Post Structuralist Theory

The ‘Enloe question’ quoted above is a good starting point for discussing why we need a gender analysis in International Political Economy (IPE) as it highlights both that women are central to the operation of the global political economy and that gendered hierarchies exist within that economy. Indeed, it is the focus of this essay to move past an essentialized analysis of gender as biology to demonstrate the gendered hierarchies of subordination that are uncovered when the study of the global political economy is approached using gender as a critical ‘lens’ (Pearson & Jackson, 1998: 2; Peterson, 2005: 500; Griffin, 2007: 729).

Durante o tempo dedicado para produzir o texto, propositadamente esquivei-me dos agradecimentos. Pensava que deixá-los para a finalização seria lógico e respeitaria a prioridade pela construção do texto. Ledo engano! Jamais imaginei que ficaria diante de uma página em branco por tanto tempo e utilizaria com tamanha frequência a tecla "del". O receio de ser injusto com meus afetos, enaltecer demasiadamente pessoas importantes ou esquecer de citar alguém adquire significativa proporção. Assim como escrever, agradecer também é um exercício; contudo, não posso negligenciar sua importância. Ao meu companheiro por absolutamente tudo. Os momentos em que reconheceu meu estresse, ofereceu sugestões, propôs questionamentos e verbalizou elogios. Ele está presente em todas as páginas desta dissertação. Ao Dr. Fernando Seffner que soube, pacientemente, compreender minha imaturidade de pesquisador, que criticou quando necessário, trabalhou ao meu lado e sempre me motivou. Este trabalho é resultado da parceria que estabelecemos e que desejo ampliar.

Durante o tempo dedicado para produzir o texto, propositadamente esquivei-me dos agradecimentos. Pensava que deixá-los para a finalização seria lógico e respeitaria a prioridade pela construção do texto. Ledo engano! Jamais imaginei que ficaria diante de uma página em branco por tanto tempo e utilizaria com tamanha frequência a tecla "del". O receio de ser injusto com meus afetos, enaltecer demasiadamente pessoas importantes ou esquecer de citar alguém adquire significativa proporção. Assim como escrever, agradecer também é um exercício; contudo, não posso negligenciar sua importância. Ao meu companheiro por absolutamente tudo. Os momentos em que reconheceu meu estresse, ofereceu sugestões, propôs questionamentos e verbalizou elogios. Ele está presente em todas as páginas desta dissertação. Ao Dr. Fernando Seffner que soube, pacientemente, compreender minha imaturidade de pesquisador, que criticou quando necessário, trabalhou ao meu lado e sempre me motivou. Este trabalho é resultado da parceria que estabelecemos e que desejo ampliar.

Ang pag-iinuman ay maituturing na mahalagang salik na nagpapadaloy sa pagbuo ng bayan. Pinapakita sa karanasan ng mga Pintados kung paano nagbunga ito ng pakigdait o pakikipagkapwa, at nabigyan ng boses at puwersa ang mga sinaunang katutubo upang ihayag ang kanilang pagkatao at pagpapakatao. May tatlong kategoriya ang inilahad ng may-akda saan nagkakaroon ng pagkakataon ang pag-iinuman sa Kabisayaan na naging pook tungo sa diskursong pakigdait: una sa pangkapayapaang negosasyon sa mga dumarating na dayuhan, pangalawa, pag-iinuman sa pang-araw–araw at sa mga mahalagang yugto ng buhay, at ang huli, ang maganito. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay isang pagsasalin sa naunang pagsisiyasat na ginawa ng may-akda hinggil sa “Drinking Among Early Visayans (Pintados) in Achieving Positive Peace” na unang inilatha sa Bedan Research Journal Vol.5. Ngunit dinagdagan ang naunang batayang teoritikal na power-relations ng post-structuralism ni Foucault na nagbibigay kahulugan sa mga datos mula sa mga primaryang batis upang mapalalim at maiba ito sa naunang paglalatha. Ito ay ang demythologization ng critical theory, ang mga mahalagang konsepto ng Annales School at ang mga salik sa pagbuo ng bayan ng Kasaysayang Bayan. Saklaw at delimitasyon ng papel na ito ang pag-iinuman sa Kabisayaan sa ika-16 na siglo. Ang pagbibigay halaga ng mga tao sa ibaba at ang kanilang mga karaniwanggawain gaya ng inuman ay maaring isang tulay na nagbubuklod at nagbibigay diwa sa bayan.
Keywords: Pag-iinuman, Pintados o Kabisayaan, Pakig-dait, Kasaysayang Bayan

This qualitative study analyzes the reasons of college students for learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Costa Rica and the reasons of high school students for learning German as a foreign language (GFL) in the US. It asks to what extent the learners’ reasons align with or deviate from neoliberal discourses that commodify foreign languages. The analysis of 27 interviews in a US high school and 17 interviews in a Costa Rican university revealed how language and context mattered: GFL learners used German for identity building and connecting to their heritage, whereas EFL learners felt pressure to learn English in order to survive on the competitive job market. The GFL learners’ ability to deviate from neoliberal language learning motivations is interpreted as a privilege that derives from their linguistic and social status. The authors call for a common effort to broaden the spectrum of FL learning motivations for the benefit of more successful and more equitable language l...

The purpose of this paper is to study Naqvi’s novel, Home Boy (2010) as a Neo Orientalist discourse of US officials about Pakistani Muslims. This paper will discuss how US officials including that of G. W. Bush perceive the Oriental world _ by using the same strategy _ as one distinguished by strangeness, Creepiness, and unusual practices; a world that is ‘Other’ than that of Anglo-American familiar to the American public. In short what terrorist discourse of Neo Orientalists in the  novel confirmed, was Said’s thesis about the “subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture” (The Edward Said Reader 2000, 69). The paper argues that the terrorist discourse in the novel is certainly a Neo Orientalist discourse enacted by the Center to demonize marginal Islam and its followers.

This study aims to analyze the novel Home Boy's critique of the neoliberal prison regime by drawing upon the concept of neoliberal prison regime and its policies of erasure theorized by Naomi Klein. According to Klein, the US neoliberal prison regime uses Cameron's shock therapy and brutal methods of interrogation to de-pattern and disorient the prisoners and to regress them into infantile state and then re-make them. However, these coercive mechanisms of erasure fail to reconstruct the prisoners; rather, these measures generate resistance among them. The research uses descriptive analytical and textual analysis method to interpret and analyze Home Boy and explores its critique of the various psychological methods of neoliberal prison regime. The findings show that the novel highlights that the post 9/11 violent policies of the US neoliberal prison regime regress the prisoners (i.e., Pakistani Muslim immigrants) into infantile state and shatter them physically and psychologically, but fail to remake them. Instead, these measures generate resistance among them. The study is helpful in investigating the depiction of neoliberal prison regime in art works, particularly, in contemporary Anglophone Pakistani novels.

Archetypes in an Aztec featherwork Baptism Some Aztec and other Mexican featherwork ritual costume art, became Christian 'shield' or coat of arms or altarpiece tapestry art in the Colonial era. A few tapestries in bright, iridescent hummingbird plumes remain, in haunting imitation of Medieval European style. Mexica and related cultures were nearly wiped out and mostly transformed by Spanish conquerors and priests at the time. Biblical tales replaced similar local myths and icons. A rare colonial tapestry, probably made by collaboration between Spanish conquerors and a surviving feather artist, offers a test of the archetypal structure model of cultural media. The roles of the feather artist and the commissioning conqueror or priest in the design are unknown. The model has been found to apply to collaborations (Furter 2014); to periodic artworks (Furter 2016); and to built sites even over centuries (Furter 2016; 2017; 2019; 2023). This post uses the standard table and axial grid to demonstrate which optional recurrent features the characters express. Their eyes (with the two usual exceptions of a chest and a womb) are all on an invisible axial grid, and their clusters of optional features are in the usual fixed sequence, around the usual polar features marked by limb-joints. The structure has five layers, too complex to consciously make or fake. Here is more evidence that there is only one culture, static in all places and times. Only styling changes, inherently meaningless but overemphasised for the sake of forming tribal or cultural bonds, assuming supposed superiority, demonising and exploiting 'others'. Type; Character (noting archetypal features): 2 Builder; Christ (hero) carrying (twisted posture) a lamb as sacrifice (spring), after the Gospel (book). 3 Queen; Apostle A. 4 King; John Baptist, Christ's nephew ('twin'), with cross ('rectangle'). 5a Priest; John Baptist's chest (heart), performing baptism (water) ritual (priest, assembly), in a camel ('antelope') skin cloak (tailcoat, 'sash'). 5c BasketTail; John Baptist's cloak tail, here headless. Elsewhere often pictured with the camel head still attached. C-types are between specific axes. 6 Exile; Hand A (small, double-'headed') of Jew A (sacrifice, here a sacrifist by scapegoating Christ). NO EYE (eyeless is a feature of type 7). 7 Child; Jew A. 7g Gal.Centre; Hand B (limb-joint) of Jew A. 9 Healer; Jew B. 9c BasketLid; Jew D. 10 Teacher; Jew E, hand up (arms up), member of a debating Sanhedrin (guard, market, council, school). 11 Womb; Apostle B's midriff ('womb'). 12 Heart; Apostle B's chest (heart), perhaps of the lion (felid?) icon. 14 Mixer; Apostle B, further from the centre (egress). 15 Maker; Lamb lifted (risen) on Christ's robe ('bag'), symbol of Christ (doubled).

In an article published in this journal 15 years ago, Vivian Cook argued that it was time to question the time-honoured view that the native language (NL) should be avoided in the classroom by teachers and students. The justifications for this perspective hinged on a questionable compartmentalization of the two languages in the mind. The conventional wisdom has been that the NL has no place in the second language (SL) or foreign language (FL) classroom and that teachers should focus on getting students to think and interact exclusively in the target language (TL). In Linguistic Imperialism, Phillipson debunks five fallacies that are foundational in the field of applied linguistics, among them, the monolingual fallacy or the idea that a second or foreign language is best taught monolingually. Questioning monolingual pedagogies is at the heart of the investigations assembled in this Special Issue

The essay introduces the sender/receiver model of communication and fashion communication by reviewing cultural studies and recent fashion journalism references to it. The essay argues that there are three major problems with this model. It then introduces and critiques various arguments around the cyborg, a human/machine "hybrid" as some theorists present it, and argues that there are limitations and weaknesses in the conception of the prosthesis as it is found in the notion of the cyborg. The essay then analyses semiological models of communication and uses Derrida's (2010) conception of the constitutive prosthesis to critique both traditional conceptions of the prosthesis and the model of communication as it is found in semiological models. Finally, the essay identifies some major consequences of the constitutive prosthesis for fashion and the explanation of fashion as communication. Consequently, the first section will introduce the sender/receiver model of communication and of fashion communication by mentioning the origins of the sender/receiver theory and by reviewing some recent fashion journalism. The second section will explain the sender/receiver model in a little more detail and outline the three major problems with this model. It will use the explanation to introduce David Gunkel's (2000) arguments around the cyborg, a human/machine "hybrid" as he has it, and to present some limitations and weaknesses in the conception of the prosthesis as he uses it in the notion of the cyborg. The third section will move on to semiological models of communication and use Derrida's (2010) conception of the constitutive prosthesis to critique both Gunkel's conception of the cyborg and the model of communication as it is found in semiological models. Finally, the consequences of the constitutive prosthesis for fashion and the explanation of fashion as communication will be explained. Cultural Studies and Fashion Journalism Fashion understood as the sending and receiving of messages is a staple of both cultural studies and fashion journalism. In addition to Hall and Campbell, mentioned above, Doug Kellner's (1995) essay on Madonna's changing styles rests uneasily between meanings being constructed and messages being sent (Kellner 1995: 268). Jennifer Craik's (1994) book also notes the peculiarity of the status of fashion messages, using McCracken's (1990) critique of the sender receiver model to argue that clothing is a peculiar kind of code in that it 'specified not only the components of the message but also the messages themselves' (Craik 1994: 9-10). Becky Conekin's essay on masculinity relies on the notion of messages to explain masculinity as a style (Conekin 2000). And Flavia Loscialpo's 2019 essay on fashion and immigrants argues that certain high street fashion brands in the U.K. sent 'proimmigration messages' following the Brexit vote in 2016 (Loscialpo 2019: 619). There may be complications in the basic sender/receiver theory, the theory may have become more sophisticated, and there have certainly been developments in the theory since 1948 but the essential elements-of a message that is therefore sent and received by a sender and a receiver-are still there. Fashion journalists also appear to love nothing more than to identify and explain the messages sent by either people or the things they wear. They love it even more if they can describe the messages as 'secret" or "hidden". Lucy Clarke, in the Australian edition of Vogue, made claims regarding the messages sent by the wardrobe of the Duchess of Sussex, Meghan Markle, during her Royal Tour of 2018. What the Duchess wore sent a "powerful message". In fact it seems that there was a series of these powerful messages: her Outland Denim jeans sent an economic message about globalisation and fair trade and her Rothy's shoes sent an environmental message about sustainability (Clarke 2018). Also in 2018, the BBC news website reported how Melania Trump said that her Zara parka, worn to a detention centre for refugee children in Texas in June 2018 was "a kind of message". As a diligent and conscientious communication studies student, Melania herself explicitly identified what she wore as "a kind of message": she also identified the receiver to whom the message was being sent as "the left wing media who are criticising me". And finally, she was clear on what the message was: she said that the message sent was "I don"t care" (BBC 2018). Widely available print and online press photographs showed that her parka had the words "I REALLY DON"T CARE DO U?" written in white uppercase on the back and clearly visible as she was ushered into an armoured car at the Air Force base.

Early childhood is the period during which the child's identity is constructed. The perspectives children acquire regarding the phenomenon of gender and the identities they develop during this period are important in terms of them being antidiscriminatory individuals in future periods. This study attempts to explain how gender is constructed socially, culturally, historically, and politically by considering the theoretical approaches developed in this direction instead of justifying gender construction biologically. The literature contains various studies on poststructural feminism, sexism, and gender acquisition in early childhood. This study discusses gender role acquisition, criticisms of gender acquisition theories, and the factors affecting gender acquisition using the poststructural feminist approach toward gender acquisition.

This thesis investigates the distinct contributions of artists who engage the public with climate data, focusing on two studies of artist-led projects: an interactive artwork that engaged the public with climate data and the design of an online platform for capturing, authoring and “performing” climate data. The studies reveal how the projects were designed and experienced, through a mixed-methods approach requiring the author to shift perspectives to investigate her own arts practice alongside the work of other artists in this field. The findings suggest the artists adopt a distinctive voice that fosters an emotional engagement with climate data, rather than an informative or persuasive one, that goes beyond “environmental knowing” toward humanscale, embodied, localized and personalized sense making. This research reveals how the artists use key strategies of performing data, sensory experience and multiple interpretations; engaging temporal structures and narratives; treating the ...

This paper examines debate in applied linguistics stemming from disputes surrounding its nature, scope and relationship with theoretical linguistics and English language teaching. The paper inspects radical ideas on applied linguistics and the discipline's connection with linguistics and English language teaching, through an examination of conflicting definitions and contemporary research interests. Set against the theoretical frames of post-modernist and post structuralist perspectives, the discipline of applied linguistics presents a wide spectrum of perceptions and models, ranging from the restricted to the open field. The current crisis of identity and boundary between applied linguistics and English language teaching is traced to historical and conceptual premises. The historical development of the field and the main changes affecting its focus are correlated with the global spread of English and the ensuing concerns. The conceptual premise is addressed with respect to the changes in the linguistic theory. The position adopted in this paper is that applied linguistics is not an extension of English language teaching. Applied linguistics incorporates English language teaching or language in the classroom perspective and with the same clarity and precision offers through disciplined and methodological enquiry a macro frame that incorporates all aspects of language in communication. The paper concludes with the proposition of two frames in applied linguistics, each with specific concerns and possibilities: a macro applied linguistic frame which considers applications of language within the large area of interdisciplinary language-related studies, and a micro applied linguistic frame which considers pedagogic and educational concerns and is reserved for ELT.

This research attempts to reconstruct youth participation in postmodern context and tries to extract some implications from the comparative study of Sweden and Japan to social studies education. The beginning of paper provides a brief summary of the definition of youth participation and theories of youth participation such as Roger Hart's ladder of participation with a critical view with the poststructuralist viewpoint. The second part of the paper will showcase findings of an empirical study conducted by Morozumi (2017) that examined how youth participation policy and practice had evolved in the historical development of youth policy in Sweden and Japan. With these findings, the conclusion part drew insights to social studies education in regard to youth participation. Setting influence as a purpose of participation, introducing resource perspective for youth participation and acknowledging fluidity and diversity of participation are suggested as an implication of the study concluded from overall research.

In the wake of 9/11 catastrophe, the 'Muslim identity' came under serious suspicion and investigation that suddenly captured the consciousness/conscience of both the reader and the writer of the East and the West. Especially, it caught the attention of Pakistani writers because Pakistan had (largely) to bear the brunt of this tragedy. This study has a socio-political punch in the wake of 9/11 phenomenon that has seriously affected psychology of the Pakistani Muslim community in general and youth in particular. This paper also examines pre-9/11 conditions of the Muslims who feel and find themselves assimilated, integrated because of the interstitial liminal space which give them allowance for appropriation. I argue that post-9/11 scenario they not only find themselves physically displaced but also psychologically unsettled. The moment, they land into the new-land, find themselves gripped in a psychological limbo copping with new culture, people and customs. Sometimes they feel that they belong to both the cultures and at other times to the neither. It closely studies hegemonic role of state apparatus: Federal Bureau of Investigation and Metropolitan Detention Centre and the dominant role of American media, especially CNN which had been a source of (mis)representation of Islam and Muslims. They remain under strict surveillance of the invisible eye that reduce them to mere object position. Textual analysis has been used as a research method to read H. M. Naqvi's Home Boy. I have invoked specific theoretical concepts of Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha, Frantz Fanon and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak for the analysis of my primary text.

In the wake of 9/11 catastrophe, the 'Muslim identity' came under serious suspicion and investigation that suddenly captured the consciousness/conscience of both the reader and the writer of the East and the West. Especially, it caught the attention of Pakistani writers because Pakistan had (largely) to bear the brunt of this tragedy. This study has a socio-political punch in the wake of 9/11 phenomenon that has seriously affected psychology of the Pakistani Muslim community in general and youth in particular. This paper also examines pre-9/11 conditions of the Muslims who feel and find themselves assimilated, integrated because of the interstitial liminal space which give them allowance for appropriation. I argue that post-9/11 scenario they not only find themselves physically displaced but also psychologically unsettled. The moment, they land into the new-land, find themselves gripped in a psychological limbo copping with new culture, people and customs. Sometimes they feel that they belong to both the cultures and at other times to the neither. It closely studies hegemonic role of state apparatus: Federal Bureau of Investigation and Metropolitan Detention Centre and the dominant role of American media, especially CNN which had been a source of (mis)representation of Islam and Muslims. They remain under strict surveillance of the invisible eye that reduce them to mere object position. Textual analysis has been used as a research method to read H. M. Naqvi's Home Boy. I have invoked specific theoretical concepts of Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha, Frantz Fanon and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak for the analysis of my primary text.

In the two decades that have passed since the world-changing events of September 11, 2001, the outpouring of literary and popular fiction (to say nothing of non-fiction, poetry, film, television series, and other media representations) concerned with either the experience or aftermath of 9/11 has come to constitute a genre or sub-genre of its own. However, much of this fiction, celebrated in the west, and written from mostly white American (and some white British) perspectives, often ends up reinforcing negative stereotypes and prevalent Islamophobic notions about Arabs and Muslims, especially Muslim men, and especially the common association between Islam and terrorism. 1 Obvious examples include John Updike's novel Terrorist (2006), Ian McEwan's Saturday (2005), and Martin Amis's short story, "The Last Days of Mohamed Atta" (2006). Others center on white people's experiences, fear, and trauma-Don DeLillo's Falling Man (2007), Jonathan Safran's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005), Claire Messud's The Emperor's Children (2006)-not those of people of color affected by the fallout of 9/11 within the US or beyond. 2 In their introduction to the important collection, Terror and the Postcolonial (2010), Elleke Boehmer and Stephen Morton affirm the urgent necessity of "interrogating the category and experience of terror from the standpoint of the colonized and the abject of history" (12).

This paper deals with the relationship between neoliberalism and communicative language teaching in language-in-education policy. Neoliberalism, or the deregulation of state based on meritocracy, or equal competition, gives rise to paradoxical discourses. On the one hand, sociolinguistic superdiversity shows us the unprecedented mixing and switching of languages by transnational migrants. On the other, language commodification requires us to use standard or monolingual language forms to access high-paying jobs in the global market. Parallel discourses in communicative language teaching pedagogy that distinguish between weak and strong forms also give rise to monolingual and multilingual language practices, respectively. This paper examines how language commodification and sociolinguistic superdiversity relate to the method-related problem of identity, a tension in the literature between the monolingual language practices of weak communicative language teaching, and post-structuralis...

This paper aims to explore H.M. Naqwi's novel, Home Boy with special attention to find out how the post 9/11 American society looks at Muslims with paranoia and suspicion. It also delves into the novel to see the process of othering Muslims and their state of being alienated in the society. Soon after the 9/11 incident, there came to the fore a dominant narrative that depict Muslims stereotypically as terrorist, uncivilised, barbaric and primitive but Naqwi's novel highlights the other side of the narrative and turns the early phase of narrative upside down. The article also examines the neo-Orientalist notions prevalently articulated after 9/11 through various means of media. Moreover, the novel not only redirects the reader from stereotypical and preconceived Western notions about Muslims but also subtly deconstructs the stereotypical notions. The present undertaking aims at how the representation of Muslim Others as evil in the media has contaminated the American mindset and consequently, their demeanour towards Muslims living in America.

Applied Linguistics as Social Science surveys the increasing dialogue between linguistics and social theory. The book shows how social theory, applied linguistics and sociolinguistics share a set of common concerns, and how an analysis of these to produce a social scientific account of applied linguistics helps to explain the interaction between social structures, human agents and language. Foreword . Introduction . Making connections: some key issues in social theory and applied linguistics . Sociology and ideas about language . Language as a cultural emergent property . Researching language learning: theories, evidence, claims . Social categories and theoretical descriptions . Social domain theory: interpreting intercultural communication . Language in the world: properties and powers . A social realist approach to research in applied linguistics

Les deux essais de ce dernier texte de Derrida representent une serie de conferences prononcees en 2002. Le premier, « La raison du plus fort (Y at-il des Etats voyous?) », traite le theme de la democratie avenir dans le cadre du double bindde l'impossibilite etla possibilite ou l'auto-...

Pakistani English Literature, with its multicultural character, gives us a unique chance to explore notion of national belonging which is often underlying cause of conflicts stemming from intolerance and ideology based on stereotyped images. As literature provides a chance to live various kinds of experience unlimited in space and time, a reader becomes a part of the narration and is given an opportunity to form his/her own concept of cultural belonging and national identity. The purpose of the paper is to research Pakistani English Literature from these perspectives and display the ways Pakistani writers use to achieve to discuss the above mentioned ideas and provide the reader with a unique opportunity to foresee the future of any society that fails to approach the canonical fixed notion of borderline between cultural and national identities. By this way, they prove the ideological power of literature as a part of cultural process which may serve to create liberal or on the contrary, conservative outlook.

This article develops two figures of the social imagination: the stereotype and the emblem. To start with we explore the notion of social imagination, principally from Emile Durkheim, Gaston Bachelard and Maurine Godelier. Secondly, the article deepens the two notions of stereotypes and emblems supported by the works of the historian Bronislaw Baczko and the anthropologist Michael Herzfeld's. Throughout the paper, the theoretical aims are illustrated with reference to coal-mining memory and heritage in the north of France. This article is about two figures of the social imagination: the stereotype and the emblem. These are two figures among several others, that express the imagination of society that we use in our every day life relationships, or in our collective appropriations of the world. Stereotypes and emblems have something in common that differs from several other figures of the social imagination such as narratives, rumours or legends : they have a strong link with image. The stereotype is properly speaking an opinion, but an opinion which seems to arise from a caricature. In its common meaning, an emblem is an image or an object which is designed to symbolize a trade, an aristocratic family, a country, and more recently a sports team or a politic party. Due to their proximity with images, it follows that we should interrogate the relationships between images and imagination. Following on from this, we will develop the two notions of stereotypes and emblems.

This paper deals with the relationship between neoliberalism and communicative language teaching in language-in-education policy. Neoliberalism, or the deregulation of state based on meri-tocracy, or equal competition, gives rise to paradoxical discourses. On the one hand, sociolin-guistic superdiversity shows us the unprecedented mixing and switching of languages by transnational migrants. On the other, language commodification requires us to use standard or monolingual language forms to access high-paying jobs in the global market. Parallel discourses in communicative language teaching pedagogy that distinguish between weak and strong forms also give rise to monolingual and multilingual language practices, respectively. This paper examines how language commodification and sociolinguistic superdiversity relate to the method-related problem of identity, a tension in the literature between the monolingual language practices of weak communicative language teaching, and post-structuralist language learner identities that are delineated by language. By drawing discursive and epistemic links between language commodifi-cation and sociolinguistic superdiversity and weak and strong communicative language teaching, I argue that language commodification emerges as a hegemonic discourse in weak communicative language teaching policy precepts, responsible for the method-related problem of identity. I attribute the discursive hegemony to a positivist epistemic framework that imposes preconceived language structures and identities on post-structuralist language learners in second and foreign language learning through monolingualism. This paper discusses important implications of socio-linguistic superdiversity as a counter-hegemonic discourse in superdiverse communicative language teaching contexts, as well as directions for future research.

The present paper analyzes H. M. Naqvi's Home Boy as counter-narrative to Orientalism in Western discourse that writes back to the American Empire apropos September 11 and terrorism. Naqvi tries to analyze, describe, problematize and destabilize Orientalist discourse of "othering" a and "stereotyping" The narrative protests against American imperialism-its belligerent foreign policy, its suppression and exploitation of third world countries, interference in other countries, and occupation and invasion of foreign lands. The narrative starts as a typical immigrant narrative in which the protagonist comes to the United States in pursuit of the American dream of prosperity, happiness and freedoms. Initially, the protagonist has assimilative and accommodative tendencies in the hopes of partaking in the economic and social privileges bestowed by a prestigious American education and lucrative employment in big financial institutions in the metropolis. However, the events of September 11 exacerbate an already precarious atmosphere of discrimination that exists in the novel in which their protagonist is treated as an outsider and enemy. Eylül ve terörizm ile ilgili Batı söylemindeki Oryantalizme karşı cevap veren bir direnç anlatısı olarak incelemektedir. Naqvi, romanında "öteki" ve klişeleştirme ile ilgili Oryantalist söylemi analiz etmeye, tanımlamaya, problemize etmeye ve dengesizleştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Anlatı, Amerikan emperyalizmine, savaşçı dış politikasına, Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin baskı altında tutulmasına, sömürülmesine, diğer ülkelere müdahalesine, yabancı toprakları işgaline karşı bir protesto anlatısıdır. Anlatı, kahramanın refah, mutluluk ve özgürlük rüyasının peşinde koştuğu tipik bir göçmen anlatısı olarak başlar. Başlangıçta, kahraman prestijli bir Amerikan eğitimi ve metropolde büyük finansal kurumlarda kazançlı istihdamın getirdiği ekonomik ve sosyal imtiyazlardan faydalanma umuduyla özümseyici ve uzlaşmacı eğilimler sergiler. Fakat, 11 Eylül olayları, kahramının yabancı ve düşman olarak gördüğü ve zaten mevcut olan ürkütücü ayrımcılık atmosferi ile karşılaşmasıyla, bu ayrımcılık daha da şiddenlenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şarkıyatçılık, oksidantalizm, 11 Eylül Romanları, direnç öyküleri.

This dissertation analyses the philosopher Gilles Deleuze as his work might be imported into the social sciences. I articulate a series of themes from his work in order to contextualize the construction of an entirely new and empirically-based social science data model. The new quantitative model does not rely explicitly upon older methods of correlation or statistical regression. The new model generates its own non-linear number line via the structure inherent in Pascal's triangle. Through an analysis of self-similarity, the model constructs a mathematical shorthand via elliptical curves. This model also allows for data manipulation via a triangulation or parallax methodology. After explicating the model, I then pin both the model and underlying Deleuzian theory back to canonical debates and themes in the social sciences. Some of the theories and theorists encountered are: structuralism/post-structuralism, structure and agency in the sociology of culture, rationalization and modernity, Freud, Lacan, Saussure, and more.

ITALIANO
Ogni struttura, dunque anche ogni istituzione, è abitata da una «casella vuota», uno spazio mobile e mai colmabile che ne mette in movimento gli elementi e ne regola la dinamica destituente/istituente. Questa idea – che trova una delle sue tante formulazioni, forse la più celebre, nel testo sullo Strutturalismo di Deleuze – è l’esito di un lungo e fecondo tragitto. Il percorso coincide, almeno nelle sue svolte più significative, con quello della scuola sociologica francese che, da Durkheim, attraverso Mauss, giunge sino all’antropologia di Lévi-Strauss. E trova nella nozione di "mana" un vero e proprio paradigma.
ENGLISH
Every structure, therefore also every institution, is inhabited by an "empty box", a mobile space that can never be filled, which sets the elements in motion. This idea – which finds one of its many for-mulations, perhaps the most famous, in Deleuze's Structuralism – is the outcome of a long and fruit-ful path, from Durkheim, through Mauss, to the anthropology of Lévi-Strauss. To understand its genesis and follow its evolutionary path, it is necessary to focus attention on Marcel Mauss’s work and on his way of thinking about institutions.

Largely used in the early 1990"s for the cultures of academic disciplines and their roots in different knowledge characteristics, the "tribes and territories" metaphor refers to the borders between traditional disciplines and the researchers" and academics" tendency to isolate themselves within the limits of their own discipline. Starting from the belief that a fragmentary approach can only provide a limited perspective upon the object of knowledge, the interdisciplinary approach has gradually gained solid ground starting from the second decade of the 20 th century, leading thus to the development of interdisciplinary research fields. In this context, both sociolinguistics, developed at the confluence of linguistics with sociology, starting in the mid-20 th century, and computational linguistics, emerging at the end of the same century, at the borderline between classical linguistics and computer science, propose interdisciplinary approaches to language facts, by exploring the conceptual and methodological apparatus of linguistics, sociology and the automatic processing of language. This study presents the methodological particularities of the two disciplines, highlighting the arguments they bring to support the interdisciplinary research of linguistic phenomena.

In a new blog with the Centre for International Policy Studies at the University of Ottawa, Dr Jeremy Wildeman describes how the Middle East is quite important to Canada, in spite of limited research on the region. That includes Canada's historical national identity being forged in part in conflict on the Suez in the 1950s. Dr Wildeman then describes the two approaches that most define Canada's foreign policy toward the Middle East, of multilateralism and international law, versus bilateralism and an emphasis on allies with shared values. He also describes how the two approaches are most associated with two former Prime Minister's, Lester B Pearson and Stephen Harper respectively. He concludes noting that current Canadian policy is best understood through the lens of a Harper approach that has been dominant since 2006.

The paper, through a close analysis of the fictive characters of Changez and Chuck, reads together Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) and H. M. Naqvi's Home Boy (2009) as pioneering literary texts that highlight the post-9/11 plight of American society plagued with xenophobia, racism and Islamophobia. Both the novels forward the images of the Pakistani expatriates, by fictionalizing their post-9/11 identity transformations, with their fast weakening ties with the host-land [America] as they are compelled to return, like prodigal sons, to their native homeland [Pakistan]. The paper exploits the theoretical observations regarding diasporic identity by the Postcolonial Studies scholars to provide a theoretic framework to guide the discussion of both the novels. The paper concludes that both Changez and Chuck are the prodigal sons whose decisions to return to their homeland are direct results of their inability to anchor in the host-land and wave off the traumas of their nightmarish social experiences as Pakistani expatriates in America in the turbulent times right after 9/11.

The present paper analyzes H. M. Naqvi's Home Boy as counter-narrative to Orientalism in Western discourse that writes back to the American Empire apropos September 11 and terrorism. Naqvi tries to analyze, describe, problematize and destabilize Orientalist discourse of "othering" a and "stereotyping" The narrative protests against American imperialism-its belligerent foreign policy, its suppression and exploitation of third world countries, interference in other countries, and occupation and invasion of foreign lands. The narrative starts as a typical immigrant narrative in which the protagonist comes to the United States in pursuit of the American dream of prosperity, happiness and freedoms. Initially, the protagonist has assimilative and accommodative tendencies in the hopes of partaking in the economic and social privileges bestowed by a prestigious American education and lucrative employment in big financial institutions in the metropolis. However, the events of September 11 exacerbate an already precarious atmosphere of discrimination that exists in the novel in which their protagonist is treated as an outsider and enemy.

Mob: 9946775529 The drama stage has witnessed terrible changes overtime. From the ancient epic play to the contemporary multifaceted performances, the audience has confronted but a drastic transformation in it. I have narrowed down matters into one of the groundbreaking Modern plays Hayavadana by Girish Karnad. Hayavadana again is a drama which carries within scope of studies from various perspectives. Here again I narrow down my research to the post-structuralist elements in the play. Post-structuralism is a revolutionary theory sprouted out in the 70's, from Structuralism in the previous decade. It focuses on the breaking of the traditional cults and taboos which were counted as identity of certain units by its parent theory. Undebatabely, Hayavadana is a play which smashes the supposed cults in uncountable manners. Let us examine the drama in the light of post-structuralism. To supplement my paper I intend to take the support of the eminent post structuralist work titled S/Z penned by Roland Barthes. In the essay Barthes makes a study of a novella from a bygone era, though with a very powerful and relevant concept for the Modern 1

This article analyses the changing trends of globalization and modernity that transform the social and individual perceptions. In postcolonial era, globalization proves to be an impetus that precipitates the tension between tradition and modernity. This article studies the competing forces of tradition and modernity as dramatized in Kamila Shamsie's Salt and Saffron (2000). The novel is a playful account of past memories revisited and preserved by family lore. It is also an appropriation of those traditional views in the modern scene by the members of new generation. Therefore, the novel becomes a microcosm of traditional versus modern values conceived by the family members of Dard-e-dil family. The novel is an effective display of past Muslim cultural and political glory yet it revisits the current issues of identity, displacement and immigration. The article situates the story of Dard-e-dils within the theoretical context of globalization and postcolonialism, and reads the flux and change that the Pakistani fiction reflects as it enters a new realm of changed national, social and individual perception in the post-partition and postcolonial era.

Dans cet article se rapportant à une pratique de la philosophie, nous interrogerons un présupposé qui conditionne la distribution des capacités intellectuelles dans nos sociétés contemporaines, dites du savoir – en l’occurrence, celui de l’inégalité des intelligences. Que ce soit au niveau institutionnel (école, université, État) ou à celui du rapport à soi (auto-exclusion, mépris de soi) en passant par les rapports interpersonnels et entre groupes sociaux (non-reconnaissance, exclusion, objectification), il nous semble voir à l’œuvre dans la société québécoise certains effets négatifs de ce présupposé.
Le projet d’une science ouverte et réellement émancipatrice permet de questionner ce présupposé. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons une réflexion sur une pratique particulière, la médiation intellectuelle, qui prend non pas l’inégalité, mais l’égalité des intelligences en tant que principe directeur explicite. Nous tâcherons de détailler les diverses dimensions formelles et épistémologiques de cette pratique, en gardant à l’esprit les possibles conséquences d’une telle approche en ce qui a trait au projet d’une science ouverte : une science dont le caractère émancipateur ne se résume pas à ses résultats mais s’étend également à sa production.

Male sex workers serve multiple groups (i.e., gay-identified men, heterosexually-identified men, and their own sexual partners), making them a unique source to test theories of gender, masculinity, and sexuality. To date, most scholarship on this topic has been qualitative. I assembled a dataset from the largest online male sex worker website to conduct the first quantitative analysis of male escorts in the United States. I find the geographic distribution of male sex workers is more strongly correlated with the general population than with the gay male population. In addition, I estimate the value of sexual behaviors and personal characteristics in this market to test sociological theories of gender and masculinity. Consistent with hege-monic masculinity, I find that male escorts who advertise masculine behavior charge higher prices for their services, whereas escorts who advertise less masculine behavior charge significantly less, a differential on the order of 17 percent. Results show that race and sexual behavior interactions exert a strong influence on prices charged by male sex workers, confirming aspects of intersectionality theory.

This paper examines debate in applied linguistics stemming from disputes surrounding its nature, scope and relationship with theoretical linguistics and English language teaching. The paper inspects radical ideas on applied linguistics and the discipline's connection with linguistics and English language teaching, through an examination of conflicting definitions and contemporary research interests. Set against the theoretical frames of post-modernist and post structuralist perspectives, the discipline of applied linguistics presents a wide spectrum of perceptions and models, ranging from the restricted to the open field. The current crisis of identity and boundary between applied linguistics and English language teaching is traced to historical and conceptual premises. The historical development of the field and the main changes affecting its focus are correlated with the global spread of English and the ensuing concerns. The conceptual premise is addressed with respect to the changes in the linguistic theory. The position adopted in this paper is that applied linguistics is not an extension of English language teaching. Applied linguistics incorporates English language teaching or language in the classroom perspective and with the same clarity and precision offers through disciplined and methodological enquiry a macro frame that incorporates all aspects of language in communication. The paper concludes with the proposition of two frames in applied linguistics, each with specific concerns and possibilities: a macro applied linguistic frame which considers applications of language within the large area of interdisciplinary language-related studies, and a micro applied linguistic frame which considers pedagogic and educational concerns and is reserved for ELT.

This article focuses on feminist debates about the state in International Relations (IR). I develop an argument about the gendered reproduction of the state that is based on a Foucauldian notion of power and a Butlerian deconstruction of gender. This approach challenges the unity of the state, power and gender, and the state becomes the gendered effect of discursive and structural processes. I critically discuss recent arguments for the need to move 'beyond the state' and to abandon the category of the state altogether, arguing that rather than abandoning the state, their contribution is to draw attention to the need to focus on the intersections of local, national and global levels when analysing states. The article focuses then on the ways in which feminist debates challenge the IR notion of 'sovereign states'. Feminist scholars problematise three issues in particular: sovereignty, the inside/outside dichotomy and the fiction of the state as a person. I suggest that these debates fundamentally refute the unity of the state upon which some of IR theory continues to rely. Finally, I discuss the state as an effect of discursive and structural processes, which shifts the focus to the gendered reproduction of the state.

FROM THE BACK COVER: What is the essential nature of meaning? . . . . . This book answers by examining interpretive theories from the past and present. It finds that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation, a struggle that reaches crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand, this crisis is mollified by Heidegger's hermeneutical phenomenology, which argues that we are always already in a meaningful relationship to the objects of the world. On the other hand, this crisis is exacerbated when phenomenology, structuralism, and aesthetic theory directly make meaning into an object of study. . . . . . . . . These historical developments culminate with the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, whose non-hermeneutical phenomenology delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity. Intriguingly, Lacan's work reveals meaning to be sexual in nature. By integrating his notion of sexual difference with his work in discourse theory and topology, this book demonstrates how the subject's struggle with meaning can be suspended.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Broadly speaking, the majority of books on Jacques Lacan focus on the earlier periods of his career. They also tend to target the psychoanalytic clinical community, or else discuss his work in various political, social, and cultural contexts. But in almost all cases these books refrain from a detailed exegesis of his actual texts. They instead prefer to comment on his theoretical apparatus as a whole before turning to its practical implications. . . . . . This book positions itself against this grain. Firstly, it closely analyzes some half-dozen key Lacanian texts. This analysis is organized under a single thematic – the question of meaning – in order to advance the reader's understanding of the trajectory of Lacan's thought across his entire career, as well as to promote the book's thesis that the field of meaning can be suspended. Accordingly, an initial chapter takes up the hermeneutical tradition from Flacius onward. This is then supplemented by a chapter which surveys phenomenological, structuralist and aesthetic theories of meaning and their differing methods of textual analysis. Together these two chapters provide a unique context for the sustained analysis of Lacan's texts which begins in the third chapter, an analysis that forms the bulk of the book's content. This contextualization potentially widens the book's appeal to any scholar wishing to explore his relationship to those textual objects he interacts with on a daily basis. And because this book assumes the reader has little to no familiarity with Lacan, the reader will find patient explanations of the basics of his theories before slowly being led up to the more difficult theories of his late years. Again the argument is that Lacan has something to offer all scholars. His work is not just reserved for psychoanalysts. . . . . . It is with his late theories that the serious student of Lacan will find the book's most original contribution. For in the fourth chapter a detailed account is provided of how Lacan derived his infamous formulae of sexuation from Aristotelian logic. These formulae are then extensively discussed against the backdrop of interpretive theory and textual analysis, showing how these formulae capture much more than just the difference between the sexes. Strikingly, this difference is also found to run through meaning itself, something the final chapter aims to demonstrate. It does this by amalgamating three key components of late-Lacan: sexuation, discourse theory and his use of topological spaces. This amalgamation is a first in the literature. But this amalgamation is not just useful in demonstrating the book's thesis. It further suggests how seemingly divergent aspects of late-Lacanian theory can be made to work together.

This text would be an operating manual in form of a open lexicon, a tool for anyone who wants to deal with teaching (and of course research) in the field of arts. Is a result of  a 8 years PhD research (2005-2013) at  the Planetary Collegium CAiiA, Center Advanced inquiries integrative Arts, School of Art, Faculty of Arts , University of Plymouth under the direction and supervision of professor, artist and visionary thinker Roy Ascott. The thesis, titled Outline of a Subversive Technopoetic for a Libertarian Pedartgogy, explores the relationships between knowledge and knowing in our contemporary 21st century. The start resides in the hypothesis that technics have tertiarised memory (Stiegler B., 1994), that knowledge is always founded on an ontological pessimism (Queneau R., 1933, Lyotard F., 1979) and on a perpetual process of the generation of meaning (Gadda C., 1923-29, Foucault M., 1966). Knowledge is always and inevitably linked to the technics with which it is passed on. Pedagogy becomes a questioning of the object of knowledge, which transmutes into a definition of the ways it can be visualised.  This research then, setting out from a pessimistic position in relation to knowledge and truth, amplifies them to infinite possible forms and therefore causes a dual shift of philosophy towards art and of pedagogy towards hermeneutics. The methodology consisted of description of a territory in a cartography of meaning, seen as the relation between intuition and the way in which practices as knowledge and arts form meaningful remnants.
F. Monico, 2013