovom radu pokazuju da rad na digitalnim platformama ima više negativnih nego pozitivnih karakteristika. Zaključak koji se ovde postiže ujedno je i negativan odgovor na postavljeno istraživačko pitanje. U zaključnim razmatranjima će biti poseban akcenat na ulozi sindikata u zaštiti osnovnih prava radnika na digitalnim platformama sa ciljem da rad na digitalnim platformama postane dostojanstven rad.

Στις συνθήκες της ύστερης νεωτερικότητας η απορρύθμιση της αγοράς εργασίας και η κυριαρχία των ευέλικτων μορφών εργασίας έχουν συμβάλει στην ανάδυση ενός σώματος επισφαλώς εργαζομένων που βιώνουν ακανόνιστες χρονικότητες και μια καθημερινότητα
που συνυφαίνεται από την αδράνεια ενός σπαταλημένου ελεύθερου χρόνου, αφιερωμένου στην αναζήτηση εργασίας και την εργασιακή συνθήκη της επισφάλειας. Σε αυτή τη συνθήκη οριακότητας όπου o χρόνος σχετικοποιείται και αποικιοποιείται από τις ανάγκες της
φιλελεύθερης παραγωγής, οι εργαζόμενοι αδυνατούν να οργανώσουν και να προγραμματίσουν τα σχέδια ζωής τους, να οραματιστούν και να συγκροτήσουν έναν χρόνο ελευθερίας και δημιουργικότητας που διαχρονικά αποτελούσε ένα χειραφετητικό πρόταγμα της νεωτερικότητας. Επίκεντρο αυτής της εργασίας είναι η επίδραση της συνθήκης της επισφαλούς εργασίας στην κουλτούρα της καθημερινότητας, στους τρόπους ζωής και στον ορίζοντα των μελλοντικών προσδοκιών των επισφαλών εργαζομένων. Το κείμενο αξιοποιεί αφηγήσεις εργαζομένων σε επισφαλείς συνθήκες απασχόλησης στην Αθήνα, στη Θεσσαλονίκη και στο Ηράκλειο και επιχειρεί να κατανοήσει τη σημασία της πρόσληψης του χρόνου στις σταδιοδρομίες και στα σχέδια ζωής τους. Στην ανάλυση εξετάζουμε τον χρόνο όχι ως μια αντικειμενική χρονολογική ύπαρξη αλλά ως μια κοινωνική κατηγορία που βασίζεται σε αναπαραστάσεις, στάσεις και στρατηγικές που συνδέονται με τη διαχείριση και προβολή παροντικών και μελλοντικών θεάσεων του κοινωνικού κόσμου. Μέσα στις
συνθήκες της εργασιακής επισφάλειας, οι παραστάσεις του ελεύθερου χρόνου των συμμετεχόντων αναδεικνύουν αμφισημίες, εντάσεις και διαμαρτυρίες και μαρτυρούν τους τρόπους με τους οποίους το σύγχρονο ευέλικτο προλεταριάτο κατανοεί την εμπειρία ενός
κοινωνικού χρόνου επισφάλειας, στον οποίο τα όρια ανάμεσα στον εργασιακό και τον ελεύθερο χρόνο συσκοτίζονται και οι χρόνοι των ανθρώπων λειτουργούν ως το απείκασμα των κυρίαρχων σχέσεων αναπαραγωγής.

Romanian migrant workers labouring on German construction sites often lack proper health and safety measures and are subjected to exploitative working conditions. Starting off by describing instances of migrant labour unrest, Christian Sperneac-Wolfer sets out to analyse the precarious conditions these workers face in Germany, be that at work, access to decent housing or welfare provisions. The combination of these dimensions increases the negative consequences for workers. Not only does the analysis of these multiple layers of precariousness shed additional light on the extent to which the exploitation and the dynamics of migrant labour is rooted in society, but it also allows to identify new opportunities for political intervention.

Οι ευέλικτες µορφές απασχόλησης έχουν παγιωθεί και καταγράφουν αυξητικές τάσεις στην ελληνική και ευρωπαϊκή αγορά εργασίας, αποτελώντας σηµαντικό παράγοντα στην απορρύθµιση
των εργασιακών σχέσεων και στην αποδιάρθρωση του τυπικού προτύπου απασχόλησης. Η δυναµική της εξάπλωσης των ευέλικτων µορφών απασχόλησης έχει επηρεάσει ποικιλοτρόπως την
κοινωνία, την οικονοµία, την αγορά εργασίας, τις επιχειρήσεις, τα συνδικάτα και τους εργαζόµενους και έχει οδηγήσει τους εµπλεκόµενους στη διερεύνηση και αξιολόγηση των συνεπειών,
µε διαφορετικές όµως αναγνώσεις όσον αφορά το µέγεθος και το πρόσηµο των επιπτώσεων.
Ανεξάρτητα από τις απόψεις που διατυπώνονται, οι αρνητικές ως επί το πλείστον συνέπειες που
καταγράφονται έχουν αποτελέσει την αφετηρία της περαιτέρω διερεύνησης των επιπτώσεων και
της κατάθεσης προτάσεων για την αντιµετώπιση των δυσχερειών και την αποφυγή των καταστρατηγήσεων που συχνά παρουσιάζονται.

Nezaposlenost i briga oko sigurnosti zaposlenja postale su jedna od najaktuelnijih tema u Srbiji. U radu je analizirana percepcija nesigurnosti posla kod 100 zaposlenih u ugostiteljskim objektima. Cilj rada jeste da se utvrdi da li postoji povezanost percepcije nesigurnosti zaposlenja i demografskih varijabli: pola ispitanika, godina starosti, stepena obrazovanja i tipa zaposlenja. Rezultati pokazuju da na ispitanom uzorku ne postoje statistički znatne razlike u pogledu pola, starosti, nivoa obrazovanja, ali da postoje statistički znatne razlike percepcije nesigurnosti zaposlenja u zavisnosti od toga da li se radi o zaposlenju na određeno odnosno neodređeno vreme.

Since the rapid decline in the price of oil in mid-2014, the Alberta economy has been experiencing one of the worst recessions in its history. Prior to this time, the province’s labor market had unemployment rates much lower than the Canadian average, workers flowed into the province from elsewhere in Canada and abroad, and acute labor shortages were prevalent in many occupations, industries and geographical areas. In short, labor mobility was an issue. This paper will discuss labor mobility at both the extensive and intensive margins, showing past trends and offering the most promising avenues to enhance this mobility when the province again returns to a state of prosperity.

Neoliberal governmentality encourages individuals to value their life as a proper(ty). The neoliberal valuation of life embraces ‘self-responsible’ and ‘competitive’ individuals. Drawing on the contingency of life, neoliberal governmentality intervenes in affects to govern individuals. For instance, individuals are made anxious by the insecurity, vulnerability and ambiguity about the unintended consequences of what may happen to them. In this study, we address how Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool/‘Natural Disaster Insurance Institution’ (Doğal Afet Sigortaları Kurumu—hereafter, DASK) intervenes in affects for neoliberal valuation of life as proper(ty). With an interpretive, a post-structuralist and a critical management approach, we examine and analyze the content of the public spots of DASK through the lens of neoliberal governmentality. Accordingly, these public spots portray the victims of Van earthquake as ‘compulsory guests’ and problematise being a compulsory guest. We remar...

Precariedade do trabalho e da vida de catadores de recicláveis em Fortaleza, CE Resumo O artigo discute condições de vida e trabalho de jovens, adultos na meia-idade e idosos que trabalham como catadores de recicláveis nas ruas de Fortaleza, CE. Foram oito entrevistados com idades entre 20 a 85 anos, homens e mulheres. As entrevistas indicam que: todos têm baixa escolaridade; tiveram infância e adolescência marcadas por carências material e afetiva e inserção precoce em trabalhos precários; o trabalho atual dá continuidade a vivências anteriores de precariedade de vida e surge da dificuldade de inserção no mercado formal; os jovens revelam desalento, fracasso e falta de perspectivas; os trabalhadores de meia-idade e os idosos construíram uma rede de proteção através de associações de catadores; todos sentem preconceito no olhar "dos outros", que veem um catador como "lixeiro", "mendigo, urubu", ou um possível "ladrão". Enfim, consideram que a cata de recicláveis é fundamental para a própria sobrevivência e a da família e é, sobretudo, um trabalho "direito". Palavras-chaves: Catadores de materiais recicláveis, Trabalho precário, Informalidade, Histórias de vida. Precariousness work and life conditions of recyclable materials street pickers of Fortaleza, CE