Poverty and Social Exclusion

Somalia is generally thought of as a homogenous society, with a common Arabic ancestry, a shared culture of nomadism and one Somali mother tongue. This study challenges this myth. Using the Jareer/Bantu as a case study, the book shows how the Negroid physical features of this ethnic group has become the basis for ethnic marginalization, stigma, social exclusion and apartheid in Somalia. The book is another contribution to the recent deconstruction of the perceived Somali homogeneity and self-same assertions. It argues that the Somalis, just like most societies, employ multiple levels of social and ethnic distinctions, one of which is the Jareer versus Jileec divide. Dr. Eno successfully portrays another Somalia, in which a mythical homogeneity masks the oppression and social exclusion suffered by some ethnic groups in the country

Flooding and poverty are the two social problems that have coexisted within the rural communities of Tsholotsho district. As a result, both problems have negatively affected and disrupted the everyday pattern of lives of people living in the district. This study sought to highlight how the two problems combine to impact human societies. The objectives that the study sought to fulfil were to establish the impact of flooding on the development of rural communities, to analyse how poverty manifests itself in rural communities, to analyse the relationship that exists between flooding and poverty and to suggest ways for dealing with the two problems. A qualitative research approach, using interviews and observations, was used to gather data from the research participants. The study findings were that flooding impeded development through shifting of human populations, destruction of crops, shelter and livestock. Floods also affected human capital through causing injuries to members of the community. Poverty manifested itself in three ways – as a development barrier, a vulnerability
amplifier and a non-discriminatory agent. The study further found that a strong relationship exists between flooding and poverty because of the fact that flooding causes or worsens poverty, whereas poverty increases flood vulnerability. The study concluded that the poor
need government assistance to reconstruct shelter destroyed by floods. Furthermore, programs aimed at improving livelihoods of the poor are an indispensable imperative. This study informs policymakers and offers a methodological significance to development and disaster
practitioners. It also adds to the body of literature on flooding and poverty.

Certain proponents of slavery in the Islamic world assert that slaves exported from East Africa to the Arabian Peninsula or areas under Arabian domain within Africa were in fact acquired not for agricultural economic purposes but rather for domestic labor. According to some scholars, this facilitated the integration of former slaves more thoroughly into Islamic communities than into the Atlantic slaveholding communities. However, while the theory of integration may hold true, at least in part, historical evidence suggests this may not be true in the case of the Bantu/Jareer1 population in the Horn of Africa, the main focus of this paper. Therefore, using the Bantu/Jareer
population of southern Somalia as a case study, this paper explores the contradictions prevalent in integration theory, the impact of slavery as a social institution, and the economic functions the slaves performed in Islamic countries.

Although scholars of Somali Studies have engaged themselves in examining the Somali society from several perspectives, colonial and early Somali writers mainly observed the Somali people as homogenous, egalitarian and nomadic pastoral. Themes on multi-ethnicity, multiculturalism, and linguistic diversity were ignored as topics that sully the myth of the selfsame ideology colorfully embroidered in the official historiography. The notion also deluded pioneering Somali scholars from critically studying their people and analyzing colonial writing; at least not beyond the western scholars' knowledge boundary. Accordingly, the Horn of Africa was exemplified as a unique African nation where citizens enjoy equality and share an all-in-one identity: culturally, ethnically, historically, and linguistically. Contrary to that notion, though, the everyday social situation makes the primordial ideology of selfsameness unsustainable. To establish the evidence, this essay discusses about how the Bantu Jareer agrarian community, a section among the different groups of subalterns in the country, views its environment and social space within the boundary of deeply offensive segregation by an extremely suppressive Somali society.

Urban development in North-Western Region of India comprising Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh is at cross roads. The Region is facing many crucial and new urban challenges in post liberalization era. The scale of emerging challenges, such as housing, slums, poverty, infrastructure and services, transportation, parking, environmental pollution, is unprecedented. Slums, with multiple deprivations, are growing rapidly even in the hilly states like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir due to migration of the poor population. Urban development seems to be neglected in urban policy planning over successive planning eras.


The onset of liberal regimes in promoting development of real estate markets, beginning of low interest home loans, lack of strong regulation of sale and purchase of land and housing seem to have made them the commodity for speculation. Housing problem seem to acquire serious dimension in the wake of rapid urbanization, commodification of land and housing, distortion in land market and weakening of public sector housing provision. The social segregation and marginalization of urban poor continue to be major challenges. The town planning is poor and local governance is weak to cope with haphazard urbanization and emerging urban problems in the region. The deficiencies in infrastructure and services are visible and people’s perception about the same is very poor. The social and environmental fabric of cities in the region is under stress.



Based on compilation of extensive data on various aspects of urban development in North-Western India, the book is an attempt to contribute to the existing debate on emerging trends, concerns and strategies in urban development in India. With the discussion on the city and state level case studies from the region, the volume tries to explore how state and city governments in North-Western India have been dealing with the emerging urban issues and challenges and what sort of local policies are emerging to deal with the growing crucial urban problems. The volume provides good source of relevant data/ information to planners, local and state level policy makers and students of urban studies.

The Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme was established in Ghana to tackle poverty, yet studies on LEAP yielded inconclusive results on its effects. This article reports on an assessment of the effects of LEAP on poverty reduction, using an “after-only” study design. Results suggest that beneficiaries saw improvement in food consumption, income levels, savings levels, access to healthcare, and school attendance following participation in LEAP. The study concludes that LEAP contributed to poverty reduction as it enhanced beneficiaries’ living conditions. It  recommends that LEAP targeting be based on the
Ghana National Household Registry’s database to eliminate inclusion errors.

Sosyal politika alanında yapılan reformlardan en fazla payı alanlardan biri de eğitim olmuştur. 19. yüzyıldan itibaren çocuk ve gençler gerek sosyal, gerekse ekonomik yönlerden dezavantajlı duruma düşmüşlerdir. Günümüzde sosyal politikanın alanı olarak kabul edilen çocuk bakımı ve eğitimi, zamanla devletlerin ilgisini çekmiş ve yapılan politikalarda okul öncesi yaşlar için yenilikler düzenlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; okul öncesine yönelik sosyal politikalar ve uygulamalar arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkların ortaya konulması ve somut önerilerin geliştirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olan İngiltere, Finlandiya ve üyelik için müzakerelere devam eden Türkiye örnekleri incelenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Politika, Okul Öncesi Eğitim, Türkiye, İngiltere, Finlandiya

As Rodas dos Expostos de exposição livre foram encerradas em Portugal entre finais dos anos 1860 e 1888 (e não em 1867, como se continua a ler), sendo substituídas por Hospícios distritais de admissão justificada. Em Coimbra aboliu-se em 1872. A mudança assustava, pois ninguém tinha memória de não haver rodas de enjeitados. O que se passaria agora? Subida em flecha da mortalidade infantil? Recurso ao infanticídio? Surto de crianças abandonadas por montes e caminhos? Pretende-se neste artigo responder precisamente a isto: o que aconteceu no distrito de Coimbra quando a Roda dos Expostos foi encerrada e, ainda, quando e como começaram as autoridades a responsabilizar-se com as crianças maiores de 7 anos.

1 Chinese proverb: BETTER teach a man to catch fish than give him fish 1.0 INTRODUCTION One of the contributions of this chapter is to lend weight to the current discourse on asset-based measures of poverty and argue in support of Carter and Barrett (2005) 2 who propose an extension of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) class of poverty measures. This chapter goes beyond asset-threshold and posits assets-income-based and networth measures of poverty applied to the FGT class of poverty measures. A binary classification of assets into tangible 3 and intangible is introduced representing what is called in this article the hardware and the software respectively 4. This chapter discusses the former, the hardware. I would like to use this classification to argue that while a lot of poverty studies focus on intangible assets (the software) such as education (literacy), health (longevity, fertility etc), only a few studies have focused on tangible assets (hardware) in the measurement of poverty hence it is given distinct prominence in this thesis. Tangibles include tractors, land, scotch carts, livestock and stocks (grain, seed). I entwine my work with that of Carter and Barrett (2005) with respect to the FGT class of poverty measures to broaden the scope of application of the tools they propose. This chapter is divided into five sections. Section 2 provides the background and is followed by a literature review as Section 3 which contains a brief appraisal of FGT extensions as proposed by Carter and Barrett (2005). In Section 4, I propose my own extensions to the FGT class of measures. Section 5 concludes. 2 This paper by Carter and Barrett (2005) is downloadable, see internet 2in the reference section. 3 Tangible assets are physical and material assets that have physical substance i.e. shape and form, and can be touched for example cash, land, and buildings. Intangibles describes assets that do not have a physical, tangible existence but are usually non-monetary in nature. Examples of intangible assets could include goodwill, brand value or patents, skills, knowledge and creativity etc. 4 It is quite tempting to categorise these further as concrete and abstract; objective and subjective respectively.

The United States has had a wavering acceptance of immigrants throughout itshistory, from eager invitations to violent and immediate forced removals. Presently, immigrants from Central America are in the spotlight, who have been dehumanized into that of the “other” and subjected to harsh deportation and criminal proceedings as a result of these perceptions. This article will show that ‘othering’ immigrants has been a part of restrictive immigration policy since the origins of the United States, continuing to present day by the following: 1) “othering” is explained in application to undocumented immigrants in America; 2) a history of US deportation policy is discussed in order to provide a context to the deep-seated tendency of “othering” in the US; 3) recent federal U.S. policies are introduced, examining the constant presence of “othering” unauthorized immigrants, with a primary focus on the Secure Communities program; 4) the widespread phenomenon of “othering” is discussed, both in the US and internationally, as well as the current state of the “alien other” in American political discourse.

There have been many studies which show the existence and practice of an open and blatant form of discrimination in the educational institutes against the children of scavenging communities. These practices directly result in a lower rate of retention of these students in schools and indirectly affect their enrolment. These problems are external in nature; therefore, it is the responsibility of State and civil society to intervene in this matter. However, on the internal side, the most cited reason of dropout by the children of the scavenging community is 'man nahi lagana' (lack of interest). This was the obvious response of most of the dropout students across the nation. This ubiquitous reason for drop out however in most of the studies end up just as a statistical variable. In fact, there are many background factors that contribute to the expression of 'lack of interest'. This paper is an attempt to trace these reasons and explore the real background causes of dropout amongst the children of the scavenging community.

ESTA HISTORIA FUE UN HOMENAJE, QUE LE HICE A LA PSIQUIATRA ANTIOQUEÑA LUZMILA ACOSTA DE OCHOA, AL RECOGER HISTORIAS, QUE ELLA ME HABÍA CONTADO EN EL HOSPITAL MENTAL DE ANTIOQUIA, CUANDO YO ERA EL JEFE DEL PABELLÓN A MUJERES Y ELLA IBA A VER A LOS PACIENTES DEL SEGURO SOCIAL, HISTORIAS QUE ANTICIPABAN UNA VISIÓN DE UNA PSIQUIATRÍA MÁS HUMANA, QUE EMPEZABA A CRITICAR AL MANICOMIO DESDE ADENTRO.

Canada has yet to develop a unified and interprovincial/territorial social exclusion/inclusion (SE/I) policy framework. The development of such a framework requires a sound grasp of how these terms are understood in the literature and existing frameworks. This paper provides a critical review of how these concepts and indicators have been used in academic and policy discourses. We found that confusion arises in existing definitions of SE/I because of the failure to distinguish SE/I in terms of processes and outcomes. A framework is introduced that posits that SI be conceptualized as ‘processes’ that differentially impact on SE ‘outcomes’ in various domains relative to individual’s or groups’ social status or geographic location. A series of SI and SE indicators across levels and domains in the Canadian context are proposed. This report concludes by discussing many of the political, informational and research gaps that will need to be addressed to adopt and implement this framework in Canada.

This study focuses on the issue of social exclusion in British tennis. It commences with a critique of current LTA policy, presenting exclusion as static, ahistorical and underpinned by false dichotomies of age and social class. Aspects of Norbert Elias’s theoretical approach are employed throughout as an analytical framework. Initially, the roots of exclusion in British tennis are sought through historical analysis. Aspects of the Civilising Process help direct attention towards wider social processes to explain the prevalence of exclusion, particularly in tennis clubs. Cost was a crucial factor in determining early access, but as tennis became more accessible to lower classes, codes of behavioural etiquette helped demarcate members along status lines. Into the mid-20th century, the globalisation, professionalisation and commercialisation of tennis pushed the LTA to adopt a more performance-oriented outlook, but this has come to oppose the more relaxed culture of tennis clubs. Thus, a power struggle emerged between these two institutions, and, underpinned by thirty interviews with leading figures in British tennis as well as extensive documentary analysis, the third section documents these developments from the 1980s. Crucially, tennis clubs remain largely amateur and voluntary-run organisations, yet are important locations for the implementation of the LTA’s demanding talent development objectives. These recent developments are understood with the help of Elias’s Game Models theory. The fourth section presents findings from a ten-month ethnographic study of social exclusion in a tennis club; a micro-analysis of club member relations underpinned by Elias’s Established-Outsider Relations theory. Overall findings suggest that social exclusion in British tennis is far more complex, multi-faceted and historically-rooted than what current LTA discourse presents. Differences in age and class are less central, and instead preconceived notions of social status based on longevity of membership, adherence to behavioural norms and playing standard are powerful determinants of inclusion.

Purpose-Poverty and inequality undoubtedly remain substantial challenges to economic and human developments amid growing emphasis on intellectual property rights (IPRs) (with recent advances in information and communication technology (ICTs)) and good governance. In the first empirical study on the incidence of piracy on inequality in Africa, the purpose of this paper is to examine how a plethora of factors (IPRs laws, education and ICTs and government quality) are instrumental in the piracy-inequality nexus.

Design/methodology/approach-Two-stage least squares estimation approaches are applied in which piracy is instrumented with IPRs regimes (treaties), education and ICTs and government quality dynamics. Findings-The main finding suggests that, software piracy is good for the poor as it has a positive income-redistributive effect; consistent with economic and cultural considerations from recent literature. ICTs and education (dissemination of knowledge) are instrumental in this positive redistributive effect, while good governance mitigates inequality beyond the piracy channel.

Practical implications-As a policy implication, in the adoption IPRs, sampled countries should take account of the role less stringent IPRs regimes play on income-redistribution through software piracy. Collateral benefits include among others, the cheap dissemination of knowledge through ICTs which African countries badly need in their quest to become "knowledge economies." A caveat, however, is that, too much piracy may decrease incentives to innovate. Hence, the need to adopt tighter IPRs regimes in tandem with increasing income-equality.

Originality/value-It is the first empirical assessment of the incidence of piracy on inequality in Africa: a continent with stubbornly high poverty and inequality rates.

Περίληψη

Το άρθρο διερευνά τη σχέση μεταξύ των ευρύτερων χαρακτηριστικών της δομής των καθεστώτων ευημερίας με το φαινόμενο της έλλειψης στέγης. Για την επίτευξη αυτού του στόχου, στο πρώτο μέρος επιχειρείται μια επισκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας περί καθεστώτων ευημερίας και της σύνδεσής τους με το φαινόμενο της έλλειψης στέγης. Το δεύτερο μέρος περιλαμβάνει την εμπειρική διερεύνηση, η οποία διενεργείται με τη συγκριτική ανάλυση πρωτογενών στατιστικών δεδομένων και την ποιοτική επεξεργασία εκθέσεων και κειμένων που αναφέρονται σε εθνικές στρατηγικές για την έλλειψη στέγης σε έξι χώρες εκπροσώπους των καθεστώτων ευημερίας. Το βασικό συμπέρασμα που προκύπτει από την ανάλυση είναι ότι οι δυσκολίες απόδειξης μιας ευθύγραμμης σχέσης μεταξύ καθεστώτων ευημερίας και έλλειψης στέγης επιβεβαιώνονται. Η διαθεσιμότητα αξιόπιστων και συγκρίσιμων πρωτογενών δεδομένων αποτελεί απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση ενός, μέχρι σήμερα, ανεξερεύνητου προβλήματος ακραίας φτώχειας και κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά: Καθεστώτα Ευημερίας, Έλλειψη Στέγης, Συγκριτική Κοινωνική Πολιτική


Abstract

This article explores the relationship between the broader structure and characteristics of welfare regimes with the phenomenon of homelessness. To this end, the first section provides a review of the literature on welfare regimes and their connection with the phenomenon of homelessness. The second section contains the empirical investigation, in the form of a comparative analysis of primary statistical data and a qualitative analysis of reports and documents relating to national strategies on homelessness in six countries, representatives of the respective welfare regimes. What comes out from the analysis is a confirmation of the difficulty to prove a linear relationship between welfare regimes and homelessness. The availability of reliable and comparable primary data is a prerequisite for further exploration of a hitherto unexplored problem of extreme poverty and social exclusion.

Keywords: Welfare Regimes, Homelessness, Comparative Social Policy

Se hace un estudio del arte frente a una reorganización de los servicios de atención a personas con trastornos conductuales compulsivos, que generan dependencia y la dependencia química a psicoactivos, para demostrar que es un sofisma, que el perfil de los usuarios ha cambiado en España, en general y en Galicia, en particular.

This paper seeks to develop a conceptual understanding and analytical framework for assessing social exclusion, which is then applied to the central government’s flagship programmes on sanitation, health and child welfare. It begins by contextualizing the current emphasis on inclusiveness in the policy sphere against the broad mandate of the Eleventh Plan. It then explores the concept of social exclusion and how it is transmitted in actuality, both at the macro institutional bias level and meso unruly practices level, which in turn impact flagship programmes in various ways. Based on an understanding of the aforesaid, a framework for assessing social exclusion – or its obverse, inclusiveness – in the flagship programmes is developed. The focus areas of the framework
are flagship policy, delivery and implementation, and the beneficiary perspective, with various sub-strands emerging under each area. The paper goes on to use this framework to assess the flagship programmes (TSC, RCH / NRHM and ICDS) in relation to social exclusion. The data for this assessment are based on existing secondary literature. The final section presents findings, gaps in the literature and the way forward.

The aam aadmi is back on centre stage in the new political paradigm that the AAP has ushered in. But in a deeply divided society as India’s, there’s the danger that the aamaadmi could very well be promoting oppressive stereotypes and thwarting the rights of the ‘other’.

This was a presentation which I was invited to deliver at the meeting of the Chairpersons of the Committees on Social Affairs of the EU countries.
The meeting which was part of the parliamentary dimension of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union, was held on 24 March 2017, in Malta. The theme of the meeting was 'Poverty and Social Exclusion: Working towards a more Inclusive Europe'.

Περίληψη

Το άρθρο χρησιμοποιεί την έννοια του «μίγματος ευημερίας» (welfare mix) ως βασικό ερμηνευτικό εργαλείο, επιχειρώντας να εξετάσει την αναλογία του στις πολιτικές αντιμετώπισης της έλλειψης στέγης στην Ελλάδα. Οι αλλαγές στο μίγμα ευημερίας οδηγούν σε νέους τύπους διακυβέρνησης. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, η οπισθοχώρηση του κράτους επιχειρείται να αναπληρωθεί από την κοινωνία των πολιτών και τον ιδιωτικό τομέα. Στην Ελλάδα, στα χρόνια της κρίσης, η ανάδυση των πολιτικών για την έλλειψη στέγης φαίνεται να ακολουθεί αυτά ακριβώς τα μονοπάτια. ΜΚΟ, φιλανθρωπικά ιδρύματα και ιδιωτικές επιχειρήσεις πρωταγωνιστούν στην προσφορά ευημερίας, εξαιτίας της μη παρέμβασης του κράτους. Γεγονός που έχει εμφανή αρνητικό αντίκτυπο στην ποιότητα της κοινωνικής προστασίας των αστέγων.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά: Μίγμα Ευημερίας, Κοινωνική Πολιτική, Έλλειψη Στέγης, Ελλάδα

Abstract

The article uses the concept of "welfare mix" as the main interpretive tool, attempting to examine its ratio to the policies addressing homelessness in Greece. Changes in the welfare mix, lead to new modes of governance. In this context, the retreat of the state is attempted to be made up by the civil society as well as the private sector. In Greece, during the years of crisis, the emergence of homelessness policies seems to follow these exact paths. NGOs, charities and private companies play the leading role in welfare bid, because of the non-intervention of the state. This fact has an obvious negative impact on the quality of the social protection of the homeless.

Keywords: welfare mix, social policy, homelessness, Greece

En este capítulo se analiza,  desde una perspectiva de género y en base a casos empíricos de Londres y Buenos Aires, la inmigración latinoamericana a dichas ciudades, en busca de oportunidades laborales.
Se contextualizó el análisis dentro del marco de la globalización, y de los ¨Circuitos Transfronterizos¨(Sassen, 2002), que generaron desempleo, y pobreza estructural en los países subdesarrollados, a la vez que demanda de mano de obra muy barata, o esclava, en países desarrollados, o ciudades en mejores condiciones económicas y laborales en la región.

El tráfico de personas para esclavitud laboral de Bolivia hacia la Argentina, y la colaboracion de agencias para el ingreso de mujeres latinoamericanas en la Unión Europea fueron explorados, como también, las limitaciones que la leyes de inmigración les imponían, y la violación a sus derechos humanos en las ciudades de destino. En dicho contexto, las organizaciones de mujeres, y las organizaciones de ayuda a las personas inmigrantes, que abogan por los derechos humanos de las y los inmigrantes juegan un rol fundamental y una esperanza ante la violencia que estas personas sufren.

In 1957, European Union was founded (with the name of European Economic Community) mainly based on economic integration but when we came to 2017, EU has lots of legislations on certain areas of social policy such as health, education, social inclusion and social protection. Social policy in EU has two dimensions: Social policies of EU member states and EU social policy.

The reorganization of the poor relief system in Dutch cities in the second half of the 17th century marked a new manner of confessional coexistence in which dissenting communities were entrusted to care for their own poor co-religionists. In the negotiations to solve the financial problems of Utrecht from the 1620s to the 1670s, which led to the separation of charity along confessional lines in 1674, Catholics did not remain passive. They were one of the actors, along with the Dutch Reformed Church and the political authorities. All the actors attempted to defend their own interests by referring to the term ‘public’ based on their own definition. Catholics actively created room for survival by participating in the delimitation of the ‘public’. The public sphere was a much more dynamic space and Catholics had much more active agency in the delimitation of the ‘public’ than previous studies have assumed.

"El papel marginal de la asistencia social y la ausencia de programas de rentas mínimas han sido considerados como rasgos definitorios del modelo de bienestar de la Europa del Sur. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la década de los años 90 se han producido innovaciones significativas en este campo. El artículo lleva a cabo un análisis de los últimos desarrollos realizando un examen crítico de las experiencias de políticas contra la pobreza en España, Grecia, Italia y Portugal. Se arguye que el
carácter fragmentario y "parcheado" de las mallas de seguridad {safety nets) en la Europa meridional se debe a un singular conjunto de circunstancias, las más relevantes de las cuales son el rol de las familias y una cierta morosidad de sus instituciones estatales. Un análisis de los perfiles nacionales
revela que las nuevas políticas implementadas en los cuatro países persiguen solventar algunos de los desequilibrios históricos de este régimen de bienestar. En particular, los programas comprensivos de rentas mínimas están ahora vigentes en Portugal y en algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas (aunque todas éstas disponen de algún tipo de actuación al respecto), mientras que una experimentación se ha llevado a efecto en Italia. A la luz de estas experiencias el artículo concluye que las mallas de seguridad y de protección social en la Europa del Sur existen, pero mantienen un
débil diseño institucional así como una limitada legitimidad y apoyo político."

Dofinansowano ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. dr hab. Ewa Rokicka, prof. UŁ mgr Patrycja Kruczkowska Przez całą nowoczesność każde kolejne pokolenie miało swoją otchłań z uwięzionymi w niej wrakami zatopionych statków: były to nieuchronne "uboczne skutki" postępu. Wielu ludzi zdołało wskoczyć do nabierającego prędkości wehikułu i mogło w pełni rozkoszować się jazdą, lecz wielu innych, -którym zabrakło sprytu, bystrości umysłu, mądrości, siły lub śmiałości -wlokło się z tyłu lub odchodziło z kwitkiem od drzwi zatłoczonego pojazdu, o ile nie zginęło wcześniej pod jego kołami. W wehikule postępu liczba miejsc siedzących i stojących z reguły nie pozwala na przyjęcie wszystkich chętnych pasażerów, dlatego też zawsze przy wejściu dokonywano selekcji. Zapewne z tego powodu tak wiele osób marzyło o tej podróży. Zygmunt Bauman, Życie na przemiał 1 Instytucje kultury i ich wykluczeni 3

El gran interés mediático, social y académico que ha despertado hace décadas el tema de los niños de la calle, ha originado una producción considerable de artículos, libros, reportajes, documentales y películas sobre esta problemática. El discurso miserabilista que ha venido dominando, ha contribuido a presentar a estos niños y jóvenes como sujetos pasivos e impotentes y a reforzar la imagen del niño como víctima de una sociedad injusta y no como actor social o protagonista de su vida. Esto ha llevado a numerosos autores, tanto científicos como no científicos, a centrarse en el análisis de determinados aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los niños de la calle, dejando de lado otras dimensiones no menos relevantes. El trabajo aquí presentado analiza los aspectos poco explorados del cotidiano de los niños y jóvenes de la calle. Enfocándonos en la parte desconocida de su vida cotidiana – una vida regida por rutinas y prácticas sociales y espaciales establecidas –, podemos ver como esta estabilidad les permite tanto integrarse en sectores sociales “marginales”, como arraigarse a la calle y permanecer en este espacio a largo plazo.

Jongeren tussen 16 en 25 jaar bevinden zich in een belangrijke overgangsperiode van adolescentie naar volwassene. Ze trachten op eigen benen te staan en door te stromen naar de arbeidsmarkt. Omwille van een achterstand op vlak ICT-kennis of een mismatch tussen hun vaardigheden en de verwachtingen die de maatschappij of potentiële werkgever aan hun stelt kan deze stap naar zelfstandigheid moeilijkheden ondervinden. In deze paper geven we een overzicht van sociale en digitale in- en uitsluiting en de verschillende accenten die gelegd worden door Europese, Federale, Regionale en Gemeentelijke instellingen die een rol spelen op het vlak van e-inclusie van maatschappelijk kwetsbare jongeren in het Brusselse Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.

Resumen
El combate a la pobreza reconoce como lacerante, la condición de marginación y exclusión social que se registra en  la población en condición de pobreza extrema y de carencia alimentaria; pero más en la población indígena, a la que se le confiere, por este solo hecho, un nivel de gravedad mayor para superarla. México con la puesta en operación en año 2013 del “Programa Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre” se buscó atender a la población que presentan tanta pobreza extrema y carencia alimentaria. El artículo se dirige a analizar si el criterio de la selección de los municipios del Estado de Veracruz incorporados en Programa de Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre (PNCH) muestran complementariedad con los esfuerzos en el combate a la pobreza en la estrategia de gasto social  aplicada en el Programa de Zonas de Atención Prioritaria (ZAP) y del Programa de Desarrollo de Zonas Prioritarias (PDZP) y particularmente, los municipios indígenas y que tienen un mayor grado de exclusión social. Para tal fin se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística binaria, con el fin de valorar la incidencia de los factores contextuales para interpretar el alcance de la estrategia adoptada por el gobierno federal en el combate a la pobreza y el hambre. Nuestra propuesta es incorporar la exclusión social como un elemento para explicar la condición actual de pobreza en los pueblos indígenas.
Palabras clave: Exclusión social, población indígena, Programa Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre.

Abstract
The fight against poverty recognizes as lacerating, the condition of marginalization and social exclusion that is registered in the population in extreme poverty and food shortage; but more in the indigenous population, which is conferred, by this fact alone, a greater level of gravity to overcome it. Mexico with the implementation in 2013 of the "National Crusade against Hunger Program" sought to serve the population that present extreme poverty and food shortage. The article aims to analyze if the selection criteria of the municipalities of the State of Veracruz incorporated in the National Crusade against Hunger Program (PNCH) show complementarity with the efforts in the fight against poverty in the strategy of social expenditure applied in the Priority Zones Program (ZAP) and the Priority Zones Development Program (PDZP), and particularly, the indigenous municipalities that have a greater degree of social exclusion. To this end, a binary logistic regression model was adjusted to assess the incidence of contextual factors to interpret the scope of the federal government's strategy to combat poverty and hunger. Our proposal is to incorporate social exclusion as an element to explain the current state of poverty in indigenous peoples.
Keywords: Social exclusion, indigenous population, National Crusade against Hunger

The intersection of race and poverty continue to play an integral role in maintaining historical disparities in the distribution of social and economic opportunities. In this regard, they are inextricably tied to the preservation of institutionalized segregation in human development. Equally true is that arrested human development has a direct correlation to criminality, where socioeconomic marginalization resulting from entrenched poverty impedes the value judgments of high-at-risk youth, adversely impacting their behavior and public safety. Our public schools are ill-equipped to meet the human development needs of high-at-risk youth with respect to redressing the socioeconomic traumatization they are subjected to, rendering public schools ineffective in educating and developing high-at-risk youth toward becoming emotionally and healthy productive individuals outside of the criminal justice system. The rapid growth in criminality among this population will, without intervention, inevitably reach a tipping point on a critical mass trajectory, in which socioeconomic costs will surpass the public will to maintain the established choice of mass incarceration as an acceptable public policy; if not because of the choice being morally repugnant, it will happen due to the financial strain this choice places on the broader community to combat recidivist criminality and preserve public safety. Sustainable Public Policy Today's established public policy choices work to maintain the underlying socioeconomic segregation of human development opportunities. Sustainable public safety requires sweeping policy reforms that focus on supporting the rehabilitation of high-at-risk youth. Only then, can we redress the critical mass concerns left unchecked by a failing mass incarceration policy choice to police the ills of systemic arrested human development.

This paper addresses two hot topics of the contemporary debate, social capital and economic growth. Our theoretical analysis sheds light on decisive but so far neglected issues: how does social capital accumulate over time? Which is the relationship between social capital, technical progress and economic growth in the long run? The analysis shows that the economy may be attracted by alternative steady states, depending on the initial social capital endowments and cultural exogenous parameters representing the relevance of social interaction and trust in well-being and production. When material consumption and relational goods are substitutable, the choice to devote more and more time to private activities may lead the economy to a "social poverty trap", where the cooling of human relations causes a progressive destruction of the entire stock of social capital. In this case, the relationship of social capital with technical progress is described by an inverted Ushaped curve. However, the possibility exists for the economy to follow a virtuous trajectory where the stock of social capital endogenously and unboundedly grows. Such result may follow from a range of particular conditions, under which the economy behaves as if there was no substitutability between relational activities and material consumption.

Dans les années 1960, le vocable d’exclusion acquiert une nouvelle ampleur analytique grâce aux apports de Michel Foucault et Howard S. Becker. Dans le champ des études historiques et philosophiques, M. Foucault entame avec Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique, et poursuit avec Surveiller et Punir, une vaste étude destinée à mettre en évidence les pratiques de la société et leurs conséquences sur les individus. En s’intéressant aux institutions disciplinaires que sont les asiles et les prisons, il met au jour les dynamiques d’exclusion qui contribuent à la fois à désigner la déviance et à définir la norme. Dans un champ sociologique renouvelé par les apports de l’Ecole de Chicago et de l’interactionnisme symbolique, H. S. Becker dans Outsiders s’intéresse lui aussi à la marginalité et à la manière dont certains individus, étrangers à la collectivité, sont considérés comme déviants. Il insiste sur la mécanique interactionnelle à l’origine de l’exclusion et sur la manière dont les déviants sont rejetés pour et par leurs comportements transgressifs vis-à-vis de la norme acceptée par un groupe social ou une institution. Pour Foucault comme pour Becker, exclure c’est mettre au dehors et définir le dedans par l’existence même de la marginalité.

A la même époque, le terme « exclusion », associé à la pauvreté, commence à investir le débat public (R. Lenoir, 1974). Les « exclus » sont alors, dans l’optique des hauts fonctionnaires qui produisent les rapports qui les mentionnent, les laissés-pour-compte d’une société en mutation, les vestiges d’une pauvreté anachronique dans un monde caractérisé par la croissance. Ce sont ces laissés-pour-compte des transformations de l’emploi qui font dans les années 1990 l’objet d’enquêtes comme celle de Robert Castel (1991 et 1995), celle de Serge Paugam (1991) ou encore celle placée sous l’égide de Pierre Bourdieu (1993). Robert Castel, avec les concepts de désaffiliation , de vulnérabilité et de fragilisation, comme Serge Paugam, avec celui disqualification sociale , tentent de dessiner les contours d’une nouvelle pauvreté en mettant au centre de l’analyse une institution levier de la structuration sociale : le travail. La Misère du monde, collectif sous la direction de Pierre Bourdieu (1993), s’attache à restituer les figures contemporaines de l’aliénation et à présenter la misère sociale – à partir de ceux qui l’éprouvent – non plus seulement comme une « misère de position » mais comme une « misère de condition ». L’ouvrage contribue notamment à décrire les ressorts d’une société qui fabrique des « exclus de l’intérieur » soumis au verdict d’institutions sélectives comme l’école.

Que le terme d’exclusion soit utilisé pour penser des processus, ou qu’il soit brandi – souvent de manière imprécise – pour servir de fer de lance à l’action politique, il est aujourd’hui invoqué pour décrire des expériences multiples de relégation et fait indéniablement partie des instruments conceptuels des chercheurs de toute discipline. Malgré un flou conceptuel, qui en fait l’équivalent d’une prénotion au sens durkheimien, le terme a nourri de nombreuses réflexions sur des phénomènes variés, de l’ostracisme à l’excommunication (Beaulande, 2006) en passant par l’exil ou le bannissement (Jacob, 2000). Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan (Crouzet-Pavan, 2004) fait ainsi de la fin du XIIIe siècle italien une période de « triomphe de l’exclusion  ». L’alourdissement du contrôle des autorités communales et la réforme administrative contribuent en effet à la mise en place d’un système de proscription et de relégation des magnats, coupables d’avoir mis en péril l’honor et le status de la commune et du peuple. Martine Reid (Reid, 2010) examine, elle, la marginalisation des femmes auteures et la manière dont la sexuation impensée de l’institution littéraire œuvre à séparer et hiérarchiser les auteurs en fonction de leur genre pour finalement exclure les femmes. Le réinvestissement de la notion par de nombreux travaux a également permis de dépasser la simple approche en termes d’oppression et de stigmatisation. Nombreux sont les ouvrages qui abordent aujourd’hui des phénomènes de mise à l’écart plus ou moins volontaire, exil intérieur, retrait du monde exaltant l’ascèse sur le mode du contemptus mundi ou regroupement spatial et social favorisant l’entre-soi sur le mode des gated communities.

Cette journée d’étude invite les jeunes chercheurs d’horizons multiples à s’emparer de la notion d’exclusion pour en rappeler la valeur heuristique. Elle s’intéressera à aux processus et aux pratiques davantage qu’aux groupes d’exclus en eux-mêmes. Elle pourra faire l’objet d’une publication aux Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest. Elle valorisera les contributions abordant une ou plusieurs des thématiques suivantes :

1. Extériorité et frontières
2. Dispositifs
3. Entrepreneurs
4. Résistances
5. Subir/choisir

1. Extériorité et frontières
L’exclusion permet en effet de questionner l’idée d’extériorité et les frontières souvent floues et mouvantes du groupe. De quoi est-on exclu et comment se matérialise cette exclusion ? À travers les logiques de la ségrégation, l’exclusion peut être visible et les exclus invisibles. Cet axe invite à approcher la dimension spatiale de l’exclusion et, pourquoi pas, à discuter l’affirmation de Serge Paugam selon laquelle « les exclus sont une catégorie impossible à définir  ».
2. Dispositifs
L’exclusion, expérience sociale, dépend de l’expression ou de l’intériorisation d’une norme et de la mise en place de pratiques qui contribuent à condamner la transgression de cette norme. Ces pratiques peuvent être visibles, institutionnelles et juridiques mais aussi implicites ou informelles. Le dispositif d’exclusion peut contribuer à construire une société qui repose sur une approche binaire renvoyant dos-à-dos deux concepts radicalement opposés (Folie/Raison, Normal/Pathologique) ou être à l’origine d’un gradient voire d’une nomenclature à l’origine de catégories plus ou moins exclues.
3. Entrepreneurs
L’exclusion fabrique des exclus mais elle repose également sur des acteurs qui en permettent la dynamique. Qui sont les « entrepreneurs de morale » (H. Becker, 1963) et pourquoi ou par qui sont-ils chargés de faire respecter les normes ?  Comment se construit et s’institue l’autorité légitime ?
4. Résistances
Quelle marge de manœuvre est laissée au sujet face au pouvoir ou à la domination par l’exclusion ? Peut-on résister à la stigmatisation ? Ces contributions pourront se saisir du concept d’agency (Butler, 2006) ou de capacité d’agir de l’individu face au groupe, à l’institution, à la structure. Résiste-t-on frontalement ? Collectivement ? Individuellement ?
5. Subir/choisir
La rupture du lien social que peut signifier l’exclusion n’est pas nécessairement la rupture de tout lien social. La mise au ban peut ainsi être l’occasion de recréer une communauté qui peut, éventuellement, se saisir de l’exclusion comme marqueur identitaire et revendiquer une différence, une altérité valorisée. On peut alors envisager l’exclusion sur le mode de la rupture volontaire que ce soit pour signifier un désaccord, une divergence profonde et irréconciliable ou pour favoriser un entre-soi marqueur de distinction (M. Pinçon et M. Pinçon-Charlot, 1989). Mais l’exclusion peut également être stratégie d’évitement pour contourner une situation d’inconfort ou de violence. Elle est alors plus ou moins consciente.

Comité scientifique

Pascale Ballet (PU, Archéologie, Université Paris Nanterre)
Lucie Bony (CR, Sociologie/Géographie, CNRS)
Philippe Gervais-Lambony (PU, Géographie, Université Paris Nanterre)
Ségolène Le Men (PU, Histoire de l’art, Université Paris Nanterre)
Christel Müller (PU, Histoire ancienne, Université Paris Nanterre)
Gabriel Martinez-Gros (PU, Histoire médiévale, Université Paris Nanterre)
Isabelle Rivoal (Sociologie, MAE)


Comité d’organisation

Hassan Bouali
Pierre Depardieu
David Frati
Aude-Marie Lalanne Berdouticq
Hélène Leuwers
Jean-François Mopin
Clara Piolatto
Emeline Priol

This volume in the Springer Series in Social Work and Social Change is an effort to
examine the status of poverty, (in)equality and marginalization in societies across the globe.
The volume will make an attempt to gain insight into the impact of the pandemic and its
spread on economic, political and social life of people in different regions, while examining
the after-effects of these events on increasing inequality and poverty. We invite authors at
all levels of their career to explore the impact of COVID-19 on rising poverty, inequality and
marginalization within the context of their countries. We aim to produce this volume in line
with the Global Development Goals and the challenges that societies might experience in
achieving the SDGs after the outbreak of COVID-19 and beyond. We envisage this volume as
an important evidence-based reference work for policy makers and researchers to
understand the ground realities and practical examples related to poverty, inequality and
marginalization in a post-pandemic world.

The risk of poverty or social exclusion is considered as an important problem in all European countries, but in Latvia the share of population at-the-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion is above average in the European Union. The aim of this study is to explore the experience of poverty and social exclusion of women with dependent children and state efforts to address and to overcome these problems, focusing on rural areas. The biographical perspective is used in order to elucidate the lived experience of vulnerable persons. The available statistical data are used to provide information about welfare funding. The results show, although state spends considerable resources for social assistance and social services, urban and rural population with the same needs do not have equal opportunity to receive the support. Analysis of lived experience of women with low education and children illuminated the main problems experienced by this group and the limited assistance they receive.