Polycentric Urban Regions

The investigation of spatial disparities and their characteristics across various geographical regions has increasingly become a focal point for urban planners in recent years, attracting considerable political attention. The presence of spatial disparities in diverse global regions has resulted in certain regions benefiting from adequate level of public services and socioeconomic prosperity, thereby significantly contributing to national income and production. Conversely, this phenomenon hampers development in other regions, exacerbating the inequality and disparity between various districts. Existing literature indicates that spatial disparity has engendered uneven and unbalanced growth across different regions in Iran. Such disparities have precipitated imbalances within geographical areas, leading to pronounced variations in social, economic, ecological, and physical indicators. Consequently, the primary goal of this article is to identify the components, factors, and indicators that influence spatial disparities and to analyze the relationship between these elements and their distance from regional, provincial, and cluster centers in the Southern Alborz region. This region, recognized as one of Iran's national-regional physical areas, encompasses seven provinces-Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Qazvin, and Zanjan-and includes 57 districts located within these provinces.

Background. Subsequent research of polycentric systems was associated with the processes of metropolisation and seeking solutions to efficiently manage complex territorial structures. This approach, however, was superseded by the approach of multi-level governance. The authors propose a return to the polycentric theory, accepting it as the theoretical framework for research on functional urban areas, which are in Poland the new paradigm of co-operation of territorial units. The article is to draw attention to the polycentric approach as a useful framework of research in the area of public management and to verify how the organisation of functional urban areas corresponds to polycentric systems, matching relations between the participating actors and the system of distribution of power and influence. Methodology. The article has been based on the discourse analysis as well as the analysis of the content of reports and other documents. Key findings. Functional urban areas bear the hallmarks of polycentric systems, therefore, it seems advisable to apply the polycentric approach to their research. Moreover, the polycentrism is free from the deficiencies of MLG. In addition, the polycentric approach gives greater opportunity for interpretation and classification of inter-institutional relations.

Freiraume -Straßen, Wege, Plätze -kurz alles das, was zwischen den Gebäuden ist -sind die Grundlage für städtisches Leben (vgl. Gehl, J., 2010) -in erster Linie denkt man dabei an fußläufige Stadtquartiere, Nutzungsvielfalt, öffentliche Räume als attraktive lebendige Orte der Begegnung. In Wien tauchen Bilder der Freiräume des ersten Bezirks auf, oder die Lebendigkeit in Freiräumen der Gründerzeitvierteln. Allerdings: Der moderne funktionalisierte Städtebau mit der Trennung von Wohnen und Arbeiten prägt auch Wien (Charta von Athen, 1933). Neben Wohnsiedlungen sind Gewerbegebiete Ausdruck des monofunktionalen Städtebaus mit ihren typischen Charakteristika wie der Erzeugung von (meist motorisiertem) Verkehr zwischen den einzelnen Stadtteilen zur Bewältigung des Alltags (Arbeiten, Einkaufen, Behördenwege, Kinderbetreuung, soziale Kontakte) und wenig einladenden Freiräumen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie, am Beispiel des Gewerbegebietes Liesing, in monofunktionalen Stadtteilen eine "smarte" Stadtentwicklung aus der Perspektive der integrativen Freiraumplanung aussehen kann. Diesem Beitrag liegt die freiraumplanerische These zu Grunde, dass die Freiräume die Grundlage der Stadt sind, auch der Gewerbegebiete. Freiräume im Gewerbegebiet sind gekennzeichnet vom Wirtschaften -auf den Betriebsparzellen wie in den öffentlichen Freiräumen.

La Fabrique de la Cite, a French foundation sponsored by Vinci, funded LSE Housing and Communities to produce seven updated city reports on Leipzig and six other European cities, following our initial reports in 2007. The financial crisis, Eurozone troubles and six-year recession have changed the fortunes of these hard-hit, former industrial cities yet again. These seven stories are up-to-the-minute, grounded evidence of the capacity of cities to recreate themselves as the Phoenix. Each city story is unusual in focussing on a single city and looking in depth at how it survives and thrives, or struggles. The reports draw on the earlier work of Jorg Ploger and Astrid Winkler who wrote the original city reports published in 2007, and we owe a deep debt of gratitude to them for their outstanding research, their meticulous evidence and their direct accounts of visits to the sites. We revisited all the cities several times since 2008, and this report is based on visits to Leipzig and inte...

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Copyright

This brief paper explores the scope for introducing a functional dimension to the definition of SOAs in England (nb. although the discussion centres on England the issues could potentially extend to the other UK countries). What is meant here by the term functional is an emphasis on linkages-rather than homogeneity-as the basis for grouping areas. For example, a functional argument for grouping two areas could be that they each had many residents who had recently lived in the other area, whereas an argument along the more familiar homogeneity lines could be that each had many residents who lived in terraced housing. The starting point here is the SOAs: Report to members of Advisory Group-August 2003 which records progress towards agreed sets of lower and middle tier SOAs. These sets are being defined with zone design software (ZDS) which has not included a functional dimension. The middle tier units generated by ZDS average around 7,500 residents (nb. the final middle tier SOAs' deviation around this value-and around other criteria which the ZDS aims to optimise-will greatly increase if the proposal to allow local authorities to adjust the draft boundaries is implemented). This paper is essentially concerned with the process of grouping to the upper tier SOAs which would average around 25,000 residents. (That said, if it was decided to introduce a functional element into the definition of the middle tier SOAs then the issues explored in this paper would be raised for those middle tier definitions too). Why define upper tier SOAs in a different way to that used to date? To introduce a functional dimension into the definition of upper tier SOAs seems to involve moving away from 'what works' (ie. the success of the OA definitions, and the progress made so far with the lower tier SOAs). Yet simply carrying forward the approach used for defining these small areas seems unlikely to yield

The population and activities increase on urban areas in the last 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century is evidence around the planet. It is an expansive growth of generalized character that has come from the hand of multiple social, economic and environmental factors linked to historical development. In this context, urban growth, with its increasing demand for space and power, has resulted in the metropolitan scale identification, with new scenarios and actors in which the presence of services has been imposed spatially to the rest of the economic activities. The metropolis of 21st century undergoes a conformation and distribution functional according to which recognize the new nodes and areas of centrality in lathe to major facilities that attract not only capital and investment, but also on commuting This article presents the significance of addressing the metropolitan city phenomenon, incorporating the complexity of scales and the role of the elements that interact, managing the authors look and analysis toward the great centres of activity in the new urban development. The incorporation of different scales, sectors of activity and hierarchies, have the treatment of data and subsequent analysis require approaches daring but firm and objective, able to involve solutions for new conflicts on the nodes, networks and mobility.. Areas and urban agglomerations have singular processes and transformations although direct partners are detected numerous cases consistent guidelines, such as the fact that certain services (for example, shopping, trade or health care to certain levels), rely on peripheral sites at the level of the central city and indirectly to the road mesh that supports the mobility of Metropolitan scope. Decode their patterns and relationships helps to understand certain patterns of growth and functioning in the metropolitan areas, which in turn can lead to approval or review of urban management undertaken, from monitoring and evaluation. In short, it is minimizing raised tensions in these areas, hence the interest of this article. These processes are clearly identified given the interest in the search for solutions to some of the major problems occurred (multiplication of everyday movements and consequent excessive motorization, loss of environmental quality, inadequacy of soils to applica-

Usme is a village and former municipality in the south of Bogotá. Urbanisation has transformed the social and spatial structure of the village deeply. Agrarian production and distribution has been affected strongly by the global trend of industrialisation of agriculture and changing agents in the field during the second half of the twentieth century, while at the same time a significant share of the area of the former municipality turned urban. Both processes are analysed in a parallel way with a focus on overlooked existing and changing relations and potentials of food cycles between rural and urban inhabitants and challenges regarding production and distribution of agrarian goods. The problems and solutions of food flows could represent alternative benchmarks for the sustainable future of the urban expansion area between the rural and the urban part of Usme. This analysis is developed in the framework of my PhD Thesis.

The Smart Cities Initiative enables complex projects in the areas of:
 Mobility
 Communication & information systems
 Energy (networks)
 Supply & disposal
 Buildings
 Green and open spaces

The upcoming STEP 2035 is to be completed as a roadmap for the next 10 years for urban development by the end of summer 2024. Once approved by the municipal council, its implementation will begin. After that, its publication can be expected.

This much is already clear: as an essential strategy document, the basis for the spatial transformation of Vienna into a climate-friendly, social and robust city will be created.
(Texts, Fact Sheets are written only in german)


***
>> The author is not responsible for changes in the text that occurred due to formatting by the Academia.edu platform during the upload process and thereafter!

Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.

Public managers who operate within cross-jurisdictional governance regimes face substantial difficulties in facilitating network collaboration. Scholars have long suggested that non-congruence of geographic borders can create coordination problems among the political communities within polycentric administrative units. A frequently reoccurring example of such coordination problems arises in cases where municipalities and school districts have non-congruent borders, creating fiscal externalities in residential development land use decisions. Using GIS data from 611 Ohio school districts and 1,585 municipalities in 2000, we calculate the degree of non-congruence between school district and municipal territory to test for evidence that non-congruence of municipal-school district borders influences school district class size. The results indicate that schools with non-congruent borders do experience substantively larger class sizes. Furthermore, these effects seem to increase with the degree of non-congruence. Our findings are robust to model specification and consistent across OLS and treatment effects regression estimates. Policy implications for state-encouraged consolidation of school districts are discussed as well as theoretical and empirical implications of non-congruent jurisdictional borders for governance studies more generally.

British Columbia is characterized by a relatively hierarchical urban system. This study aims to identify areas of potential for the development of Polycentric Urban Regions (PURs) to provide a counterweight to the dominant urban core and to develop higher functions in peripheral areas to increase their long-term viability. Three methods are employed to assess the spatial-functional and political-institutional dimensions of organizing capacity for the development of PURs: spatial analysis to determine proximity between population centres by driving time and distance; Pareto analysis to measure the existing degree of polycentricity in regional districts; and a survey of regional planners to assess their knowledge, current planning activities and attitudes towards polycentricity. Eleven areas with potential for PUR development were identified, which each have unique spatial and political challenges and opportunities. In general, many areas have good spatial conditions, but differences in the role of the regional district as a planning coordinator will make a common approach to PUR development challenging. In future studies of these regions, it is recommended to focus on the outcomes of PUR development and the benefits that could be realized in each region according to more specific local conditions.

British Columbia is characterized by a relatively hierarchical urban system. This study aims to identify areas of potential for the development of Polycentric Urban Regions (PURs) to provide a counterweight to the dominant urban core and to develop higher functions in peripheral areas to increase their long-term viability. Three methods are employed to assess the spatial-functional and political-institutional dimensions of organizing capacity for the development of PURs: spatial analysis to determine proximity between population centres by driving time and distance; Pareto analysis to measure the existing degree of polycentricity in regional districts; and a survey of regional planners to assess their knowledge, current planning activities and attitudes towards polycentricity. Eleven areas with potential for PUR development were identified, which each have unique spatial and political challenges and opportunities. In general, many areas have good spatial conditions, but differences in the role of the regional district as a planning coordinator will make a common approach to PUR development challenging. In future studies of these regions, it is recommended to focus on the outcomes of PUR development and the benefits that could be realized in each region according to more specific local conditions.

Many pluralists would abjure the pursuit of a dominant single political end or goal, the better to secure freedom for individuals and groups to pursue their own goals. But classical proponents of the common good argue that it is precisely such a supreme goal that defines the best regime (and possibly any regime). Although these two camps disagree about whether it is desirable to pursue an architectonic common good in politics, they agree that doing so would be incompatible with political pluralism. It is this point of agreement that I wish to contest, for it rests on a flawed view of The Common Good as monolithic and all-consuming, a view that misunderstands the basic logic of common action. A more supple account of the common good does not oblige us to choose between a politics of plural communities and an architectonic common good. In any case, the effort to eschew an architectonic common good is misplaced, since, as I shall argue, politics inevitably enacts some morally-formative vision of life as whole. If I am right on this point, then the only viable pluralism is a common good pluralism.

Si « Paris s'endort » 1 , son sommeil est agité ! L'encre du Schéma régional d'aménagement n'a pas séché qu'agendas et discussions se multiplient au nouveau Secrétariat d'État, dans les communes désormais réunies en Syndicat ou dans les grandes entreprises. Frédéric Gilli propose un retour sur ces questions. Le risque est qu'à se ruer sur les débats institutionnels, l'on perde le sens des enjeux pratiques qu'ils doivent servir. Cet article, qui porte sur les spécificités du débat francilien, est le premier d'une série de trois que La Vie des Idées publiera dans les semaines à venir. Clichy, Montfermeil, Grigny ou Sevran : le feu couve dans les quartiers populaires de Paris. La productivité de la région capitale bat certes des records, mais le taux de chômage francilien reste préoccupant. La grande majorité des sans-domicile en France vit d'ailleurs en région parisienne. Croissance sans développement 2 ? Cette situation économique et sociale suscite des inquiétudes quant à la capacité de la capitale à endurer longtemps ce niveau de tensions sociales en maintenant son statut de métropole mondiale de premier rang. Apporter des solutions opérationnelles aux défis franciliens suppose une approche pragmatique des enjeux et des points de blocages qui verrouillent la situation francilienne. Impossible de faire

In this paper, we aim at exploring how individual location decisions affect the shape of a growing city and, more precisely, how they may add up to a configuration that diverges from equilibrium configurations formulated ex-ante. To do so, we provide a two-sector city model merging a static equilibrium analysis with agent-based simulations. Results show that under strong agglomeration effects, urban development is monotonic and ends up with circular, monocentric long-term configurations. For low agglomeration effects however, elongated and multicentric urban configurations may emerge. The occurrence and underlying dynamics of these configurations are also discussed regarding commuting costs and the distance-decay of agglomeration economies between firms. To sum up, our paper warns urban planning policy makers against the difference that may stand between appropriate long-term perspectives, represented here by analytic equilibrium configurations, and shortterm urban configurations, simulated here by a multi-agent system.

A magyarországi nagyvárosok körül fekvő települések társadalma és gazdasága jelentős átalakuláson ment keresztül a szocializmus utolsó évtizede óta. A világgazdasági, általános társadalmi folyamatok eleinte erős szűrőn keresztül, majd a rendszerváltást követően elemi erővel alakították át a korábban is a város erőterébe került és megváltoztatott helyi társadalmat. A városkörnyék jellemzően gazdaságilag alulfejlett, funkcióhiányos, sok esetben dominánsan alvófunkcióval rendelkező települései egy kisebb részét a meginduló gazdasági átalakulás a kialakuló, 100-120 kilométer átmérőjű budapesti metropolisz tér belső része alközpontjaivá tette, mások viszont nem tudtak bekapcsolódni az integrációs folyamatokba. A helyi társadalmak jelentősen megváltoztak e folyamatoknak köszönhetően. A települések egy részében a helyi identitás erősödésével, vagy új identitás kialakulásával  sikeres közösségek jöttek létre, a rosszabb helyzetűek egy része atomizálódó helyi társadalommal szembesül.

The society and economy of the settlements around the big cities in Hungary have undergone a significant transformation since the last decade of socialism. First tempered, then with full force, the global economic forces and general social processes transformed after the collapse of communism the local communities, already under the strong influence of city. The economic transformation that began in the urban periphery has turned a small number of the typically economically underdeveloped, functionally deprived and in many cases predominantly dormant settlements into sub-centres of the inner part of the emerging, 100- to 120-kilometre-wide metropolitan area of Budapest, while others have proved unable to join the integration processes. These processes have significantly transformed the local societies. In some of the settlements, successful communities have emerged due to the strengthening of local identity or the creation of a new one, while some of the less well-off have been faced with an atomising local society.

We analyze the relationship between urban sprawl and changing patterns of inequality and segregation in metropolitan areas of Argentina. The existing literature has endeavored to study the determinants of the expansion of cities, but less attention has been placed in understanding the effects of this sprawl on the livelihood of the people that live in them. Understanding whether different patterns of urban extension determine both segregation and inequality is extremely relevant in the context of fast growing urban agglomerates of Latin American countries. Among other findings, we provide evidence that there is segregation of the poor and not of the rich in all urban agglomerates but in Greater Buenos Aires, where segregation of the affluent, not the poor, prevails in the areas of greater informal urban expansion, measured by the extension of informal settlements. Yet, not all the patterns of urban development and built-up growth have the same effect. More leapfrog appears to explai...

The success of Agenda 2030 will mainly be decided in cities. By 2050, nearly 70% of humans are expected to live in urban areas, making urbanization one of the 21st century’s most transformative trends, and intensifying the economic, social, environmental, and cultural challenges and opportunities. Many secondary and tertiary cities and towns in SEA are experiencing rapid but quite often insufficiently planned and managed developments which result in major challenges: the sustainable protection of water resources; the reduction of vulnerability to climate change and disaster risks; and the effective provision of water-related public services for all citizens

There is increasing agreement among urban development decision makers, scholars and practitioners that classical models of urban planning and water- related infrastructure development alone cannot meet the development challenges of these cities. They no longer reflect the cities’ realities, needs and capacities. Current planning approaches and implementation schemes for these cities should be rethought.
The management of urban water resources should be removed from a solely sector-focused approach and understood as a cross-cutting issue of overall urban development. Infrastructure development should rely on flexible, integrated and financially sustainable modular approaches that can adapt to the development and needs of cities over time. New governance structures at city and neighborhood level involving city administrations, communities, citizens, the private sector, civil society institutions and academia should allow a polycentric management of water resources.
This required comprehensive urban transformation may be guided by concepts such as “water-sensitive cities” or “water-wise cities” .

This report publishes the results of the Definition Phase (2019–2020) of the www.polyurbanwaters.org project. The work presented here:
⁓ contextualizes polycentric approaches to urban water management as a relevant cross-sectoral instrument for localizing Agenda 2030 and the NUA, especially for secondary and tertiary cities in Southeast Asia
⁓ introduces a conceptual framework for how the integration of innovative urban planning approach- es with urban water resources management can contribute to the establishment of water-sensitive cities in the context of rapid urban transformation processes and limited institutional capacities;
⁓ identifies main features of how planning and im- plementation processes for water-sensitive cities can be configured and which prerequisites should be created on the local and national levels;
⁓ presents the research design of the PolyUrbanWaters project, which has the main goal of developing scalable and transferable instruments for polycen- tric water-sensitive urban development, the validity of which will be tested at the local level; and
⁓ includes analyses (elaborated by PolyUrbanWaters network partners) of framework conditions and experiences that are relevant for a water-sensitive transition of secondary and tertiary cities in SEA.

De janvier 2009 a janvier 2011, notre equipe interdisciplinaire et internationale a mene ses recherches en vue de produire une cartographie culturelle du Paris-Metropole (75, 92, 93, 94). Le rapport qui suit marque l’aboutissement de ce projet. A travers plus d’une cinquantaine de cartes inedites, des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives, ainsi qu’un documentaire, nous sommes heureux de mettre en scene, dans le cadre de ce rapport, les principales conclusions de notre projet qui offrent non seulement un point de vue utile et original sur la metropole de Paris aujourd’hui, mais aussi des outils pour comprendre ce que sera le Paris de demain.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of two divergent methods for delineating commuting regions, also called labour market areas, in a situation that the base spatial units differ largely in size as a result of an irregular population distribution. Commuting patterns in Sweden have been analyzed with geographical information system technology by delineating commuting regions using two regionalization methods. One, a rule-based method, uses one-way commuting flows to delineate local labour market areas in a top-down procedure based on the selection of predefined employment centres. The other method, the interaction-based Intramax analysis, uses two-way flows in a bottom-up procedure based on numerical taxonomy principles. A comparison of these methods will expose a number of strengths and weaknesses. For both methods, the same data source has been used. The performance of both methods has been evaluated for the country as a whole using resident employed population, se...

The chapter will analyse the changes in the intensity and directions of migration in FUAs in the years 1990-2016. More specifically, the directions of population migration from and to the cores/commuting zones according to the size of FUAs will be explored (including total and subperiods). It is assumed, that migrations in FUAs play an increasingly important role in population distribution in Poland. According to migration patterns the phenomenon of suburbanisation and reurbanisation in FUAs will be examined depending on the size of the FUA. Keywords Functional Urban Areas • Migration • Population change • Urban development • Spatial and temporal analysis • Poland 7.1 Migration Trends in FUAs in General and by Zone The post-1989 political and economic transformation fundamentally changed the socioeconomic situation in Poland. The series of reforms conducted in the early 1990s led to changes for which Polish society was not fully prepared. This caused, especially in the first half of the 1990s, a serious economic crisis and led to the impoverishment of a proportion of Poles who were not able to find themselves in the new realities. The main consequences of these transformations included deindustrialisation, which led to a decrease in the number of jobs in large industrial centres, a rise in house prices in cities following the collapse of public housing and transition to a free housing market, change in the residential preferences of the population (a flat in the city ceased to be an attribute of social prestige), a growth in the number of cars, which improved people's mobility, and people's growing wealth, which led to the emergence of a middle class in Poland. The above effects of the transformation were reflected in a change in the migratory behaviour of the population. There was a slowdown in rural-to-urban migration for permanent residence, as well as in shuttle migration, which had been strongly developed in urban regions during socialist times (Soja and Zborowski 1998; Zborowski 2002). The effects of the political and economic transformation were discernible both in urban and rural areas, which had already suffered from underinvestment during the socialist period, and were additionally afflicted during the transformation itself by

Je tiens à exprimer mes remerciements à toutes les personnes qui m' ont apporté leur aide de près ou de loin à l' élaboration de ce mémoire. Je souhaite en premier lieu adresser toute ma gratitude à ma directrice de mémoire, Madame Hélène Reigner, pour son temps et la pertinence de ses conseils qui ont alimenté ma réflexion tout au long de ce travail de recherche. Je désire également remercier les membres de l' agence CoBe qui m' ont accueilli en stage pendant la durée de ce mémoire et mis à ma disposition un grand nombre d' ouvrages indispensable à la rédaction de ce mémoire. Je voudrais de plus, exprimer ma reconnaissance à toute l' équipe enseignante de l'Institut d'Urbanisme et d'Aménagement Régional d'Aix en Provence, pour ces deux années enrichissantes qui m' ont permis de trouver ma voie professionnelle. Pour finir, j' aimerais remercier tous mes camarades de promotion pour ces deux années pleines de bons moments et de souvenirs. 3 SOMMAIRE / PARTIE 1 / LES ENTRÉES DE VILLE : UNE DÉFINITION FLOUE POUR UN OBJET HISTORIQUE 1.1/ Un essai de définition déconnecté du passé 1.2/ Un objet historique en perpétuelle évolution 1.2.1/ Les entrées de ville à l'époque gallo-romaine 1.2.2/ Les entrées de ville médiévales 1.2.3/ Les entrées de villes à l'époque moderne 1.2.4/ Les entrées de ville à l'époque contemporaine 1.3/ Une définition intemporelle basée sur les récurrences historiques 26 PARTIE 2 / UN OBJET HISTORIQUE TOUJOURS D'ACTUALITÉ 29 2.1/ La place des entrées de ville dans la ville d'aujourd'hui 30 2.1.1/ L'aire métropolitaine comme territoire de la ville 2.1.2/ Les grandes pénétrantes comme entrées de ville 2.1.3/ Les grandes centralités comme étapes et portes d'un parcours 2.1.4/ Des parcours d'entrée de ville privilégiés 2.2.1/ Le Bourget, porte d'entrée privilégiée de la métropole du Grand Paris 2.2.2/ La Défense, centralité métropolitaine 2.2.3/ Le quartier de la Porte d'Italie, interface locale et métropolitaine 2.2.4/ Des projets métropolitains comme levier du développement local PARTIE 3 / LES ENTRÉES DE VILLE COMME INDICATEUR DE LA VILLE DE DEMAIN 3.1/ Une mobilité intensifiée et optimisée 3.2/ Une morphologie urbaine au service de la mobilité et de l'efficacité 3.3/ Une gouvernance métropolitaine forte

Labour market areas and other functional regions (FRs) are increasingly used within research and policy, but how FRs are best defined is an unresolved issue. This is important because the policy impacts, or the research results, will differ depending on the specific FR boundaries used. As a result of this sensitivity (termed the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem), quantitative metrics are needed so that differing sets of FR boundaries can be evaluated. To meet this need the paper firstly reviews the concept and use of labour market areasthe form of FRs most widely used in policyto identify relevant criteria for evaluating any regionalisation comprising a set of FRs. Next a range of potential measurable indicators for each of the criteria is defined. These candidate indicators are then exemplified by applying them to a huge number of alternative sets of FRs. From this empirical evidence a shortlist of preferred indicators is identified, creating a statistical 'toolbox' for evaluating sets of FRs. The paper ends by first sketching possible processes within which applying the indicators can help policy-makers with a decision over the appropriate set of FRs for a specific policy, before finally outlining some potential future research developments.

In many local labour markets across Europe and elsewhere, a rapidly growing minority of workers are making long commuting trips. One consequence for research into journey-to-work flows which seeks to identify the boundaries of local labour market areas (LLMAs), is that these boundaries represent a 'snap shot' of an increasingly volatile pattern. In fact, it remains an unmet challenge for regional science to represent the way commuting patterns are evolving. Is it sufficient to simply update maps, using a consistent method which is then applied to successive 'snap-shot' datasets? This approach will be illustrated in contrasting regions. On the other hand, are there alternative forms of analysis better able to identify areas where change has been greater-or less-than elsewhere? The paper will end with some explorations in pursuit of this aim. José Manuel Casado-Díaz has received financial support from the Spanish Department of Education and Science (ref. BEC2003-02391) through a programme partly funded by the European Fund for Regional Development. Technical support provided by staff co-financed by the Spanish Department of Education and Science, the European Social Fund and the UA.

This paper examines census-derived commuting data for the world's earliest major urbanindustrial region, now home to 10 million people. Owing its origins to water power from the Pennine rivers, this region now comprises many closely-spaced cities and towns whose distinct identities have been eroded through the loss of their local industrial specialisms and the long-term growth in mobility. It contains five of the city regions identified by 'The Northern Way', a policy initiative designed as part of the Labour government's 2004 Sustainable Cities Plan for stimulating agglomeration economies across the wider region, with a more polycentric structure being seen as a positive contribution to this development. The paper tests how far this part of Northern England may be evolving into a single polycentric mega-city region, using commuting data from the 1981, 1991 and 2001 Censuses. Two hypotheses are tested; namely, that there is increasing polycentricity within each of the five city regions and that there is increasing linkage between the five city regions. With gravity modelling removing the effects of generic reductions in distance deterrence, evidence is found of trends towards greater polycentricity at both these scales of analysis, albeit modest in scale: there has been some reduction in the five cities' attraction of commuters living in the other parts of their city regions and the boundaries between the city regions have become somewhat more permeable over time.

Sub-national economic policies increasingly use labor market areas (LMAs) rather than administrative areas for analysis and implementation. How a set of LMAs was defined influences the results of such analyses, and so accurate policy delivery needs appropriately defined LMAs. Multinational bodies need comparable LMA definitions in many countries, calling for a definition method that is transferable across national boundaries. This article applies quantitative metrics to evaluate LMAs defined in three contrasting countries by three methods that represent the main methodological approaches. The deductive approach-based on a center and hinterland-is too inflexible to deal with differing geographical circumstances and cannot cope with statistical zones that are very small, or do not respect settlement structure. The alternative inductive methods tested define appropriate LMAs in each country, with the newer method performing slightly better in statistical terms. The article also exemplifies the usefulness of the metrics for comparisons of alternative regionalizations.

This report presents the final results of an Applied Research Project conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects.

The problem of functional, compositional, and structural transformations, necessary to be introduced in contemporary inner cities, is complex and multithreaded. Sometimes cities get compared to palimpsests-re-used parchments from which old texts were removed in order to replace them with new ones. Undoubtedly, they are very particular palimpsests, as it is very difficult to clearly assess what should be protected and preserved, and what can be replaced or reconstructed. This paper discusses problems and concepts of transformations of selected city centres of the Silesian agglomeration, paying special attention to big comprehensive reconstructions of Katowice and Gliwice. Keywords: Theory of urban design, concepts of reconstruction of cities, reconstruction of Silesian cities, reconstruction of Katowice, reconstruction of Gliwice, city centre revitalisation, future of cities, city forming Streszczenie Problem przekształceń funkcjonalnych, kompozycyjnych i strukturalnych, koniecznych do wprowadzenia we współczesnych śródmieściach, jest złożony i wielowątkowy. Miasta czasami porównuje się z palimpsestami, czyli pergaminami, z których, chcąc wykorzystać cenny podkład, usuwano dawne zapisy, aby je zastąpić nową treścią. Są one niewątpliwie palimpsestami szczególnymi, gdyż bardzo trudno jest jednoznacznie ocenić, co powinno podlegać ochronie i pozostawieniu, a co można zastąpić względnie przebudować. Artykuł omawia problemy i idee przekształcenia wybranych centrów miast aglomeracji śląskiej, zwracając szczególną uwagę na duże-kompleksowe przebudowy Katowic i Gliwic.

Mobilités sociales et résidentielles en France. Une approche ethnographique dans deux petites villes aux marges du Bassin parisien RÉSUMÉ L'anthropologie de la parenté et des migrations internationales a renouvelé l'analyse des mobilités sociales dans le monde. Ce texte propose de combiner leurs outils, appliqués à l'analyse des mobilités sociales et des migrations internes de longue distance en France, avec ceux de l'histoire économique et de la géographie sociale, pour étudier la décroissance démographique, depuis 2000, de trois « petites villes centres » aux marges du Bassin parisien, et ses effets contrastés sur la population résidente. La première section présentera les histoires économiques et administratives de ces bourgs industriels et ruraux. La deuxième section exposera plusieurs trajectoires de migrants : une récente migration de pauvres dans la ville de Fredonne, qui s'est effondrée démographiquement entre 2005 et 2011 ; une périurbanisation plus ancienne, portée par les classes moyennes et populaires locales autour de Monceau ; dans les deux cas, des migrations de retour et de conquête en fonction des opportunités perçues. La troisième section esquisse une modélisation des processus à l'oeuvre, susceptible d'éclairer les politiques territoriales pour contrer, à l'échelle locale, les éventuels effets destructeurs de la décroissance. MOTS CLÉS ethnographie, parenté, migrations internes de longue distance, petites villes en déclin, politiques territoriales ABSTRACT Anthropology of kinship and migration studies have opened new roads to think worldwide social mobility. This text uses these ethnographic approaches to analyse social mobility and domestic migrations in France, combined with local economic history and spatialised demography. It focuses on three small nearby shrinking cities at the edge of Bassin parisien, and studies the various consequences, on the resident population, of their demographic decline. The first section presents economic and administrative contexts. The second section exposes several trajectories of long and short distance domestic migrants: Poverty migration from and towards Fredonne after its 2005-2011 demographic collapse; Small distance middle-class and workingclass migration around Monceau; In both cases, long distance conquest and return migrations, depending on perceived opportunities. The third section outlines a modelling of ongoing processes, in order to inform territorial policies able to counter the potential destructing effects of local decline.

Regional scientists' methods to partition space in functional areas meet complex system analysts' methods to detect communities in networks. A common concern is the detection of hierarchical sets of clusters representing underlying structures. In this paper modularity optimization in complex networks is compared to polarized functional area definition through dominant flows. Different approaches to the significance of dominant flows are also tested, namely threshold and Multiple Linkage Analysis approaches. Both methods are applied recursively in order to obtain a hierarchical clustering of municipalities in the PACA region (France) based on commuting flows in 1999. The comparison focuses on the geographical meaning of the results of the analyses. Modularity optimization and dominant flow results agree in many points and highlight the inadequacy of official methods integrating administrative boundaries in functional area definition. When they differ, they offer complementary views on the urban structure of the PACA region.

Labour Market Areas (LMAs) are regions built on the basis of commuting to work data so that the majority of the labour force lives and works within their boundaries. LMAs have long being recognised as relevant for assessing the effectiveness of local policy decisions. Eurostat encourages LMA development in the European Union. The idea is to share methods and tools towards the creation of a harmonised geography. As the LMA functional approach to territorial partitioning is getting more and more used for policy purposes, the demand for indicators is increasing. The paper illustrates the shared method, the recently publicly available software package LabourMarketAreas developed at Istat for LMA design. The paper also presents examples of indicators at LMA level built from register data. Finally the small area estimation method implemented by Istat to release employment and unemployment rates at this geographical level is sketched.

APPENDIX BOut commuting changes in regards to the direction of flows Year Municipality Population (% of total CLM pop.) # total outcommut. flows (% out of working population) Share of out-commuting flows directed towards: (Regional level) (Municipal level) Madrid Region (1) CLM (1) (2) Other Region (1) Madrid Toledo Other FUA centres (3) Other CLM munic. (4)

Revitalisation is nowadays one of the most frequently used notions related to the renovation and reclamation of cities as well as restoration of splendour to areas and facilities. It should be remembered, however, that revitalisation is also a process of social renewal (social projects) and revival of the economic space of a city or a region. Well-maintained, original, historic urban space also becomes an inspiration for the development of many socio-cultural initiatives, enriching the offer of the city and making it attractive for both the residents and representatives of the creative class, on whom, to a large extent, the economic growth of the city is dependent. This interdependence of caring for an attractive space and the development of other aspects of city life, including the economic one, also takes form of marketing activities that consist in promoting the cultural legacy of the city and region as a special "product" that distinguishes a particular area.

En sciences sociales, la reflexion sur les villes a d'abord concerne les trajectoires residentielles, la distribution des groupes dans l'espace, la creation des territoires (economiques et sociaux) et leurs deplacements, puis les rythmes de la ville. Les mobilites de loisirs concentrent les recherches les plus recentes. Ce « glissement » des mobilites professionnelles aux mobilites de loisir traduit le passage d'un regime temporel regle par les navettes domicile-travail, a une diversification des temps sociaux. La reflexion consacree a la ville et aux configurations spatiales emergentes est donc indissociable de celle portant sur les temporalites.

The issue of urban shrinkage has become the new 'normal' across Europe: a large number of urban areas find themselves amongst the cities losing population. According to recent studies, almost 42 per cent of all large European cities are currently shrinking. In eastern Europe, shrinking cities have formed the overwhelming majority-here, three out of four cities report a decrease in population. Shrinkage has proved to be a very diverse and complex phenomenon. In our understanding, a considerable and constant loss of population by an urban area classifies it as a shrinking city. So, while the indicator of shrinkage used here is rather simple, the nature of the process and its causes and consequences for the affected urban areas are multifaceted and need to be explained and understood in further detail. Set against this background, the article presents, first, urban shrinkage as both spatially and temporally uneven. Second, this article shows that the causes of urban shrinkage are as varied as they are numerous. We explore the 'pluralist world of urban shrinkage' in the European Union and beyond. The article provides an original process model of urban shrinkage, bringing together its causes, impacts and dynamics, and setting them in the context of locally based urban trajectories. The main argument of this arrticle is that there is no 'grand explanatory heuristics' of shrinkage; a 'one-size-fits-all' explanatory approach to shrinkage cannot deliver. To progress and remain relevant, one ought to move away from outcome-orientated towards process-orientated research on urban shrinkage.

Functional urban areas (FUA) have became an important component of polycentric settlement structure of all European countries. FUAs have been defined as labour market basins, composed on large city and its surrounding areas (commuting zones). The very spatial and economic concept formed the foundation of old industrial regions. Old industrialized regions with all the spatial challenges and economic problems could be also perceived as a specific type of functional urban area. In Poland, National Spatial Development Concept 2030 (NSDC 2030 2013) describes restructuring and revitalization of degraded areas and cities in terms of spatial policy measures addressed to the supporting of cohesion in problematic areas. That is why integrated revitalization programs of functional urban areas may become key instrument of regional spatial policy and urban strategies. In response to the problems of degraded land and related land-use conflicts, it can significantly help in establishing valuable solutions, as well as ensuring connections between environmental, social and economic needs in the development of functional urban areas.

The Italian debate concerning the relationship between cities and inner areas polarized around a few dichotomous - and somehow simplifying - positions. On the one hand exists the rhetoric addressing the ``villages'', intended as remote places to re-inhabit, escaping from the pandemic. On the other hand is the narrative of the metropolis, envisioned as a place-fulcrum from which to start again -- following the already-known patterns of growth and concentration -- despite the fragilities made explicit by Covid. In order to overcome these juxtaposed approaches, our work wants to shed light on the importance of ``intermediate territories'' intended as priority places to rethink within a new geography of marginality. In Italy, such intermediate territories, named \emph{Italia di mezzo}, occupy half of the national surface and host more than half of the population. Moreover, they embody extremely articulated geography: they include portions of twentieth-century urbanizatio...