Plant Phisiology

Weather Anomalies and Their Economic Consequences: Penury in Northeastern Hungary in the 1870s

This study investigates an episode of penury in 1879–1880 in Borsod and Zemplén Counties which occurred as one of the negative consequences of a short-term weather change which was experienced across Europe in the late 1870s and early 1880s. From the mid-1870s on, due to the wetter and cooler weather, the annual crop yields repeatedly fell below the usual and expected averages in Hungary. After a catastrophic harvest in the autumn of 1879, when the quantity of harvested cereals was sufficient neither for reserves nor for spring sowing, the situation became severe. 1878 had also been a bad year for agriculture: the severe floods in the second half of 1878 not only had washed the crops from the fields but had also covered them with thick sludge that made it impossible to sow in autumn. Since the spring of 1879 was characterized by unfavorable conditions for agriculture (increased rainfall, widespread floods, low average spring temperatures), the local and national authorities continuously kept their eyes on the crops. Thanks to this preliminary attention, the administration was able to respond quickly and in an organized manner to the bad harvest in July and August and could avert catastrophe at national level.
The leadership of the two counties responded more or less in the same way to the near-famine conditions. First, they asked the Treasury to suspend tax collection until the next harvest at least so that the farmers who were facing financial difficulties would not have to go into debt. Second, they appealed to the government for financial and crop relief to save the unemployed population from starvation. For those who were able to work, they asked for the approval of public works and major construction projects from the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. For many, such state-funded road construction or river regulation projects were the only way to make a living. Third, the county administrations also gave seeds for spring sowing to the farmers. While Borsod county survived the years of bad harvests without dire problems due to the higher proportion of better quality fields, in the more mountainous region of Zemplén, most landowners had smaller and lower quality lands, and
they often chose to emigrate to avoid starvation. These difficult conditions may have provided the initial impetus for mass emigration to Western Europe and America.

Climate change is one of the most debatable reasons for changing plant performance. Meanwhile, a higher amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) directly or indirectly affects the growth and development of corn and soybean oil plants; CO2 concentration changes also affect the dry weight characteristics of the plant. In this experiment, three effective levels of CO2 concentration have been evaluated on corn and soybean plants. Increasing the effectiveness of CO2 concentration from 400 PPM to 800 PPM depicted a significant increase in the plant's physiological traits, a 54% and 8.5% increase in Soybean biomass and Corn biomass, respectively. Furthermore, based on leaf area, the results reveal a 4% and 5% increase in Soybean and Corn, respectively. In contrast, increasing the CO2 concentration to 1000 PPM resulted in a decrease in plant performance and physiological traits, both directly and indirectly. With increasing CO2 concentration, a direct increase in physiological traits is observed.

A mezőgazdasági szektor klímasérülékenysége kiemelkedően magas, különösen a szőlő-, gyümölcs- és zöldségtermesztés ágazataiban. Az éghajlati adaptációt számos nemzetközi és hazai szakpolitikai stratégia prioritásként kezeli. Tanulmányunkban egységes elméleti keretrendszert kívánunk kialakítani, amely lehetővé teszi a klímasérülékenység komplex értelmezését. A kutatás célja a szőlő-, gyümölcs- és zöldségtermesztők klímasérülékenységének elemzése négy hazai mintaterületen, a kitettség, érzékenység és adaptációs képesség vizsgálatán keresztül; a gazdálkodók klímaváltozással kapcsolatos percepciójának bemutatása; a gazdálkodók által használt jó adaptációs gyakorlatok feltárása; a kitettség, az érzékenység, percepció és adaptációs képesség területi
különbségeit befolyásoló környezeti, társadalmi és gazdasági tényezők azonosítása. A vizsgálat kvalitatív (félig strukturált interjúk) és kvantitatív (sérülékenységi mutatók számítása) módszereket alkalmazott. Az eredmények alapján a gazdálkodók egyöntetűen érzékelték az éghajlatváltozás negatív hatásait, bár percepciójuk részben eltért a
mért adatoktól. A gazdák számos adaptációs gyakorlatot alkalmaznak, az innovatív módszerek különösen a magas társadalmi tőkével és erős hálózatokkal rendelkező területeken terjedtek gyorsan. A sikeres alkalmazkodás nem kizárt sem a magas éghajlati kitettség, sem a kedvezőtlen társadalmi-gazdasági körülmények mellett. Az elszigeteltség ösztönzőleg hathat az adaptációra, de a legrosszabb helyzetben lévő perifériákon az alapvető források és képességek hiánya miatt az alkalmazkodás ellehetetlenülhet.

Drought is one of the most pressing issues in many regions worldwide. Selecting wheat genotypes adapted to changing climatic conditions is crucial for sustainable agricultural production, economic development, and food security. In this study, 156 bread wheat genotypes, including landraces from Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan, which have adapted to changing climatic conditions for thousands of years, and high-yielding modern wheat varieties, including advanced breeding lines and cultivars were evaluated. The genotypes were subjected to seasonal drought treatments under rain shelters, including pre-heading drought (T1), post-heading drought (T2), irrigation based on long-term precipitation (T3), and seasonal precipitation and supplemental irrigation (T4). Grain yield and physio-morphological and quality traits of the genotypes under seasonal drought and irrigated conditions were evaluated. Drought treatments reduced yield and some physio-morphological traits and increased quality traits. Pre-heading drought treatments had the greatest effect on yield and physiomorphological traits while post-heading drought treatments had the greatest effect on quality traits. Modern wheat cultivars had higher grain yields compared to landraces, but some landraces had a lower yield loss compared to modern wheats under drought stress. The higher tillering rate of the landraces resulted in greater biomass production, taller plant height, and peduncle length. Landraces had higher protein content in all treatments, whereas modern wheats had higher protein content in T2 treatments due to the selection pressure that has been ongoing for years. In summary, given that different drought scenarios will be encountered in the future, landraces should be effectively used in the breeding programs to develop seasonal drought-tolerant modern or climate-resilient wheat varieties.

Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh Segala puji bagi Allah SWT yang telah memberikan kami kemudahan sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan laporan praktikum ini dengan tepat waktu. Tanpa pertolongan-Nya tentunya kami tidak akan sanggup untuk menyelesaikan laporan praktikum ini dengan baik. Shalawat serta salam semoga terlimpah curahkan kepada baginda tercinta kita yaitu Nabi Muhammad SAW yang kita nanti-natikan syafa'atnya di akhirat nanti. Penulis mengucapkan syukur kepada Allah SWT atas limpahan nikmat sehat-Nya, baik itu berupa sehat fisik maupun akal pikiran, sehingga penulis mampu untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan laporan praktikum ini. Penulis tentu menyadari bahwa laporan praktikum ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna dan masih banyak terdapat kesalahan serta kekurangan di dalamnya. Untuk itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik serta saran dari pembaca untuk laporan praktikum ini, supaya laporan praktikum ini nantinya dapat menjadi laporan praktikum yang lebih baik lagi. Kemudian apabila terdapat banyak kesalahan pada laporan praktikum ini penulis mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya. Demikian, semoga laporan praktikum ini dapat bermanfaat. Terima kasih.

Climatic influences have had effects on agricultural production for ancient ages. The mankind has always tried to adapt to the rapidly changing and sometimes hectic effects of weather which has very huge and important effect on the quality and quantity of production. Today, climate change impacts are one of the most serious problems for Hungarian fruit growers. The year of 2007 was a particularly difficult time for Hungarian fruit growers, especially in North Great Plan region. Serious and repeated frosts occurred at blooming time in this region, which caused almost 100% of fruit loss. Frost caused an "off-year" in the orchards. The purposes of our research were to study the effects of irregular frost on nutritional status and enrich farmers' knowledge to understand the risks and consequences of climate change. Nutritional investigations pointed out that the crop loss puts at risk the current season's fruit, and also because of the perennial nature of fruits, it influences the productivity of fruits for several seasons in the future. The concrete nutritional test results have made the producers aware that in future they will be successful if their knowledge is improved. Enriching farmers' knowledge and understanding of the risks and consequences of climate change is the most promising strategy to better assist them. Regarding protection against extreme weather events, in addition to technological and technical elements, the level of importance assumed by family farmers for the above-mentioned protection techniques are also worth of studying. This ongoing research beginning in 2009 mainly focuses on studying the opinions of fruit growers making up the target group for this analysis. The questionnaire survey primarily intends to study their knowledge on the definition of climate change as reactivity to unfavourable weather events occurring in the growing.

Portulaca oleracea Linn., commonly known as purslane, is a C4 succulent and salt tolerant weed. The present work was focused on the seed germination of purslane under different levels of NaCl and Na2SO4 (25, 50, 100 and 200 mM) salinity along with continuous dark and light conditions. Results indicated that both salinity treatments had negative impact on seed germination under both light conditions. Interestingly, seed germination percentage of purslane was high under both salinity treatments and continuous light conditions as compared to dark conditions. The differential response of purslane’s seed germination under NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity and light conditions suggests weediness of this plant under adverse environmental conditions. The present work might be helpful for agricultural practices dealing with the problem of this weed.

Commercially grown fruit crops in the high tropical Andes zones from 1,600 to 3,200 m a.s.l. are increasingly important in the world market, mainly because they are exotic fruits, and also because they are produced by hundreds of small growers. Photosynthesis is one of the most important physiological processes involved in the production and quality of fruit crops. However, many aspects of this process are unknown in fruit species grown in the Andean highlands. This systematic review presents the main themes and advances in research on photosynthesis of Andean fruit crops. A systematic literature search was carried out in the Scopus and Web of Science databases using the RStudio Bibliometrix package tool and VOSviewer version 1.6.16 software. Research on this topic has focused on high tropical Andean countries with climatic conditions for the growth of fruit species. Notably, the research addresses themes related to the photosynthesis of Andean highland fruit crops in Brazil and Colombia. The authors cover research topics from horticulture and plant physiology to photosynthesis and leaf anatomy and acclimation, where most research literature currently focuses. In most of the analyzed fruit crops, photosynthetic parameters such as maximum photosynthesis (A max), light compensation point, light saturation point, and apparent quantum yield are known. These are important advances in the knowledge of the fluorescence of chlorophyll a, which is mainly used as a tool to characterize the eco-physiological response of these fruit species to different environments.

Pupuk urea merupakan sumber hara nitrogen (N) yang paling banyak digunakan di Indonesia, termasuk pada lahan sawah. Urea merupakan pupuk N yang larut air sehingga penggunaan urea di sawah perlu dikaji dalam hubungannya dengan pelepasan pupuk. Di dalam penelitian ini digunakan urea dengan formulasi berbeda yaitu pupuk urea Kujang dan Pupuk Sriwijaya (Pusri) yang merupakan urea konvensional dan urea prill dan granul yang merupakan urea modifikasi yang mengandung formaldehida masing-masing 0.10 dan 0.50%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pelepasan N dari tipe urea konvensional dan urea yang diberi formaldehida pada kondisi tanah tergenang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah inkubasi dan pencucian. Inkubasi dilakukan selama 7, 14, 28, 45, 60, dan 90 hari serta dilakukan pencucian pada setiap akhir masa inkubasi. Hasil pencucian ditetapkan kandungan amonium dan nitrat.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelepasan N dalam bentuk amonium dan nitrat antar perlakuan pupu...

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is one of the most important cereals worldwide with great genetic diversity. Like most small grains it has good adaptation to drought prone and marginal areas were other cereals are not productive. Globally, sorghum has been underutilized compared to other cereal staple crops however, there is growing interest in sorghum and its related products due to its unique nutritional traits, crop physiology and phenology. Given the genetic variability of sorghum there is great scope to use the crop to produce an array of commodities in the food, feed, industrial and bioenergy sector. This review paper presents sorghum genetic diversity and with special reference to bio-based and value added products such as gluten free, high protein, aromatic, syrup, popping, weaning, pet food, baked products and alcohol free malt beverages that can be explored in Africa to popularize it and improve livelihoods.

Interdisciplinarity has entered the agenda of researchers, teachers and policy makers and will remain there in the future. This does not mean that interdisciplinarity is understood the same way, let alone is appreciated everywhere. Researchers are challenged by increasingly complex problems in culture, nature and society beyond disciplinary boundaries; higher education has to cater to a volatile job market where known disciplines no longer define their own niches in terms of topics or practices for their candidates; and decision makers are confronted with challenges that do not respect ideologies of political parties and reports based on mainstream knowledge. In this context, interdisciplinarity is an ongoing re-consideration of the creation, the communication and the application of knowledge uniting the perspectives of research, teaching and decision making. While most discussions on interdisciplinarity focus on its theoretical and methodological complexity in an exclusively contem...

There is no data on diameter increment of non-legume plants growing, especially in the reclamation and revegetation areas of the former mining area. This study aimed to calculate the diameter increment, current average increment (CAI), and annual average increment (MAI) of non-legume plants in the reclamation and revegetation area of PT Adaro Indonesia, which operates in Kalimantan Selatan Province, Indonesia. The results of this study can be used by this company to regenerate or embroider vegetation so that vegetation can provide ecological functions in a sustainable manner. In 10 (10 x 20) m 2 measuring plots, the circumference of the breast height of woody plants at the pole and tree levels was measured in three measurement periods (December 2016, May 2017, and December 2017). The circumference was converted so that a diameter at breast height was obtained. From this measurement the increment and diameter growth obtained are as follows. Of the six non-legume plant species found and meeting the criteria of poles and trees, only gmelina and jabon could be calculated for increment and diameter growth. The increment and growth of diameter of balik angin, kapok randu, eucalyptus, and alaban were not counted by species because the number of individuals each species was very small, but it was calculated in a combined form with gmelina and jabon so that it become increment and growth of non-legume diameter. The diameter increment over the three measurement periods and the current annual increment (CAI) of gmelina are lower than that of jabon and also non-legume. On the contrary, according to its mean annual increment (MAI), gmelina is higher than jabon and non-legume.

White savory (Satureja mutica Fisch.) is an oil-bearing plant with applications in traditional medicine, pharmaceutical industries, and food additives in homemade dishes. The current research comprised a greenhouse experiment in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design (CRD). It included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl), two salicylic acid (SA) levels (0 and 2 mM), and three replicates. By increasing the NaCl concentration, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid significantly declined. Increasing NaCl up to 100 mM caused a significant increase in proline and soluble protein content. The amount of proline at 150 mM NaCl showed no significant change compared to 100 mM NaCl, but the soluble protein sharply decreased at 150 mM NaCl. The enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase significantly increased in response to higher NaCl concentrations. Saturated water deficiency increased significantly, and leaf fresh and dry weights decreased substantially at 100 and 150 mM NaCl. SA enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and leaf fresh and dry weight, depending on the NaCl treatments. SA applications considerably boosted peroxidase and catalase activities despite the presence of NaCl at any concentration. Also, SA significantly improved superoxide dismutase activity at 50 and 100 mM NaCl but could not counter its decrease when the NaCl level was 150 mM. SA significantly reduced saturated water deficiency and proline content despite any of the NaCl treatments. SA mitigated the adverse effects of NaCl on S. mutica by improving antioxidant activity, photosynthetic pigments, and physiological characteristics.

The existence of green line is very important for people's lives, because being planted in this area is very useful for reducing urban pollution that is built from vehicles and factories equipped with gas containing solid particles. One of component for green line is tree, because it's have branching that's reducing urban pollution. The branching architecture is a morphological representation of a particular phase of a series of tree growth series, real and observable at all times. The object of research is a tree census was carried out on Jl. National II / Jl. Bypass of the Cicalengka green line area then describe of model architecture. The method of research by sensus for numbering species of tree and identify of tree architecture model using book by F. Halle & R.A.A. Oldeman, namely: An Essay on The Architecture and Dynamics of Growth of Tropical Trees. The results of reseach are 946 trees that grow on Jl. Nasional III in the Cicalengka green line area. There are 15 tree species found 4 tree architectural models namely troll, rauh, aubreville, and champagnat.

Allelopathic effects of khat leaves residues (25 and 50 g) and alleviative effects of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) in wheat roots were carefully investigated in this study. Khat leaves residues stimulated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), lipid peroxidation, ascorbate (ASA), glutathione (GHS) and non-proteinthiol (NPT) contents. Salicylic acid (SA) was found to inhibit the stimulatory role of khat leaves residues on the production of H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation in roots of wheat plants. On the other hand, SA increased ASA, GSH and NPT contents. Catalase (CAT) and ascrobate peroxide (APX) activities were increased significantly in plants growing in soil amended with khat leaves residues, while the activity of peroxidase (POD) was slightly decreased. SA additively inhibited the stimulatory effect of khat leaves residues on CAT and APX activities. In addition, the applied SA increased POD activity. Residues of khat leaves in the soil showed an inhibitory effect on pectin and cellulose fractions of roots. However, hemicellulose content of roots was stimulated. Soaking wheat caryopses in SA counteracted partially or completely the adverse effect of khat leaves residues on pectin and cellulose composition. Furthermore, the data clearly demonstrated the capability of SA treatment in retarding the stimulatory role of khat leaves residues on the production of hemicellulose in roots of wheat plants.

Palangka Raya University Campus is a form of urban Green Open Space (GOS) that hasecological, social, cultural and aesthetic benefits. It is assumed that many trees which arepart of the green open space on the Palangka Raya University campus are experiencingunfavorable conditions. To obtain this information, a study was conducted using the foresthealth monitoring (FHM) method. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on thelevel of tree damage and the form of pests and diseases as well as human disturbance inthe green open space area of Palangka Raya University

Estrutura da comunidade liquenica versus superficie da casca dos forofitos em ambiente urbano, no sul do Brasil. Neste trabalho, investigamos as modificacoes na estrutura da comunidade liquenica (distribuicao vertical e tamanho de talo liquenico) em relacao a disponibilidade de forofitos para o estabelecimento dos liquens na area urbana. Os liquens foram mapeados em 300 forofitos distribuidos em 30 estacoes de amostragem, a fim de verificar as diferencas na distribuicao vertical das especies e no tamanho do talo dos liquens em relacao as caracteristicas dos forofitos.Diferencas significativas foram observadas quanto a distribuicao vertical considerando a riqueza e abundância dos liquens. Este estudo demonstra a influencia dos forofitos, principalmente do diâmetro e da textura da casca sobre a comunidade de liquens epifitos em area urbana.

Disertasi ini tidak dipublikasikan namun terbuka untuk umum dengan ketentuan bahwa hak cipta ada pada penulis. Daftar Pustaka diperkenankan untuk dicatat, tetapi pengutipan hanya dapat dilakukan seizin penulis dan harus disertai kebiasaan ilmiah untuk menyebutkannya.

Sorghum is grown in semi-arid to arid regions of the world and serves as the staple food for about half a billion people in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The adaptation of grain sorghum to a wide range of environmental conditions has led to the evolution and existence of extensive genetic variation for drought tolerance. Consequently, sorghum is expected to play an increasingly important role in agriculture and meeting world food demand in the face of climate change, land degradation and increasing water scarcity. Drought is a complex phenomenon, and is considered one of the most significant factors limiting crop yields around the world and continues to be a challenge to plant breeders, despite many decades of research. Underestimating the genetics and the physiological mechanisms underlying drought tolerance is vital for the breeding to alleviate adverse effects of drought in order to boost productivity. In this literature review, research findings from the 1970s up to present are included. Most of the basic researches on the mechanism of drought tolerance were done in the early 1980s, and most of the current researches focus on verification and fine-tuning of methodologies. The paper outlines the main effects of drought on crop growth and development, and yield. It then examines the basic information on physiological mechanisms of drought in crops. Subsequent discussion is given on the genetic control of drought tolerance, and breeding methods in sorghum.

Napjainkban mind gyakrabban teszik fel azt a kérdést, hogy az intenzív agrotechnika és az ilyen körülmények között termesztett fajták genetikai adottságai következtében megváltozik-e a takarmányozási/táplálkozás-élettani minőség. A válasz megadását több tényező is nehezíti, hiszen nehéz évtizedekig archiválni a mintákat és azután egy időpontban ugyanazzal a műszerrel, módszerrel a mérést elvégezni. A szerzőnek, lehetősége volt arra, hogy a rendelkezésére álló, 1974–2006 között atomabszorpciós spektrofotométerrel, majd 1988-tól ICP-OES-sel, később ICP-MS-el mért minták adatait ilyen szempontok szerint is feldolgozza. Ehhez még sikerült néhány mintát elemeztetnie az 1839 és 1950 közötti évekből, a hazánkban fellelhető mintagyűjteményekből. A mért ásványielem-tartalmakat (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) a hazai irodalmi adatokkal hasonlította össze. Az 1974–2006 között kapott nagyszámú adatot összevetve az 1839–1936 közötti eredményekkel megállapította, hogy a Cu, a Zn, a Mn és a Mg eset...

The aim of this experiment was to identify the effects of population sources and parent trees on the growth of Shorea lerprosula seedlings for clonal propagation material. This experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with factorial setting. The research used 2 factors, i.e. population sources (Kenangan, East Kalimantan; Bukit Baka, Central Kalimantan and Gunung Bunga, West Kalimantan) and parents trees (19 parent trees from East Kalimantan, 4 parent trees from Central Kalimantan and 19 parent trees from West Kalimantan). In this experiment, parent trees factor was nested in the population sources. The result showed that population sources and parent trees were significantly affected the parameters measured, i.e. height, stem diameter and branching number. Kenangan population produced the best seedlings in term of height (132.3 cm), stem diameter (10.6 mm) and branching number (7.2). The best ten of parent trees for seedling height were parent trees number 7

Kutatásunkban teszteltük a kék búzák lisztminőségét és antocianin tartalmát. A vizsgált két kék búza törzs lisztminőségi és sütőipari tulajdonságai a nem kékszemszínű malmi búzához hasonlóak voltak. A teljes kiőrlésű lisztek farinográfos értéke általában kisebb volt a fehér lisztekénél a jelentős korpatartalom miatt. A teljes kiőrlésű lisztből készült cipók térfogata is lényegesen kisebb volt a fehérlisztből készültekénél. A kék szemszínű búzák legjobban az antocianin tartalomban térnek el a nem-kék szemszínű GK Csillag közönséges malmi búzafajtától. A kék búzák teljes kiőrlésű lisztjének antocianin tartalma gyakran elérte a 100mg/kg értéket, a fehér lisztjeikben ugyanez 6,7-14,7 mg/kg volt. Az antocianin tartalomra az évjáratnak és a termőhelynek is jelentős hatása volt. A GK Csillag fehér lisztjében nem volt mérhető, teljes kiőrlésű lisztjében is csak 5,3mg/kg volt az antocianin tartalom. Mivel az antocianin tartalom a teljes kiőrlésű lisztekben a legmagasabb, ezért ezzel a liszttel lehet hatékonyan javítani, növelni a tészta-és a sütőipari termékek antocianin tartalmát.

SZAKMAI BESZÁMOLÓ Citokininek hatásvizsgálata alma in vitro hajtásregenerációjában Kutatási programunknak két fő célkitűzése volt: 1. Különböző citokininek hajtásregenerációban játszott szerepének szerv-illetve szövetszintű vizsgálata hat almafajta (nemes és alany) esetében. 2. Különböző alma genotípusok jellemzése molekuláris markerekkel. Szakmai beszámolónkban is e felosztás alapján ismertetjük az elvégzett kutatómunkát és annak eredményeit.

Liquid organic fertilizer is one type of organic fertilizer that utilizes organic materials such as plant residues or animal waste that have been decomposed by microbiological activity and will produce nutrients. Sources of organic matter that can be used as liquid organic fertilizer is plant litter. This study aims to determine the content of liquid organic fertilizer based on api-api plant litter (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.) and ketapang (Terminalia catappa Linn.). Liquid organic fertilizer in this study was carried out by chopping the litter into small pieces then given a solution of EM4 and granulated sugar and then stirred to make it homogeneous and put in a closed container for 14 days. This study uses descriptive analysis, which compares data from liquid organic fertilizer based on api-api litter contains nutrients with liquid organic fertilizer based on ketapang litter contains nutrients. The results show that liquid organic fertilizer based on api-api litter contains ...

Soil fertility in industrial forest plantation needs attention, because fertile soil make good growth and produce timber and others well. A study to get information on the effects of plantation of Agathis loranthifolia, Pinus merkusii, Shorea platyclados, Alnus nepalensis, Toona sureni, Casuarina junghuhniana, Khaya anthotheca and Acacia cassicarpa on soil properties (chemistry, physic and biology) on the forest floor was conducted in andosol soil at research forest of Cikole, West Java. Under the investigated stands of six years old, sample soil were taken in 3 point, mixed for analyzed of soil chemistry and biologycal. Composite soil were taken at the depth of O cm-15 cm and 15 cm-30 cm by ring sample for analyzed of soil physical. The results showed that pH under the investigated stands were classified which is acid, except S. platyclados very acid. Soil organic matter and macro nutrients contents, also cation exchange capacity were classified very low, not different with control. So all of the investigated stands gave a stabilize effect to soil condition. Soil texture after planting were silty clay loam, except Toona sureni was clay. On the other hand all of the investigates stands give a good effect of bulk density, porosity and available water. The stands give a good effect to increase of microorganisme total, fungi total and respiration in the soil that finally give a good effect to soil fertility.

The cultivation technology for those plant, that play a key role in arable land production need to be renewed in order to reduce production costs and to protect arable land. The modernisation of technologies can only be achieved by applying appropriate tillage systems. Our measurements were carried out on chernozem soil with lime deposits at the Látókép Experimental Station of the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Debrecen University, in long term tillage experiments set up in 1989. We examined the typical physical parameters, the albedo, field capacity, the bulk density of the soil, organic carbon content (humus %) and the measured pH-values in the water solution within the two tillage variations. We have also modelled nitrogen cycle formation in different treatments.A significant difference occured between the albedos of the two soils, which may be the result of significant amounts of stem remaining on the surface in the case of the reduced tillage method. The yellow, waxy stem of...

Climate change is one of the most serious environmental problem in our time, with it`s fingerprint on the wildlife. Our goal was to evaulate responses of grasshopper species to regional climatic changes. Phenological observations of five Orthoptera species (Isophya costata, Isophya stysi, Isophya kraussi, Isophya camptoxypha, Saga pedo) and climatological data from Hungary were used (1958−2009) for the analyses. Statistical tests (trend analysis, calculation of effective heat summation method and cross-correlation) were applied to show (1) the influence of winter-spring mean temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation on the beginning of larval emergence, and (2) the rate of shift in hatching time. Based on our results, in case of almost all examined Orthoptera species the timing of larval hatching shifted earlier over the last 50 years. This shift was significant in case of Isophya costata (2–3 days/decade). Similar trends in advancement (2.3−3.3 days/decade, nonsignificant) of larv...

The study was conducted to determine the stability of sorghum germplasm for grain yield as well as the amount and nature of genotype by environment interactions for grain yield in order to find and recommend stable high yielding variants. The trial was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) in three replications. Germplasm were evaluated in 2 environments in Indore in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in main cropping seasons. 60 sorghum germplasm was evaluated under Thirteen morphological traits viz., Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, plant height (cm), Number of leaves per plant at the time of flowering, Leaf length of 4th leaf (cm), Leaf width of 4th leaf (cm), Panicle length (cm), Panicle width (cm), No. of Primary branches per panicle, No. of grains per primary branch, Grain yield/Plant (g), Leaf Area of 4th leaf (cm²), 100 seed weight (g) were recorded for 3 randomly selected plants for each germplasm per replication. Linear regression model for stability suggested by Eberha...

Lapisan tanah bagian atas merupakan lapisan yang rentan mengalami perubahan. Tingginya keberagaman tumbuhan yang menaungi tanah di Kebun Raya Purwodadi dapat menyebabkan perbedaan sifat fisika dan kimia tanah meski pada luasan dan landuse yang sama. Penelitan yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2015 ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tegakan vegetasi terhadap sifat tanah lapisan atas. Pemahaman tentang perbedaan sifat tanah dapat membantu untuk mengetahui pengelolaan tanah yang tepat. Metode pengambilan sampel tanah yang digunakan adalah purposive random sampling pada 27 plot dengan tiga ulangan. Sampel tanah diambil dari lapisan olah tanah dengan jeluk 0-20 cm. Setiap plot terdiri atas keluarga tumbuhan yang berbeda. Parameter yang diukur adalah tekstur tanah; pH tanah; kandungan karbon organik; total N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg; kapasitas tukar kation (KTK); dan kejenuhan basa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa plot Clusiaceae, Gymnospermae, Arboretum, dan Mahoni merupakan tanah yang paling subur dilihat dari kandungan hara tanah. Nilai pH dan kejenuhan basa dipengaruhi oleh ground cover dan Corganik dipengaruhi oleh tutupan kanopi vegetasi atas. Kadar Ca, Na, Mg pada setiap plot bervariasi dari sangat rendah sampai sangat tinggi. KTK sebesar 22,38-44,18 me 100g-1 , sementara Kalium (K) menjadi faktor pembatas pada setiap plot karena kadar yang sangat rendah.

Stevia rebaudiana B. offers a natural alternative of sweetening, potential health promotion plant, and our country shows increased interest about cultivation in Hungary in addition to the neighboring European countries. The agricultural production system installation necessaryunderstanding of the needs of the plant, as well as exploring the agronomic potential. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 with the aim to highlight some of the technological production parameters and correlations between them. We have reviewed the most important agronomic factors, the spacing (50×50 cm and 33×33 cm), ground covering (agro-cloth covered and uncovered/ control), their vegetative growth (first-,second-order branch), herb yield and quality in effect.Based on empirical evidence, that the Hungarian climates also have the opportunity of 3 cuttings during a growing season, besides of early planting, optimal climatic conditions (in October didn’t reduce the daily minimum temperature below 0 °C, af...

A szerző a szezonalis kiigazitas modszertanat alkalmazva mutatja be a hőmerseklet okozta veletlen hatas kezelesenek egy lehetseges modjat, gyakorlati alkalmazasat, illetve azt, hogy a hőmerseklet okozta instabil szezonalis kiigazitas hogyan javithato.

Danquah, for their guidance and valuable inputs in this thesis. My sincere thanks go to my in-country supervisor, Dr. Sidi Bekaye Coulibaly for his close supervision and valuable comments. My thanks to memory of Dr. Charles The, may his soul rest in perfect peace.

Qualification of winter wheat became more complex for Hungary, after the expansion of the EU. Use of Chopin alveograph is a general method in Western- and Southern Europe. This method is not traditional in Hungary, so determination of alveographic properties of Hungarian winter wheat varieties is very important. Artificial fertilization is one very important component of applied agricultural engineering, which effects winter wheat quality. The another factor is the weather or rather the cropping year, which effects winter wheat quality too. We examined both of them and the alveographic quality of GK Öthalom winter wheat variety between 1996 and 2003.We found that cropping year has significant effect on the alveographic quality of GK Öthalom winter wheat variety on each treatment of artificial fertilization. We found no connection between quantities of precipitations of vegetation periods and the W values of GK Öthalom.We found a strong connection in 1999 and 2003 as well as a very s...

Similarly to 2007, 2011 was also critical year for fruit growers in Eastern-Hungary. Serious frost damage was observed at lateblooming period (6 May (T=-1.6°C)) in this region, which caused approximately 60-65% of fruit loss.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a spring frost event on nutrient uptake and status of the trees of a sour cherry plantationat Újfehértó.The symptoms of frost were observed visually. This visual observation was confirmed by SPAD readings. The frost affected the macroandmicronutrient contents of leaves.It was found that the frost affected the nutrient uptake negatively, but the effect of it was not significantly sometimes. It can be stated thatthe nutrient demand of trees can be supplied only under even worse conditions.

Rövidítések COX = ciklooxigenáz; FRAP = (ferric reducing antioxidant pow er) vasredukáló kapacitás; LDL = (low-density lipoprotein) kis sűrűségű lipoprotein; mmol AS/l = millimól aszkorbinsav per liter; ORAC = (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) oxigéngyökfogó kapacitás; TEAC = (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) trolox-egyenértékű antioxidáns kapacitás

The study was intended to observe the vegetation composition and structure of mangrove plants on southern and northern coast of Central Java Province. This research was conducted in July till December 2003, at 20 sites. Laboratory assay was done in