Power Substations

Overhead bare conductors on concrete poles are utilized in distribution line of bulky electric power. These conductors are bare and do not have any insulated coating over them. To ensure safe operation of the lines, a necessary clearance between metal structure in case of tower and bare conductors, insulators are mounted. Insulators provide support to the bare conductors and also provide insulation of high voltage conductors with metal structures. In this paper, the importance of insulators in power system distribution line is discussed along with the types, failure and choice of insulators.

The risk of cascading outages is often associated with overloading. As a result of electrical short circuits, protective relaying picks up the faults and electrically disconnects overloaded transmission lines through circuit breakers. With similar disturbance and implication, disruptive switching cyberattacks in one or more compromised substations can initiate such events that will aggravate system's operating conditions, leading to a widespread blackout. This paper proposes an extended enumeration of substation outages that excludes the overloaded lines from a power flow model. First, the exhaustive combination which starts from the initial combination size k = 1 is enumerated searching for nonconvergent solutions of the hypothesized contingencies associated with the outages of single or more substations. The depth k = S ′ is the level of contingencies which determines when the evaluation will halt. Each combination is then integrated with the overloaded effect that de-energizes transmission lines under the hypothesized scenarios. Nonconvergent solutions on both attack and overloading are carried to the next level of enumerations. This may include islanding that splits a system into multiple areas. The proposed power flow verification is validated using IEEE test cases as well as evaluation of parallel computing to determine its effectiveness of nonconvergent enumeration within a reasonable timeframe.

The first-ever Ukraine cyberattack on power grid has proven its devastation by hacking into their critical cyber assets. With administrative privileges accessing substation networks/local control centers, one intelligent way of coordinated cyberattacks is to execute a series of disruptive switching executions on multiple substations using compromised supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These actions can cause significant impacts to an interconnected power grid. Unlike the previous power blackouts, such high-impact initiating events can aggravate operating conditions, initiating instability that may lead to system-wide cascading failure. A systemic evaluation of "nightmare" scenarios is highly desirable for asset owners to manage and prioritize the maintenance and investment in protecting their cyberinfrastructure. This survey paper is a conceptual expansion of real-time monitoring, anomaly detection, impact analyses, and mitigation (RAIM) framework that emphasizes on the resulting impacts, both on steady-state and dynamic aspects of power system stability. Hypothetically, we associate the combinatorial analyses of steady state on substations/components outages and dynamics of the sequential switching orders as part of the permutation. The expanded framework includes (1) critical/noncritical combination verification, (2) cascade confirmation, and (3) combination re-evaluation. This paper ends with a discussion of the open issues for metrics and future design pertaining the impact quantification of cyber-related contingencies.

Pemutus Tenaga (PMT) adalah salah satu peralatan utama yang ada di gardu induk. PMT merupakan peralatan saklar mekanis yang mampu menutup, mengalirkan dan memutuskan arus beban baik dalam kondisi normal maupun dalam kondisi abnormal. Kerusakan pada PMT sangat merugikan serta mengganggu bagi keseluruhan operasi sistem tenaga listrik oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengujian secara berkala untuk memastikan PMT tersebut masih aman untuk dioperasikan. Adapun pengujian yang dilakukan diantaranya pengujian tahanan isolasi, pengujian tahanan kontak dan pengujian keserempakan kontak. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai hasil pengujian yang didapat dengan standar nilai pada masing-masing pengujian yang sudah tercantum di SK-DIR 0520 – 2014. Hasil Pengujian tahanan isolasi yang didapat pada masing-masing fasa memiliki nilai diatas 150 MW. Sedangkan hasil pengujian tahanan kontak yang dilakukan pada masing-masing fasa diperoleh nilai dibawah 50 µΩ. Pada pengujian keserempakan, ...

Dalam sistem transmisi tenaga listrik terdapat keadaan naik turunnya tegangan, seperti halnya tegangan pada transformator tenaga yang selalu naik atau turun tergantung arus beban (A) dan daya terpakai (MW). Ketika tegangan sisi primer transformator mengalami penurunan atau kenaikkan, secara otomatis berdampak pada tegangan sisi sekunder maka, On Load Tap Changer bekerja mengatur tegangan sisi sekunder dengan cara menaikkan atau menurunkan posisi tap (sapadan) untuk mempengaruhi rasio transformator yang kemudian mempengaruhi tegangan sisi sekunder sehingga tegangan pada sisi sekunder dapat distabilkan sesuai dengan ketetapan tegangan yang ada. Di Gardu Induk Sungai Juaro, posisi normal tap pada Transformator Daya II adalah posisi tap 8 dengan nilai rasio 3,5 (Keadaan Normal). Namun, pada saat beroperasi posisi tap tidak pada satu posisi saja, terdapat tiga posisi tap (pos. 11, 12 dan 13) yang pada jam tertentu berubah posisi menyesuaikan penurunan dan kenaikkan tegangan sisi primer. ...

The substation is part of an electrical system that functions to transform electrical power from 150 kV to 20 kV to be distributed to consumers. In its operation the substation has several equipment to support its performance. One of the protection systems is a lightning arrester or abbreviated as an arrester which functions to protect other electrical equipment from voltage surges whether connecting surges or lightning surges. Under normal circumstances the arrester acts as an insulator, when exposed to lightning surges or arrester surge lightning arrester act as conductors with relatively low resistance and can conduct surge current to the ground. Arrester must quickly become an insulator so as not to make the circuit breaker (CB) open or trip off after the surge is gone. Maintenance of lightning arresters is done by measuring insulation resistance, earth resistance, and thermovision using a camera. This research was conducted to find out how the reliability and feasibility of the...

In electrical engineering, grounding or earthing may be defined as the act of connecting general mass of earth with electrically conducting materials of an installation which under normal conditions do not carry a voltage or charge. Flash protection and earthing systems around the world are now governed by national and international standards that emphasize comprehensive solution requirements. In other words, the structure of lightning protection system cannot and will not protect electronics systems over lightning and transient over voltages. For this reason, a good earthing system is required to provide effective life security and reliable long-term protection and electronics systems. In this study, the safety aspect, type of protection and functionality of earthing system for selected buildings and structures in Sarawak especially in Kuching was identified and discussed. It covers a wide range of earthing system requirements for at home residences, commercial buildings, power sys...

Pengoperasian transmisi listrik tak luput dari berbagai gangguan yang dapat merusak keandalan sistem dari penyaluran listrik. Anomali hotspot merupakan anomali yang sering terjadi serta memiliki dampak yang besar jika sudah menjadi gangguan jika tidak ditangani secara cepat. Anomali hotspot merupakan kelainan temperatur yang terjadi pada peralatan yang dialiri arus listrik umumnya terjadi pada titik sambungan. Hotspot dapat menyebabkan kerugian karena energi listrik diubah menjadi energi panas pada titik terjadinya hospot. Hotspot juga dapat menyebabkan rusaknya bagian peralatan transmisi. Anomali hotspot dapat diketahui dengan cara inspeksi titik sambungan menggunakan alat thermovisi. Seperti yang terjadi pada klem jumper konduktor fasa S pada SUTT 150kV jalur penghantar Ujung Berung – New Rancakasumba T.13 penghantar I. Perbaikan hotspot dapat dilakukan dengan 2 pilihan metode kerja yakni dengan pemadaman listrik atau tanpa pemadaman listrik (PDKB). Dari perkembangan kebutuhan ene...

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) adalah peralatan SCADA yang dapat dipantau atau diperintah oleh master station. RTU dipasang di panel RTU sebagai tempat untuk merakit RTU dengan peralatan integrasi RTU lain guna menjalankan fungsi utamanya, yaitu telecontrolling, telesignalling dan telemetering. Pemasangan panel RTU salah satunya pada recloser. Dalam penelitian ini , dibuat simulator RTU recloser menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 dengan 3 kontrol utama yang berupa kontrol open, kontrol close dan kontrol autoreclose. Untuk fungsi statusnya dibuat simulasi pembacaan 6 status utama berupa status open, status close, status jenis gangguan, status hot line tag, status autoreclose, status setting proteksi dan status local/remote. Selain itu, terdapat juga fungsi tambahan berupa status battery tested untuk mengatasi masalah terputusnya sumber utama RTU, kontrol reset power untuk mengatasi masalah hang RTU dan fasilitas data logger yang secara otomatis dapat terakumulasi dalam program ...

Isolator adalah suatu perlengkapan yang cukup berarti dalam saluran udara tegangan menengah. Distribusi potensial serta medan listrik di sekitar isolator ialah wilayah yang masih mendapat pengaruh sifat kelistrikan dari suatu muatan. Riset ini mengulas simulasi distribusi potensial serta medan listrik pada isolator tegangan menengah berjenis porselen berbasis metode elemen hingga (MEH). Metode ini digunakan agar memudahkan dalam mengukur pendistribusian potensial listrik dan medan listrik pada isolator karena merupakan salah satu metode numerik yang lebih praktis untuk memecahkan masalah elektrostatik. Dari hasil simulasi 3D diperoleh pola distribusi potensial listrik selalu mengikuti kontur dari isolator sedangkan untuk distribusi medan listriknya mencapai nilai tertinggi sebesar 5,3 kV/cm. Sedangkan dari grafik distribusi medan listrik terlihat lebih jelas bahwa stress medan listrik yang besar terdapat pada daerah koneksi antara isolator dengan konduktor serta isolator dengan ground.

Sekarang seperti kita ketahui, pada era globalisasi kebutuhan akan Tenaga Listrik cenderung sudah merupakan hal yang sangat vital, atau sangat dibutuhkan. Maka keberadaan Gardu Induk pada instalansi listrik PLN khususnya, dan perusahaan-perusahaan yangmembutuhkan tenaga listrik pada umumnya, sangat mutlakdiperlukan. Hal ini juga dilakukan pada fungsi minyak trafo. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui cara pemeliharaan minyak isolasi yang baik dan benar untuk dipakai pada transformator yang berkapasitas besar. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Minyak Isolasi adalah merupakan pendingin dari pada belitan yang ada pada trafo dan sekaligus merupakan isolasi antara yang bertegangan dengan body trafo. Pemeliharaan Minyak Isolasi terutama pada trafo nomor 4 di Gardu Induk Kebasen, perlu dilengkapi dengan alat – alat pengamanan agar Minyak Transformator bisa selamat / aman dari gangguan – gangguan yang timbul. Dan Pemeliharaan minyak isolasi perlu persiapan pemikiran urutan kerja, alat–alat ...

Smart Grids integrate the traditional power grid with information processing and communication technologies. In particular, substation intelligent devices can now communicate with each other digitally to enable remote information gathering, monitoring, and control. There have been many efforts to promote global communication standards. The IEC-61850 international standard addresses substation communication networks and systems. Despite the many benefits, this standardized communication poses new cyber-security challenges. Also, traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) may not be suitable for digital substations, given their critical components and stringent time requirements. We present an in-depth analysis of attacks exploiting IEC-61850 substations and recent research efforts for detecting and preventing them. Our main contribution is an original taxonomy comprising design and evaluation aspects for substation-specific IDSs. This taxonomy includes IDS's architectures, detection approaches, analysis, actions, data sources, detection range, validation strategies, and metrics. Additionally, we present a compilation of the detection rules deployed by the state-of-art IDSs and assess their resiliency to five types of attacks. Our assessment reveals that some attacks are covered by currently-deployed IDSs, but, particularly, further advancement is necessary to deal with masquerade attacks. Finally, we discuss trends, open issues, and future research topics.

U radu je prikazano numeričko rješavanje raspodjele elektromagnetskog i temperaturnog polja zračnog transformatora, metodom konačnih elemenata. Raspodjela magnetskog polja određena je za magnetskodinamičko stacionarno stanje i magnetsku jezgru s nelinearnom karakteristikom. Predstavljeni model omogućava uspostavljanje kriterija za optimiranje rada transformatora pod različitim uvjetima opterećenja, okoliša, pa i u slučajevima kvara. Na ovaj način transformator može raditi maksimalnim kapacitetom, dok su istodobno opasnosti od kvarova zbog pregrijavanja svedene na najmanju moguću mjeru. The article presents a numerical solution for the distribution of the electromagnetic and thermal fi elds of an air-core transformer using the fi nite element method. The distribution of the magnetic fi eld is determined for the dynamic steady state and magnetic nonlinear core characteristics. The model presented facilitates the establishment of criteria for optimizing transformer operation under various load conditions, environments as well as in the case of failures. Thus, the transformer can operate at maximum capacity while, at the same time, the probability of faults due to overheating is reduced to a minimum.

High voltage transmission is a process who deliver electrical energy from power plant to the substations, which uses conductor between towers and using insulators during its process. High/Extra high voltage transmission line (EHV/UHV) is prone to fault because it's located on the open air and has high tower. Transmission fault is categorized by transient, semi-permanent and permanent fault. Almost 80-90% of transmission line faults are caused by transient fault like lightning strike and temporary short circuit between conductor and another material, and the rest are semi-permanent and permanent fault. It will interrupt electricity transfer and causing outage in electric consumer side. Transmission line fault recovery is done using conventional method by tracking directly along the transmission line to find fault location and fault cause. It spends much time because of many problems like personnel mobilization, difficult field under transmission line track, and no guidance about fault location. Disturbance Fault Recorder (DFR) become one of the right choice to solve the problem, by analyze analog and digital channel in disturbance record, it produces current fault magnitude, fault cause and fault location data. It will help to reduce time to tracking faulted transmission line for recovery of the transmission line outage. Research data shown that from 5 transmission fault restoration, conventional method spend 1.380 minutes and DFR record analysis only spend 661 minutes. DFR gives significant time efficiency to reduce transmission line outage. Total time efficiency of the use of DFR compared to conventional method is 48,65%.

Exploration process in a real application seems had attracts the interest from researchers and academics nowadays. The usage of robots rather than human themselves give many benefit in term of security and safety, also in time and energy consumption. This project aims to generate a code represent the exploration technique in an unknown environment for homogeneous multi-agents systems. In multi-agents system, there are many variable involve in the result of the exploration process. The number of the agents, network connectivity, type of hardware, the environment and other aspects must be considered in multi-agents system exploration investigation. However, due to time constraint, this project only studies the effect of the number of robots or agents in the exploration task. The technique chose for the task must have a certain rules and assumptions to make the exploration process run smoothly and efficient. The code has been developed by using NetLogo due to the availability of sample models and toolboxes. Recording of the data was also done through the use of NetLogo. Finally, the data is arranged by using Microsoft Excel to extract the recorded data for analysis process. The usage of Minitab software is used to plot the graph. Hopefully, this system can be used in real application with the appropriate hardware.

The issue to be resolved in the current case study started from the observation of the large number of accidents involving electric services in the maintenance of medium-voltage circuit breakers. The objective of this study is to analyze the procedures, equipment and safety measures in the maintenance of circuit breakers in a pulp and paper industry based on the monitoring of the implementation of such activity in the plant chosen as an instrument of the case study. Seeking to support the analysis were presented guidelines of NR-10, beyond the guidelines about the operation, maintenance, existing types, testing and testing of circuit breakers.. For the case study was accompanied the two circuit breakers maintaining of different characteristics. A checklist with NR-10 items was designed to analyze the conformity and nonconformity. Reached a value of 91% serviced items and the main items failures was responsibility from the industry contractor of the service. From the analysis sought to propose improvements and security-related changes in the maintenance of circuit breakers.

The importance of forecasting has become more evident with the appearance of the open electricity market and the restructuring of the national energy sector. This paper presents a new approach to load forecasting in the medium voltage distribution network in Portugal. The forecast horizon is short term, from 24 hours up to a week. The forecast method is based on the combined use of a regression model and artificial neural networks (ANN). The study was done with the time series of telemetry data of the DSO (EDP Distribution) and climatic records from IPMA (Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere), applied for the urban area of Évora-one of the first Smart Cities in Portugal. The performance of the proposed methodology is illustrated by graphical results and evaluated with statistical indicators. The error (MAPE) was lower than 5%, meaning that chosen methodology clearly validate the feasibility of the test.

This seminar report presents an analysis on the operation and maintenance of substation
using the Transmission Company of Nigeria, Apo 132/33kV substation as a case study.
It gives a description of how the substation operates to effectively step down the voltage
to distribution level; and as the proper functioning of the substation is desired, the report
also give some maintenance strategies employed, particularly the Annual Preventive
Maintenance. It discusses the method of carrying out the Annual Preventive
Maintenance and analyses result from tests carried out during the Annual Preventive
Maintenance at TCN.

Distribution of electricity to consumers through some process that begins from power plants to substations supplied (sub-station), then lowered into the substation -a low-voltage distribution substations. The distance is too far between the point on the voltage distribution in particular between the IBT to the parent distribution substation secondary voltage drop triggers, It is as well as on the distance between new or IBT IBT cilegon Gandul to trigger serpong substation secondary voltage drop at substation serpong.To stabilize the voltage of the secondary to the primary voltage on distribution transformer tap changer operation. Problems arise when the tap changer to operate too much will lead to the over-excitation of the distribution transformer. The side effects of the over-excitation also trigger an increase in temperature of the thermal transformer, so the effect on the components within it, is no exception to the isolation of paper inthe process of thermal temperature rise is...

Quisiera expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a todos aquellos que, de alguna manera, tuvisteis que ver con el desarrollo del presente trabajo. Me sería muy difícil enumeraros a todos, pues abundáis y no tendría suficiente con una página. Tampoco quisiera olvidarme de nadie, así que hablando en general, puedo decir que, cada uno, habéis cumplido una pequeña misión durante el tiempo que me ha llevado desarrollar esta Tesis. Familia, amigos y compañeros de trabajo, a todos, gracias. En particular quiero agradecer a D. José Luis del Alamo, director de esta Tesis Doctoral, su orientación, dedicación y apoyo en todo momento. A todos los componentes del Proyecto CALSER, la gran ayuda prestada, gracias a la cual se ha cimentado este trabajo. Y, en fin, corriendo el riesgo de repetirme, a todos aquellos que con su cariño me rodearon y no apretaron demasiado, gracias.

This paper presents the application of the sequential Montecarlo simulation method for the reliability assessment of power substations in planning or design activities. As a real example, the reliability of the Centro substation in the city of Pereira is assessed.

PT. PLN (Persero) dituntut untuk menjaga kualitas penyaluran sistem tenaga listrik ke pelanggan (masyarakat). Hal ini yang mendorong Perusahaan untuk menjaga keandalan peralatan listrik dengan melakukan pemeliharaan pada peralatan di Switchyard gardu induk. Peralatan listrik juga mempunyai batasan umur operasinya tersendiri. Seperti umur operasi Lightning Arrester yaitu mencapai 10-15 tahun, apabila melebihi dari 15 tahun umur operasi peralatannya maka dapat dikatakan peralatan tersebut sudah sangat tua. Salah satu contoh peralatan yang sudah sangat tua yaitu pada Lightning Arrester Bay PHT 70 kV Sungai Juaro #2 GI Sungai Kedukan yang sudah beroperasi sejak tahun 1985. Sehingga peralatan tersebut perlu dipelihara dengan dilakukan Pengujian Leakage Current Measurement (Pengukuran Arus Bocor) untuk mengetahui kondisi dari peralatan tersebut sehingga dapat diketahui tindakan pada Lightning Arrester tersebut apakah perlu dilakukan penggantian peralatan atau tidak

On one hand, the particular objective of this research is to yield the software program in order to control efficiently the important aspects in electric power systems which can be implemented in industries. In the other hand, the longterm objective is to extend the curriculum, syllabi, laboratory facilities, and to improve the abilities and qualities of graduates continuously either within State Polytechnic of Ujung Pandang or outside. Method used to achieve these objectives is making, design and implementation which will be last for two years. Simulator for generation system in the first stage of the research is balanced six-phase system yielded from the circuit of 3-one phase centre-tap transformers of 220/18 V, 15 A, as the supply of low-tension 3-phase system, which feeds six one-phase transformer of 18/220 V, 20 A, whose output as another balanced 3-phase system with 220 V/phase. From balanced 6-phase system, a balanced 3-phase will simulate generator number 1 and another bala...

The first-ever Ukraine cyberattack on power grid has proven its devastation by hacking into their critical cyber assets. With administrative privileges accessing substation networks/local control centers, one intelligent way of coordinated cyberattacks is to execute a series of disruptive switching executions on multiple substations using compromised supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These actions can cause significant impacts to an interconnected power grid. Unlike the previous power blackouts, such high-impact initiating events can aggravate operating conditions, initiating instability that may lead to system-wide cascading failure. A systemic evaluation of "nightmare" scenarios is highly desirable for asset owners to manage and prioritize the maintenance and investment in protecting their cyberinfrastructure. This survey paper is a conceptual expansion of real-time monitoring, anomaly detection, impact analyses, and mitigation (RAIM) framework that emphasizes on the resulting impacts, both on steady-state and dynamic aspects of power system stability. Hypothetically, we associate the combinatorial analyses of steady state on substations/components outages and dynamics of the sequential switching orders as part of the permutation. The expanded framework includes (1) critical/noncritical combination verification, (2) cascade confirmation, and (3) combination re-evaluation. This paper ends with a discussion of the open issues for metrics and future design pertaining the impact quantification of cyber-related contingencies.

With a suggestion to Cigrè

• Certifiers & testing laboratories: need to use the limit values in Table 6 to be able to approve or certify tested equipment. Limits for connections, the hotspot, are not written. How to deal with undefined text?
• Test report without “pass/fail” conclusion are frequent in the market: If the lab is 3rd part, the buyer will possibly think it was approved. Do you expect the user to evaluate by reading the table?
• Insurers and Liabilities: e.g., if fire or loss due to accelerated aging occurs, due to use above recognized limits, who is responsible, from the point of view of insurers?
• The phrase “According to the requirements of the component standard or the manufacturer’s is not an objective or verifiable statement (ISO9000). Connection limits depend only on the materials.
• What are the correct temperature rise limits to apply: suppose a connection between main breaker (85K) and the busbar (60/75K). By engineering rules, the limit is the lower of the two values – not the breaker/component value (IEC60943). Why is the concept of note (b) valid only for terminals?
• Mention of 105 K leads to wrong thinking that this is the limit value of connections: seems that, in the past, the term “temperature (40+75=115K) was confused with “temperature” and it became the “truth”.
• SOLUTION:  replace the poorly written Table 6 IEC 61439-1 by the transparent Table 14 of IEC62271-1.

Perkembangan sistem ketenagalistrikan dewasa ini telah mengarah pada peningkatan keandalan dan kualitas dalam penyaluran energi listrik, khususnya pada Gardu Induk. Salah satu peralatan utama di Gardu Induk adalah Pemutus Tenaga (PMT). Untuk meningkatkan keandalan, PMT perlu dipelihara secara periodik. Penundaan pemeliharaan akan mempengaruhi nilai keandalan. Berdasarkan data breakdown PMT kubikel outgoing 20 kV tahun 2016 dan 2017 PT. PLN (Persero) APD Jabar, terlihat bahwa PMT jenis SF6 memiliki waktu breakdown sebesar 350,75 jam dan PMT jenis vacuum sebesar 169.3 jam dalam waktu dua tahun. Breakdown yang terjadi sangat mempengaruhi keandalan (reliability) PMT tersebut. Oleh karena itu penulis tertarik untuk meneliti keandalan PMT menggunakan metode FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis). Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian adalah PMT jenis SF6 memiliki nilai reliability sebesar 0.83 dan vacuum sebesar 0.92 dalam rentang 0 sampai 1 dengan perhitungan distribusi lognormal. Kegagala...

Kehandalan pasokan energi listrik sangat dibutuhkan di seluruh negara khususnya di indonesia, untuk menghindari defisitnya pasokan sehingga menimbulkan sistem pemadaman. Untuk itu maka kehandalan sebuah pembangkit listrik sangat diharapkan. Pada sebuah pembangkit listrik, Generator adalah termasuk peralatan yang paling utama. Sebelum generator dioperasikan sudah seharusnya dilakukan pemeriksaan nilai resistansi isolasi sehingga didapatkan nilai minimum sesuai dengan standart IEEE. Penelitian akan dilakukan pada generator 200 MW PLTU Pangkalansusu, pabrikan Beijing Beizhong.co.ltd, yang bermedia pendingin Hydrogen (H2) pada belitan Rotor dan bermedia pendingin Air demin pada belitan Stator. Pada generator jenis ini sering terjadi turunnya nilai resistansi isolasi dibawah nilai minimum sehingga terjadi penundaan untuk pengoperasian Generator dan dapat mengganggu pasokan energi listrik ke jaringan.

ANALISIS DESAIN DAN UJI KINERJA STT-MBE BASIS TRAFO. Telah dilakukan analisis desain dan uji kinerja STT-MBE berbasis transformator (trafo) 3 fase untuk menentukan penyebab spesifikasi teknis tidak dicapai pada uji kinerja. Metode analisis dilakukan dari tiga aspek. Pertama analisis dokumen desain dan konstruksi menggunakan standar IEC/SNI dan handbook trafo ABB untuk mengetahui kesesuaian komponen desain. Kedua, simulasi desain trafo menggunakan program VIZIMAG untuk mengetahui kebenaran perhitungan analitik desain. Ketiga, melakukan uji tegangan dadal komponen konstruksi padat dan insulasi oli untuk mengetahui desain keamanan tata letak komponen tegangan tinggi STT. Berdasarkan analisis pertama ternyata hampir 30% bahan komponen STT tidak memenuhi standar trafo. Dari analisis kedua ternyata perhitungan analitik desain trafo sudah benar. Berdasarkan analisis ketiga ternyata tegangan dadal oli terukur 3 kali lebih kecil dari asumsi desain keamanan, sedangkan struktur fleksiglas bisa...

IEC 61850 is one of the most prominent communication standards adopted by the smart grid community due to its high scalability, multi-vendor interoperability, and support for several input/output devices. Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE), which is a widely used communication protocol defined in IEC 61850, provides reliable and fast transmission of events for the electrical substation system. This paper investigates the security vulnerabilities of this protocol and analyzes the potential impact on the smart grid by rigorously analyzing the security of the GOOSE protocol using an automated process and identifying vulnerabilities in the context of smart grid communication. The vulnerabilities are tested using a real-time simulation and industry standard hardware-in-the-loop emulation. An in-depth experimental analysis is performed to demonstrate and verify the security weakness of the GOOSE publish-subscribe protocol towards the substation protection within the smart g...

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetiva o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta didática que sirva como suporte aos acadêmicos da disciplina de Subestações de Energia Elétrica. A aplicação proporcionará ao usuário demonstrações de manobras em arranjos de barramentos mais comuns, facilitando e proporcionando o entendimento dos diferentes equipamentos que compõem uma subestação. Decidiu-se a utilização do pacote Tkinter, que acompanha a distribuição oficial do interpretador de licença livre Python, sendo responsável pela interface gráfica com o usuário. Pretende-se realizar uma avaliação de qualidade da aplicação com os discentes da disciplina. O aplicativo será disponibilizado para download, para uso pessoal e/ou acadêmico, através da plataforma de hospedagem GitHub.com, onde fornece controle de acesso e vários recursos de colaboração.

GOOSE protocol is used for critical protection operations in the power grid, as standardized by IEC61850. It thus has strong real-time constraints that make very hard to implement any security means for integrity and confidentiality such as encryption or signature. Our answer to this lack of dedicated cybersecurity measures is to check legitimacy of every GOOSE messages flowing over the managed network. When detectors issue an alert, the SCADA informs field devices to discard GOOSE communication and run an alternative protection strategy. This article focuses on the GOOSE attack detectors we developed: one dedicated to Ethernet storm and the other one to fraudulent GOOSE frames. The paper first introduces main GOOSE protocol mechanisms and gives a brief state of the art regarding GOOSE attack management before presenting our architecture and the detectors.

We present a study of the causality of dispersive soil models for exact prediction of the effective length of grounding electrodes in single and two-layer soils. The causal and non-causal models of dispersive soil are applied to the analysis of grounding electrodes subject to two typical first and subsequent return-strokes. For computations, we adopt the computationally efficient multi-conductor transmission line method. The simulation results show that the causality plays an important role on the effective length so that under causal assumption it can be less or greater than that of the non-causal counterpart, depending on the low-frequency resistivity of lossy soil and current waveform. The difference between causal and non-causal models for predicting the effective length is more pronounced for subsequent return current, whereas for first stroke current it is ignorable. Moreover, the simulation results show that the burial depth effect in causal and non-causal-dispersive soils sho...

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) adalah peralatan SCADA yang dapat dipantau atau diperintah oleh master station. RTU dipasang di panel RTU sebagai tempat untuk merakit RTU dengan peralatan integrasi RTU lain guna menjalankan fungsi utamanya, yaitu telecontrolling, telesignalling dan telemetering. Pemasangan panel RTU salah satunya pada recloser. Dalam penelitian ini , dibuat simulator RTU recloser menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 dengan 3 kontrol utama yang berupa kontrol open, kontrol close dan kontrol autoreclose. Untuk fungsi statusnya dibuat simulasi pembacaan 6 status utama berupa status open, status close, status jenis gangguan, status hot line tag, status autoreclose, status setting proteksi dan status local/remote. Selain itu, terdapat juga fungsi tambahan berupa status battery tested untuk mengatasi masalah terputusnya sumber utama RTU, kontrol reset power untuk mengatasi masalah hang RTU dan fasilitas data logger yang secara otomatis dapat terakumulasi dalam program ...

This paper presents the steps of calculating a safety grounding system of substations as recommended by the IEEE Std standard. 80-2013 with ground grid configuration combined mesh and earth rods, using ground soil enhancement material to reduce ground resistance. A program for automatic design of substation grounding system has been developed, allowing quick calculations to be applied to Electricity companies, Electrical Design Consultants, etc. in Vietnam, for the sample grounding calculation example is applied to the 220/110/22kV Long Thanh substation.

Sistem penyaluran tenaga listrik pada panel utama Prambanan mengalami drop tegangan yang melebihi batas toleransi yang ditentukan yaitu maksimum 5 % sesuai dengan SNI 04-0225-2000, PUIL 2000. Karena meskipun tegangan kirim yang baik dapat diandalkan, namun belum mungkinkan untuk mempertahankan tegangan tetap pada sistem distribusi panel utama Prambanan, karena drop tegangan dapat terjadi disemua bagian sistem dan akan berubah dengan adanya perubahan beban. Tegangan ujung penerimaan ini akan semakin rendah apabila jarak konsumen ke pusat pelayanan cukup jauh. Apabila drop tegangan yang terjadi melebihi batas toleransi yang diijinkan, maka secara teknis akan mengakibatkan terganggunya kinerja peraltan listrik konsumen seperti berbagai jenis lampu, alat-alat pemanas dan motor-motor listrik. Maka diperlukan suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui metode yang paling ekononis untuk memperbaiki profil tegangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metode perbaikan pada jaringan distribusi p...

The evolution of Internet of Things has been tremendous in today's generation. A Promising and challenging mission is the use of autonomous robot systems to automate tasks in the field of maintenance. Major concern of evolution in robotics involves reducing human burden. This project work addresses the critical environment where Human presence is mandatory due to its nature of demanding accuracy like bomb diffusion, Chemical and radiation containment etc. A promising and challenging mission is the use of autonomous robot system to automate task in the field of maintenance. Each device is uniquely identifiable by the controlling software which is the core concept of Internet of Things Due to the remote operation procedure of a ROBOT .It lags in human precision and adaptability. This project proposes a novel idea of imitating the human hand movement with a virtually controlled robotic arm, which can be utilized in human endurance situations. A video and audio interface plug-in will be developed to recognize audio commands and also video gestures. Every method is experimentally validated and discussed.

Arrester is a tool to protect protection equipment on 150 kV Substation Wonogiri Parent against lightning or surja surja hyphen, in the installation of the arrester there is optimum layout i.e. where the arrester protects the equipment corresponds to the distance specified. Optimum layout of the arrester himself greatly affects the performance of the arrester to protect equipment. The goal of penilitan is to determine the maximum distance of the arrester at the Substation Wonogiri Stem 150 kV and compare with the distance on the field, the calculation of the maximum distance meperbaiki can be done in order for the system to be more optimal and work very effective. This research uses a single line diagram of the parent booths to analyze the arrester and transformer substation attached to a stem, transformer and arrester are analyzed in this research is the transformer I type CG PAUWELS, arresterI by the transformer type 1 OHIO BRAS PH310GV132, and arrester II bay rayum 2 type ABB AB ...

Laporaninibertujuanuntukmelihatperbandinganantaranilairasiotransformatorhasilpengujiandenganhasilperhitunganberdasarkan nameplate transformator. Metodepengujianmenggunakanalat uji Omicron CPC100 dimanapengujian yang dilakukanadalahPengujian Transformer Turn Ratio(TTR). Pengujian yang dilakukandapatmengetahuiperbandinganjumlahkumparansisitegangantinggi dan sisiteganganrendah pada setiap tap, dimanasetelahdilakukanpengujianselisihhasilperhitungandenganpengujianbervariasiantara 0,0045 hingga 0,0155. Hasil pengujiandeviasirasio yang dilakukandiperolehnilaideviasirasio yang masihdalamkeadaanbaik. Nilai deviasihasilpengujian rata-rata dibawah 0.5%, dimananilainyabervariasiantara -0,07% hingga -0,025%. Nilai tersebutmasihdibawahstandar yang diijinkanmenurut SK-DIR 0520, sehinggatransformatordaya 60 MVA 3 layakuntuk di energize

The hot points that occur in the switchyard are caused by currents flowing in the conductor due to obstacles. The frequent heating part is the terminal and connection portion of the switchyard, especially between the two different metals, as well as the cross section of the conductor that shrinks due to corrosion. So that the part should be considered, by controlling or checking the temperature using Thermovisi. The hot temperature of equipment Arrester in Bay Indarung 1 Pauh Limo is still under normal conditions where the temperature ranges from 20 o C-43 o C. But need attention to the improvement plan. Temperature difference between the phase of Arrester equipment in switchyard of Bay Indarung 1 Pauh Limo one reaches the III condition, there are conditions I and II where it shows necessary investigation and improvement plan, to avoid occurrence short-circuited between phases (R, S, T).

SF 6 and its handling are subject to a number of publications, especially from CIGRE. However, the most familiar ones for GIS project execution are the IEC standards IEC 60376 (2005-06) (for technical grade gas), IEC 60480 (2004-10) (for used gas), and IEC 62271-4 (2013-08) (for handling of SF 6 in high-voltage switchgear).

Distribution of electricity to consumers through some process that begins from power plants to substations supplied (sub-station), then lowered into the substation -a low-voltage distribution substations. The distance is too far between the point on the voltage distribution in particular between the IBT to the parent distribution substation secondary voltage drop triggers, It is as well as on the distance between new or IBT IBT cilegon Gandul to trigger serpong substation secondary voltage drop at substation serpong.To stabilize the voltage of the secondary to the primary voltage on distribution transformer tap changer operation. Problems arise when the tap changer to operate too much will lead to the over-excitation of the distribution transformer. The side effects of the over-excitation also trigger an increase in temperature of the thermal transformer, so the effect on the components within it, is no exception to the isolation of paper inthe process of thermal temperature rise is...

Distribution of electricity to consumers through some process that begins from power plants to substations supplied (sub-station), then lowered into the substation -a low-voltage distribution substations. The distance is too far between the point on the voltage distribution in particular between the IBT to the parent distribution substation secondary voltage drop triggers, It is as well as on the distance between new or IBT IBT cilegon Gandul to trigger serpong substation secondary voltage drop at substation serpong.To stabilize the voltage of the secondary to the primary voltage on distribution transformer tap changer operation. Problems arise when the tap changer to operate too much will lead to the over-excitation of the distribution transformer. The side effects of the over-excitation also trigger an increase in temperature of the thermal transformer, so the effect on the components within it, is no exception to the isolation of paper inthe process of thermal temperature rise is...

U diplomskom radu prikazan je jedan od načina spajanja urbanih izvora otpadne topline u centralizirane toplinske sustave (CTS). Prema literaturi postoji oko 1,2 EJ dostupne niskotemperaturne otpadne topline koja se ispušta u okoliš. Trenutne temperaturne razine CTS-a u Republici Hrvatskoj, ali i diljem Europe ne dozvoljavaju direktnu rekuperaciju otpadne topline. Zbog toga, ali i činjenice postojanja sve većeg udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u elektroenergetskom miksu, sve češće se za ovakvu integraciju otpadne topline upotrebljavaju dizalice topline. Integracija dizalica topline i izmjenjivača topline u smislu iskorištavanja otpadne topline, izrađena je pomoću modela pinch metode. Ona se zasniva na vrednovanju izmjene topline između dviju struja pomoću minimalne temperaturne razlike između njih. U radu je njen proračun potpomognut programskim jezikom Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) u sklopu računalnog paketa Microsoft Excela. Također, osim samog VBA, u radu je za potrebe map...

Kegiatan manusia dalam menggunakan listrik dari waktu ke waktu akan mengalami pertumbuhan. Pertumbuhan penduduk, pertumbuhan perumahan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu wilayah diyakini sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi meningkatnya konsumsi energi listrik. Salah satu komponen penyalur tersebut adalah gardu induk. PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sebagai pemasok tegangan listrik perlu mengevalusi transformator yang ada pada gardu induk untuk melayani kebutuhan beban listrik konsumen. Tujuan penelitian mengevaluasi transformator pada gardu induk dengan memprediksi beban konsumen, dan berapa besar total bisnis (target) manajemen yang dapat ditanggung transformator dengan kapasitas terpasang sehingga diharapkan tidak terjadi pemadaman energi listrik dikarenakan kapasitas transformator gardu induk tidak mampu menanggung besarnya permintaan konsumen. Metode tahapan 1.) Analisa data awal 2.) trend moment 3.) Roll-up 4.) Force-down 5.) Analisa hasil. Hasil perhitungan menunjukan pada bulan-ke 12, nilai roll-up forecast sebesar Rp 780.787.158.836 disisi lain total bisnis manajemen ditetapkan sebesar Rp1.000.000.000.000. Untuk total bisnis manajamen yang telah ditetapkan diperkirakan pada bulan ke-40 target tersebut tercapai dengan hasil roll up sebesar Rp 1.006.802.944.527