Phraseology

We claim here that collocation constitutes an essential process in the construction of scientific ideas. While corpus analysis in lexicography has established the importance of idiom in the language as a whole (Sinclair 1991), less attention has been paid to the analysis of phraseology in specialist texts outside the world of terminology. We examine here the phraseology of two grammatical items and two lexical items in 150 cancer texts and set out their changing collocational patterns thoughout the research article genre. We find that phraseology has a pervasive role to play in the argumentation and scientific validity of the text. The pervasive regularity of these expressions remain largely unknown to the writers who use them, suggesting that domain specialisation in language is a largely subconscious phenomenon. At the same time, phraseology gives coherence to the community’s means of expression and allows for a backdrop against which new expressions may be contrasted. We emphasise the role of phraseology in the discourse community, its role in the textual development of ideas and its possible ‘genetic’ function in the evolution of scientific discourse.

PKHD1, the gene mutated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)/Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), is an exceptionally large and complicated gene that consists of 86 exons and has a number of alternatively spliced transcripts. Its longest open reading frame contains 67 exons that encode a 4074 amino acid protein called fibrocystin or polyductin. The phenotypes caused by PKHD1 mutations are similarly complicated, ranging from perinatally-fatal PKD to CHF presenting in adulthood with mild kidney disease. To date, more than 300 mutations have been described throughout PKHD1. Most reported cohorts include a large proportion of perinatal-onset ARPKD patients; mutation detection rates vary between 42% and 87%. Here we report PKHD1 sequencing results on 78 ARPKD/CHF patients from 68 families. Differing from previous investigations, our study required survival beyond 6 months and included many adults with a CHF-predominant phenotype. We identified 77 PKHD1 variants (41 novel) including 19 truncating, 55 missense, 2 splice, and 1 small in-frame deletion. Using computer-based prediction tools (GVGD, PolyPhen, SNAP), we achieved a mutation detection rate of 79%, ranging from 63% in the CHF-predominant group to 82% in the remaining families. Prediction of the pathogenicity of missense variants will remain challenging until a functional assay is available. In the meantime, use of PKHD1 sequencing data for clinical decisions requires caution, especially when only novel or rare missense variants are identified.

Phraseological competence, although traditionally left somewhat in the background in research on translation quality assessment, refers to a high level of knowledge of a language, and is therefore worthy of greater attention. Some studies , which are exceptions to this neglect, suggest that the level of phraseological quality of a text is directly related to its overall quality. This paper assesses these 2 types of quality in 14 original and translated texts from a parallel electronic corpus from museums and art centers in the city of New York, the aim being to test whether there is a correlation between phraseological and overall quality. In absolute terms, the results of the phraseological assessment are usually seen to be better than those from the overall assessment. On comparing the two analyses, and despite generally negative results and a few notable exceptions, there is a tendency toward this correlation.

This article adopts a cognitive linguistic approach to idioms as motivated lexical units. The focus is on lexicographic applications of the notion of motivation; specifically, on the usefulness of imagery in the form of pictorial illustrations and etymological notes in idioms dictionaries. We discuss the main features of idiom semantics, review the results of research into the influence of motivating information on idiom acquisition, and outline the issue of imagery in idiom entries, highlighting the problems involved. Finally, we report on a study with Polish university students of English. Our findings point to a facilitative role of pictorial illustrations on short- and long-term retention of both form and meaning of idioms. In contrast, etymological notes do not have any positive effect.

A crosslinguistic approach to the phraseology of the emotions in Spanish and English Ruth Breeze | University of Navarra (Spain) Manuel Casado-Velarde | University of Navarra (Spain) Cross-linguistic studies of phraseology enable us to draw increasingly accurate maps of the specific ways different languages express emotions. This chapter focuses on the phraseology used to express emotions in Spanish, taking English as its point of comparison. We situate the topic within the broad perspective of the presence, absence and control of the emotions, centering exclusively on expressions consisting of non-emotional lexis. First, we investigate phrases indicating presence and absence of emotions in Spanish and English. Second, we examine emotional control and lack of control, finding different patterns in the use of the underlying container metaphor. Finally, we explore linguistic affordances for expressing uncomfortable but vague emotions. We conclude with some comparisons between Spanish and English phraseology.

This article investigates the validity of the suggestion that internet television can facilitate EFL learners’ acquisition of formulaic sequences (FSs). A quantitative study was conducted to examine the extent to which FS use on internet television reflects FS use in the everyday speech of English-speaking communities. The study compares the distribution of FSs in a 7.68 million-word corpus of internet television (the iTV corpus) with that in the spoken component of the British National Corpus (BNC). The results confirm the validity of using internet television as a resource for the acquisition of FSs that are highly frequent in everyday speech. The fact that the frequency at which FSs appear on internet television is directly proportional to that in everyday speech suggests that internet television might help EFL learners establish an accurate intuition about the frequency of use of FSs, which is shown to be missing by previous corpus studies. The article also provides suggestions about the choice of internet television programmes based on the extent to which the distribution of FSs in each iTV subcorpus is similar to that of the spoken component of the BNC.

The main objective of this paper is to examine schematic idioms from a cross-linguistic perspective. First, this type of lexical-syntactic structure is discussed in the light of Phraseology (1) and Construction Grammar (2), as well as in a broader theoretical context (3). Then the most important characteristics of schematic idioms are summarized (4) and problems of cross-linguistic comparability are raised from the point of view of Construction Grammar (5). Then the differences between schematic idioms and phraseo-logical models are discussed (6). In particular, the interfaces between schematic idioms and other types of phrasemes are examined (6.1) and an attempt is made to distinguish between phraseological models, structural formulae, and schematic idioms (6.2). Several case studies on (presumably) non-comparable schematic idioms (7.1) and comparable ones (7.2) constitute the empirical core of the paper. These are [Wie ADJ ist DAS denn] and [X kann auch Y] (in 7.1), as well as [S1 PREP S1], [X ist der/die/das neue Y], the Incredulity Response Construction, and the WXDY Construction (in 7.2). Finally, general conclusions are drawn on the subject (8.1), methodological issues are taken into account (8.2), and research wishes are formulated (8.3)

A set of phraseological units that convey disagreement in Spanish, English and Norwegian teenage language are observed from three perspectives in this paper: the phraseological, the pragmatic-discursive and the contrastive perspective. The underlying assumption of the analysis is that the expression of disagreement in these terms among young people takes on certain pragmatic nuances. The Madrid Oral Corpus of Teenage Talk (COLAm), the COLT-corpus (Corpus of London Teenage Talk) and the UNO-corpus of Young Norwegian speakers (Ungdomsspråk i Norden, Oslo) enable a comparison of the use of these phraseological units expressing disagreement among teenagers across these three languages.

The present study  investigates whether two types of word combinations (free combinations, collocations) differ in terms of processing by testing Howarth’s Continuum Model (1996, 1998) based on word combination typologies from a phraseological tradition. A visual semantic judgement task was administered to advanced Swedish learners of English (n = 27) and native English-speaking controls (n = 38). Reaction times and error rates were recorded for free combinations, collocations, and baseline items. There was a processing cost for collocations compared to free combinations, for both groups of participants. This cost likely stems from the semantically semi-transparent nature of collocations as they are defined in the phraseological tradition. Furthermore, phrasal frequency based on corpus values also predicted reaction times. These results lend initial support to the Continuum Model from a processing perspective and suggest that degree of semantic transparency together with phrasal frequency plays an important role in collocational processing.

This paper presents an analysis of the production of multi-word units present in English argumentative texts written by non-native speakers of the language. The aim of this study is to examine the potential influence of the mother tongue on learners’
production of both correct and incorrect multi-word units that are typically used in English for creating textual cohesion: lexical bundles, in particular, linking adverbials. Several corpora will be used: non-native students from the ICLE Corpus, and the CEUNF, an original corpus of Spanish non-native students of English who study English as a subject outside their curriculum. These will be contrasted with two native corpora: the American university students’ corpus (LOCNESS) and the corpus of the professional editorialists writing in English (SPE).

Based on a monolingual comparable corpus made up of judgments delivered by the Spanish Supreme Court and by the Court of Justice of the European Union, this paper presents a case study on complex prepositions considered as a specific discourse feature of these two varieties. In spite of the initial hypothesis, according to which a higher percentage of these phraseological units was expected to be found in national texts, the results of the analysis show that EU judgments contain a higher percentage of complex prepositions, in line with the results obtained by Biel on a number of different legal genres in Polish. From a qualitative perspective, the study also compares similarities and differences in the phraseological patterns used in the two subcorpora, and hints at the untypical use of some units in the EU subcorpus, traditionally considered as traces of 'translationese', but functionally interpreted in this study as examples of contactinduced features characterising Spanish Eurolect.

Dans l’étude qui va suivre, on propose une nouvelle analyse morphologique du nom indo-européen de l’hôte (i.e. *ghós-ti-). La doctrine commune, qui a passé en dogme, se contente d’en rapprocher la racine i.-e. *ghes- « manger » (véd. GHAS- « dévorer »), sans autre forme de procès: le *ghós-ti- serait un « commensal », mais le vocalisme o est étonnant, et le détail de la formation ne se laisse pas préciser. De plus, il n’est pas facile de justifier la valeur de réciprocité qu’on surprend dans le lat. hospes m. « invité / invitant », et qui se prolonge dans le fr. hôte: « celui qui accueille » (emprunté par l’ang. host) et « celui qui est accueilli » (= ang. guest). Cet étymon i.-e. *ghós-ti- pourrait s’expliquer comme le singulatif secondaire d’un collectif *ghós-t-ōy f. « tablée, ensemble des convives » (l’hôte et ses invités), lui-même étant fondé sur un acrostatique *ghós-t- f. « action de manger, repas ».

A recurrent topic in collocational research is the idiosyncratic distribution of intensifiers with nearly equivalent meanings. So far, this phenomenon has been mostly investigated from the perspective of the control exerted by the lexical context. In the case of adjective-noun collocations, this implies an almost exclusive focus on the nominal head. In this paper, we draw the attention towards the role that colligation -i.e. preferences for particular grammatical contexts-exerts on the selection of intensifying adjectives. Drawing on insights from Hoey's lexical priming theory -in particular, the concept of nesting-, we conducted two corpus-based case studies involving collocations of intensifying adjectives with two different nouns in English (attention and fear). The results suggest that the selection of intensifier is sensitive to the interplay of lexical collocation and grammatical context.

While a wealth of resources is available for teaching research writing of traditional IMRD research papers, instructors have little to draw on when working with graduate students in mathematics. The present study offers insight into recent mathematical research articles through an exploration guided by phrase-frames, recurring multiword units with a variable slot or blank. The paper introduces the concept of key phrase-frames. In doing so, the potential of phrase-frames for understanding subregisters and for teaching is shown. The starting point of this exploration is a 2,289,670-word corpus of 128 recent mathematics research articles collected from eight scholarly mathematics journals. Five-and six-gram phrase-frames were generated in KfNgram. Key phrase frames are identified as those with an occurrence of at least 20 per million words, occurring across 75% of journals and with a sMAPE of 1.95 cut off or higher when compared to the academic section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English as a reference. The 180 resulting frames were coded for open slot position and common pattern before being consolidated and functionally grouped. Core functions related to the aboutness, coherence and moves of the text. The discussion centers on how these groups reveal different aspects of mathematical texts

This exploratory study makes use of Jarvis's (2000) methodological framework to investigate transfer effects on French EFL learners' use of lexical bundles. The study focuses on 3-word recurrent sequences that include a lexical verb in the French component of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) as compared to nine other ICLE learner sub-corpora. Results are in line with a usage-based view of language that recognizes the active role that the first language (L1) may play in the acquisition of a foreign language. The different manifestations of L1 influence displayed in the learners' idiosyncratic use of lexical bundles are traced back to various properties of French words, including their collocational use, lexico-grammatical patterns, function, discourse conventions, and frequency of use. Following Hoey (2005), these transfer effects are subsumed under the general term of 'transfer of primings'.

RÉSUMÉ—Le lat pūbēs, -is f. « poils pubiens » et « classe des jeunes gens pubères » relève du vieux fond du vocabulaire latin. Il fonctionne nettement comme un collectif. Son accointance avec le vocabulaire de l’agriculture (au sens de « duvet des plantes ») relève d’une phraséologie ancienne, dont on peut produire maints exemples. Il en va de même pour l’inchoatif pūbēscō « se revêtir de duvet » qui se dit également des hommes et des plantes. Gage d’archaïsme, il existe un adjectif sigmatique pūbēs, -ĕris « couvert de duvet, pubère ». Cette famille obscure s’avère totalement immotivable à l’intérieur du latin, et le manque de données comparatives directes conduit à de prudentes réserves ou bien à une accumulation d’hypothèses ingénieuses mais engagées sans fondement et sans perspective. Il est expédient de partir d’un ancien composé en *°bh(w)-ḗs incluant la racine i.-e. *bhuH- « croître, pousser ». Il faut admettre que ce composé reflète une construction à l’instrumental « se revêtir de (duvet) ». Ce type est illustré par le gr. θριξὶ πεφῡκέναι « être couvert de poils ». On connaît le modèle corrolaire incluant l’accusatif de la partie du corps (gr. πώγωνα φύειν « avoir la barbe qui pousse »). Le latin possède des tours à l’instrumental (flōribus / pampinīs pūbēscere « se revêtir de fleurs / de pampres »). L’étude du dossier conduit à poser pour le lat. pūbēs, -ĕris « couvert de duvet, pubère » un ancien composé hypostatique sur thème d’instrumental. On admettra un étymon i.-e. *Hp-u-h1-bh(w)-ḗs « qui se revêt de duvet / d’une toison » en relation avec le collectif *Hp-u-h1-bh(w)-ḗ(y) f. « couche de duvet, poils pubiens » et « classe des jeunes gens pubères ». Ces deux formes refléteraient un modèle syntaxique restituable comme i.-e. *Hp-ú-h1 bhuH- « se revêtir de duvet ».

ABSTRACT—Latin pūbēs, -is f. meaning both « pubic hair » and « social group of young people having reached puberty » belongs to the inner part of the Latin inherited vocabulary. It obviously functions as a collective name. It is noteworthy that Latin pūbēs is also used for the agricultural vocabulary : this may refer to old phraseological features, for which evidence can be brought forward. It is also the same for the inchoative verb pūbēscō « to come into leaf / get covered with down » which may be used both for humans and for plants. As a matter of archaism, a sigmatic adjective pūbēs, -ĕris « pubescent » is also met with. So far, all these words have remained unexplained within Latin itself, and the lack of evident comparative resource induces many scholars either to be exceedingly cautious about it, or to propound views that must be regarded as groundless and far-fetched, however ingenious they may be. That’s why it would be advisable to assume an old compound ending in *°bh(w)-ḗs based upon the PIE root *bhuH- « to grow ». It is not unconceivable that this compound reflects a locution including a PIE instrumental (« to get covered with down »). Greek θριξὶ πεφῡκέναι « to be covered with hairs » would share the same syntactical pattern. There is also a by-form using a body part accusative (as in Greek πώγωνα φύειν « to grow a beard »). The Latin language shows several locutions reflecting a PIE intrumental (flōribus / pampinīs pūbēscere « to get covered with flowers / vine branches »). With a thorough examination, it seems obvious that the Latin pūbēs, -ĕris « covered with down, pubescent » is a former hypostatic compound with a first member in the instrumental case. Henceforth, we may assume a PIE etymon * Hp-u-h1-bh(w)-ḗs « covered with down, for whom the down has grown out » being connected with a collective * Hp-u-h1-bh(w)-ḗ(y) f. « down, pubic hair » and « class of pubescent people ». Both these forms would eventually imply a PIE syntagm *Hp-ú-h1 bhuH- « to get covered with down ».

This interdisciplinary study presents the cutting-edge state of theoretical and applied research in the fascinating field of phraseology. The author elaborates key terminology and theoretical concepts of phraseology, while challenging some prevailing assumptions. Exploration of phraseological meaning across sentence boundaries is supported by ample textual illustrations of stylistic use ranging from Old English to Modern English. The book contains innovative research in the discourse-level features of phraseological units from a cognitive perspective, along with creative use of phraseological metaphor, metonymy and allusion, multimodal discourse included. The author argues for applied stylistics as a distinct area and the need to raise stylistic awareness among teachers and learners, translators, lexicographers and advertisers. The book offers an extensive glossary of key terms and a comprehensive bibliography. Stylistic Use of Phraseological Units in Discourse is a skilfully revised and extensively expanded new edition of the author's previously published 'Phraseological Units in Discourse: Towards Applied Stylistics' (2001). 2010. xiii, 292 pp. Hb 978 90 272 1176 7 EUR 95.00 E-bOOK 978 90 272 8769 4 EUR 95.00

Artykuł traktuje o reprodukowalności mitycznego wątku „cyrografu Adama” w polskiej kulturze tradycyjnej oraz we frazematyce gwarowej i potocznej. Przyjęcie koncepcji „narracyjności języka” w opisie małego fragmentu rzeczywistości, jakim jest akt zaprzedania duszy diabłu, pozwala na przedstawienie go w formie ustrukturyzowanego obrazu w ramach wielkiej narracji o świecie (opartej na chrześcijańskim światopoglądzie na temat duszy), w którym mieszczą się też narracje małe (odwołujące się do mitów i ludowej demonologii zawartych w stereotypowych motywach tekstowych) oraz mikronarracje, ukryte w leksyce, szeroko rozumianej frazematyce, odzwierciedlające całą gamę interpretacji i ocen odnośnie realizacji paktu człowieka z istotą demoniczną.
"Selling your Soul to the Devil – Reproducibility of a Myth Motives in Phrasematics of the Polish Common Language in the Context of a Traditional Culture

The article’s author discussed the reproducibility of the mythical motif of “Adam’s pact with the devil” in Polish traditional culture and in dialectal and colloquial phrasematics. The adoption of the concept of “language narrativeness” in the description of a small piece of reality, such as the act of selling one’s soul to the devil, makes it possible to present this piece in the form of a structured image within the frames of a great narrative about the world (based on the Christian belief concerning the soul) which contains small narratives (referring to myths and folk demonology included in stereotypical text motifs) and micro-narratives that are hidden in lexis and broadly understood phrasematics and that reflect a whole range of interpretations and evaluations related to a person’s pact with a demonic being.

According to the cognitive linguistics approach to phraseology, the majority of idioms are not linguistic but conceptual in nature. Moreover, they have to be seen mainly as a cultural product and, consequently, they are a splendid device for revealing the values of a given society. The aim of this study is to reveal the notion of the passing of time, as it is differently conceptualized for women and men in Spanish phraseology. Additionally, their dissimilar representations via linear structures based on the TIME IS SPACE conceptual metaphor will be proposed. The main conclusion of the study is that, according to Spanish idioms, men's lives can be represented by a single-line structure divided into two opposite, isolated periods – childhood and maturity. On the contrary, women's linear representation looks more like a continuous line that becomes a " forked " path a short time after women leave childhood behind. Finally, the relationship between the contemporary functioning of PUs and the endurance of the etymological stereotypes underlying these expressions will be considered.

This paper analyses 19 routine formulae from Peninsular Spanish that
share the same syntactic pattern (Vete a + noun phrase or Vete a + verb phrase) and are described by dictionaries as expressions of “rejection” towards the interlocutor. On the basis of previous classifications, these expressions could be considered “subjective”, “affective” and “attitudinal expressive” formulae, because they are used to show the speaker’s attitudes and emotions. However, on the one hand, complex concepts such as “affective expression”, “attitudinal” or “expression of rejection” are not very enlightening when describing this kind of expression to speakers of other languages or to speakers of a different variety of Spanish. On the other hand, given that at least 19 expressions of this kind exist in Peninsular Spanish, it is reasonable to think that there may be some differences of meaning between them. The present study aims to meet these two challenges by applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) methodology to the semantic-pragmatic analysis of these units. This paper offers a first approach to this kind of expression through the elaboration of semantic-pragmatic explications
of the different groups of formulae that, on the basis of the examples
found, have been established in the study.

Los términos compuestos son una de las principales dificultades en la traducción de los textos especializados. Dado que estos términos no siempre figuran en los recursos terminológicos o lo hacen de forma poco exhaustiva, los traductores y terminólogos deben dominar diversas técnicas para resolver sus dificultades. Tradicionalmente, se han utilizado textos paralelos para extraer terminología y adquirir conocimientos especializados. Estos textos pueden compilarse en forma de corpus comparables (es decir, textos escritos originalmente en la lengua de origen y de llegada), que pueden utilizarse para explotar un mayor número de textos de manera más eficiente. No obstante, a menudo hay reticencia a su utilización, en algunos casos debido a la falta de conocimiento de las técnicas de consulta. En este estudio se describe una metodología para identificar en corpus comparables los equivalentes en inglés de los términos compuestos en español, con vistas a: 1) facilitar esta tarea en la labor cotidiana de los traductores y terminólogos; y 2) proporcionarles técnicas de extracción manual en corpus. Con este fin, analizamos un corpus comparable de textos especializados sobre energía eólica escritos originalmente en español e inglés. La metodología propuesta se basa en la semántica distribucional y consiste en la identificación y la comparación de elementos contextuales de los conceptos en ambos idiomas. Los resultados muestran que este procedimiento simplifica la identificación de equivalentes de los términos compuestos en corpus. Palabras clave: corpus comparable; semántica distribucional; término compuesto; terminología; términos equivalentes; traducción de textos especializados.

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Some expressions are fixed in their use as phraseological units with procedural content. In the utterance they develop functions related to the relationship with the context and the participants in the interaction. In this work, some of them are described from a macro-syntactic and constructional grammar perspective (mira qué bien, como si lo viera, como si nada). They derive from Spanish constructions that have already acquired that procedural content and act as a group. Whether they have advanced in the process and can already be considered as discursive operators will be checked. The results provided by the analysis are as follows: mira qué bien and como si lo vieras appear in a dialogical context as a response. In monological contexts, the use as a reinforcing commentary on the right margin is predominant. Como si nada acts as an argumentative element and combines its function as a verbal modifier with those in which it constitutes the complete predication. This research shows the need to take into account the fixation of constructions in the evolution of markers and at the same time extend the concept of the phraseological unit to those expressions with procedural meaning, adopting a modular and gradual perspective in which syntax and semantics go together and contribute to the description of the discourse. Resumen: Algunas expresiones se fijan en el uso como unidades fraseológicas con contenido procedimental. Desarrollan en el enunciado funciones relativas a la relación con el contexto y los participantes en la interacción. En este trabajo se describen, desde una perspectiva ma-crosintáctica y de gramática de construcciones algunas de ellas (mira qué bien, como si lo viera, como si nada). Proceden de construcciones que ya han adquirido ese contenido procedimental y actúan como un grupo. De ese modo podemos observar si han avanzado en el proceso y si pueden considerarse ya operadores discursivos. Los resultados que nos proporciona el análisis son: Mira qué bien, como si lo viera se emplean en contexto dialogal y dialógico como

We present SEJF, a lexical resource of Polish nominal, adjectival and adverbial multiword expressions. It consists of an intensional module with about 4,700 multiword lemmas assigned to 160 inflection graphs, and an extensional module with 88,000 automatically generated inflected forms annotated with grammatical tags. We show the results of its coverage evaluation against an annotated corpus. The resource is freely available under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. Abstract. We present SEJF, a lexical resource of Polish nominal, adjectival and adverbial multiword expressions. It consists of an intensional module with about 4,700 multiword lemmas assigned to 160 inflection graphs, and an extensional module with 88,000 automatically generated inflected forms annotated with grammatical tags. We show the results of its coverage evaluation against an annotated corpus. The resource is freely available under the Creative Commons BY-SA license.

Cet article propose d'étudier la nature du lien entre les cadres épistémologiques de la phraséologie et de la grammaticalisation qui, bien que s'ignorant encore largement à l'heure actuelle, présentent un grand nombre de caractéristiques communes : (i) opacité et non-compositionnalité en phraséologie, déplacement/blanchiment sémantique et (inter-)subjectification en grammaticalisation ; (ii) fixité syntaxique en phraséologie, autonomisation syntaxique et prosodique en grammaticalisation ; (iii) collocabilité et attraction lexicale en phraséologie, coalescence syntagmatique et phonologique en grammaticalisation. Nous verrons en quoi certaines de ces caractéristiques peuvent être les indices d'un processus de constructionnalisation en cours, en particulier pour les constructions verbales à fonction pragmatique (e.a. tu vois) qui, bien qu'appartenant (encore) au domaine de la syntaxe, se comportent (déjà) comme des marqueurs de discours en français contemporain. Enfin, nous interrogerons la nature du lien existant entre les différents processus du changement langagier (i.e. la lexicalisation, la grammaticalisation, la pragmaticalisation et la constructionnalisation) en introduisant la notion de fonctionnalisation comme processus évolutif englobant.

Peter Handke's Wunschloses Unglück examines the stereotypical speech patterns that help socialize individuals into stifling roles, but the narrator is gradually forced to recognize his inability to distance himself from this linguistic corpus. This article enquires into the mechanisms behind his linguistic complicity by reconstructing the novella's discourse on the practice of domestic economy. The critique of language present in Handke's texts elucidates how the deployment of fixed phrases reduces mental effort. Since he defines his writing as an expenditure of labor, however, the narrator of Wunschloses Unglück points to his own use of phrases as a form of cautious management of resources in the production of a text. He does not necessarily fail to criticize the language of a repressive social world, but he must simultaneously match his critical ambitions with the limited means at his disposal. The result is a textual strategy of quotation that appears both critical and collusive.

The Phraséologie française élémentaire ou Nouveaux exercices de gram-maire by Hippolyte-Auguste Dupont (1833) is, to our knowledge, the only work to use the word phraseology as a synonym for "Grammar of the French language". It represents an exception not only to the school grammars of the nineteenth century, the century of schooling in France and school grammars, but also to the phraseological precepts of Charles Bally (1909). The analysis of this work, intended for the teaching of French as a mother tongue, will allow us to highlight two innovative aspects for the time: on the one hand, a very particular meaning of the word phraseology, namely that of the study of language through ordinary syntactic sentences, and, on the other hand, the place reserved for gallicisms, considered as "particular idioms" contrary to the general rules of grammar. The study of the opposition between these two groups of constructions in both Dupont's and Bally's work will lead us to contrast the facts of language in the former with the facts of expression in the latter.

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This paper presents a systemic view of collocation in order to explore how scientists optimally select and present information in abstracts. In a previous large scale study of 150 research articles (Gledhill 1995), collocational analysis revealed the key role of idiom in defining a norm of scientific writing and in the progressive textual creation of new scientific ideas (associated with the concept of logogenesis: Halliday and Martin (1993)). In order to deal with the analysis of textual genres it is necessary to conduct corpus analysis that is sensitive to the professional goals and practices in which a specific text type is couched. This article describes an approach to corpus analysis which marries the context-sensitive approach of genre analysis (Swales 1990) with the latest computational techniques for establishing global linguistic properties of text (Sinclair 1993). In particular, the notion of phraseology can be seen to operate at a level that incorporates the collocational properties of high frequency items with what has come to be known as 'terse text'.

This paper sets forth the argument for revisiting fixed phrases in the light of the knowledge that their fixedness is not necessarily something to be taken for granted. It focuses on the location and analysis of variant forms in general reference corpora. Existing phraseological structures, including collocational frameworks, idiom schemas and semi-prepackaged phrases, are introduced by way of background before a procedure for retrieving non-canonical forms of fixed expressions in general reference corpora is presented. Some implications relating to the study of variant forms are presented, along with suggestions for future research directions.

The article deals with Ancient Greek aphorisms and gnomes representing the notion of woman, with a particular focus on the proverbs with misogynistic meaning. As a result of our analysis, it was found out that out of four thousand Ancient Greek proverbs under study only sixty-five units verbalize the notion of woman, making up 1.6% of the total count. Some of these proverbs represent the idea of female character, while others are related to the social role of women as wives. It is determined that the proverbs under study reveal the misogynistic perception of woman through the prism of a masculine point of view. The proverbs convey the idea of feminine nature’s imperfection and the deficiency of feminine character. Women come across as unrestrained, talkative, treacherous, insidious, cunning, vindictive, greedy, that is, as ones who constantly threaten the mental balance and the possessions of their husbands. "Woman" and "femininity" are envisaged as attributes of defective character traits. As a result of the analysis of the linguistic material, it was concluded that the negative features attributed to the female nature are trickery, deceitfulness, frivolity, vengeance, authoritativeness, fierceness, talkativeness, intrusiveness, envy, laziness, cowardice, greed, vulgarity, indecision, shamelessness, temptation, boastfulness, unfairness and inability to manage the household. Only a small number of the proverbs under study convey the idea of marriage and the role of women as wives and mistresses of the house. Marriage is only a forced act for a man, which has as its purpose the birth of rightful citizens of the polis. Therefore, a woman in Ancient Greek linguistic picture of the world appears as καλὸν κακόν "good / necessary evil" in view of her role in procreation. The study reveals that the origins of misogynistic ideas can be traced back to mythical Pandora, who was considered as responsible for the inception of the world's evil and suffering of humanity. Misogynistic notions are also common in fiction, as well as philosophical and medical literature of Ancient Greece. In the works of Aristotle and Hippocrates, the inequality of women and men is substantiated. A woman is seen as inferior to man, which is allegedly evident in the metal nature of each, as well as the structure of their bodies and even their role in the childbirth.

This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages , due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.

The morphosyntactic treatment of multi-word units is particularly challenging in morphologically rich languages. We present a comparative study of two formalisms meant for lexicalized description of MWUs in Polish. We show their expressive power and describe encoding experiments , involving novice and expert lexicographers, and allowing to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of both implementations .

This metalexicographic study examines the relationship between the proverbial material in The English-Irish Dictionary (1732) of Begley and McCurtin, Abel Boyer’s The Royal Dictionary (First edition 1699, second edition 1729), and Nathaniel Bailey’s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721). It will show, for the first time, that both the English macrostructure and microstructure of the proverbial entries in Begley and McCurtin (1732) were reproduced directly from Boyer’s dictionary and, in spite of claims to the contrary, the impact of Bailey’s (1721) dictionary was negligible. Furthermore, empirical data gleaned from a comparative linguistic analysis of the various editions of The Royal Dictionary prior to 1732, will prove that it was the second official edition (1729) that was used as the framework for The English-Irish Dictionary. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the nature of the proverbial entries will also outline the various translation strategies that were used to compose the Irish material—particularly literal translation—and show that there are extremely high-levels of borrowings from Boyer (1729), both in terms of the English entries under the lemma, and the French entries in the comment.

Diatopic language variation in many editions of the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (Diccionario de la lengua española) has been a recurring issue in Spanish language lexicography. Most texts on this topic have dealt exclusively with monolexical units, neglecting the study of phraseological units. Therefore, this analysis focuses on idioms labelled as Méx in the DLE, pointing out some discrepancies regarding the inclusion and construction of lemmas and meanings attributed to such phraseological units in the 23rd edition of the dictionary.

Instructions on how to avoid hazards are an important aspect of warnings. Because message brevity is beneficial for effectiveness, the wording ought to be useful in motivating compliance. Participants (N=132) evaluated 37 single and two-word emphasis phrases (e.g., "critical" or "absolutely crucial") that could be added to a directive (or instructions) statement to indicate the degree of compliance necessity. Manipulated were one or two-word (phrase) emphasis terms (e.g., "critical," "must," and "absolutely critical"). Participants rated the compliance intent for each of these. Results showed a wide range of ratings across word/phrase conditions (from "extremely critical" and "urgent" as the highest to "optional" as the lowest). Linear (additive) and non linear effects were yielded by the pattern of means for word/phrase combinations. "Federal Law" was one of the highest rated items confirming similar previous findings. Implications are discussed including the potential for matching terms with hazard levels.

The purpose of this analysis is to present the manner of translating the titles of holy books from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic by Polish and Lithuanian Tartars and by Polish translators of the Bible and the Quran. It also attempts to define the scope and the nature of relations between the translations of the Bible and the Quran and to present the picture of the books in question on the basis of selected source texts. The source texts vary in terms of form and origin and the vocabulary was excerpted from such materials as historical writings of the Polish and Lithuanian Tartars (the texts were written in Arabic and required transcription and transliteration) as well as translations of the Quran into Polish. The words were also selected from the translations of the Bible (16th-century, 17th-century, and contemporary versions).