Phraseology

The topic of the article is the borrowing of French idioms into the English language. The article primarily deals with the influence of the French language from the phraseological point of view. One way of forming idioms in the English language is borrow original phrases from another language. The borrowings of the second type, i.e. translated borrowings from another languages are not included in the analysis. Specific idioms are chosen from the idiomatic dictionary Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms. Collins Concise Dictionary was consulted to check the origin of the idioms or words; it also contains the period of tranfer of an idiom into the English language. The French idiomatic borrowings are analysed from the point of the lexico-grammatical structure of the idioms, i.e. formal criteria, the classification of the idioms according to phrasal and sentence idioms. Each idiom is analysed individually. The target is to reveal the degree of  influence of the French language on the English language within the field of French idiomatic borrowings based on the historical development  of the English language. Subject to analysis is an orthographic and morphological level. Idioms are classified into groups on the basis of  identical morphological patterns. It is a tool  help to understand the patterns of French idiomatic borrowings for people, who do not know the French language. Furthermore, these patterns influences of the French language on the English language and help distinguish the degree of influence of the French language upon the English language.

Depuis quelques décennies, la Phraséologie est une discipline reconnue dans le domaine des études linguistiques. Après des débuts hésitants datant de la fin du XIX e siècle, elle se manifeste d'abord timidement dans des travaux de linguistique générale pendant la première moitié du XX e siècle, et sera considérée comme discipline à part entière à partir des années 70. Longtemps ignorée des linguistes et annexée par la lexicologie, elle finit par s'en séparer et devient une science pleinement autonome, dotée d'un objet d'étude précis et d'une méthodologie concrète. Elle étudie les polylexèmes figés, cherchant à en dégager les caractéristiques formelles et conceptuelles à partir d'une analyse empirique de faits de langue. Cependant, le terme existait bien avant d'être pris dans un sens scientifique et s'employait dans la langue courante pour bien des propos.

The present article deals with the issue of borrowing idiomatic expressions
(phraseological units, proverbs and adages) from Slavic languages into the Lithuanian
language. Lithuanians and Slavs, especially Poles, Russians and Belarusians, are territorial neighbours that have close genetic ties, and long economic, cultural and political relationships.
The examples of biblical phraseological units, and set expressions containing confessional lexicon (names of church objects, holidays, cult people, and etc.) demonstrate borrowing of a number of phraseological units from Polish, Russian and Belarusian, and the origin of borrowing could hardly be set. It has been established that one of the features of borrowing could be misused proper nouns (Lithuanian nuo Ainošiaus pas Kaipošių < Polish od Annasza do Kajfasza), word misunderstanding (Lithuanian baldosi kaip Morkus po peklą < Polish Tłucze się jak marek po piekle), use of foreign place names in a phraseological unit (Lithuanian reikalingas kaip velnias Čenstakavoj < Polish potrzebny jak diabeł w Częstochowie), and foreign lexicon (Lithuanian tiek padeda, kiek nebašnykui kodỹlas < Polish Pomože mu to, jak umarlemu kadzidlo; Lithuanian Dievas traicę myli < Belarusian Бог тройцу любіць). Such a feature as the broken rhythmic structure of an expression could also
propose an idea of borrowed nature of phraseological units (Lithuanian Dievas kentėjo ir mums liepė < Russian Бог терпел и нам велел, Lithuanian Dievas davė — dievas atėmė <Russian Бог дал — Бог взял). In case a Lithuanian set expression has equivalents in all examined Slavic languages, the origin of such borrowing could not be set, i.e. Lithuanian vélnias uždė́ jo úodegą – Polish diabeł ogonem nakrył – Belarusian чорт хвастом накрыў/ Лука хвастом накрыў – Russian Луканька хвостом накрыл.
Keywords: loans in phraseology, the Lithuanian phraseology, confessional phraseology, contact of the Baltic and the Slavic languages.

Рассматриваются фразеологические единицы различных славянских языков, схожие по каким-либо признакам: семантическому, структурному, компонентному. Обнаруженные параллели фразеологизмов с компонентом ‘деньги’ в русском, польском и украинском языках позволяют выявить общие для трех национальных культур языковые единицы, осмыслив их в семантико-содержательном плане.

This article undertakes a descriptive analysis of the phrase Eastern Europe (or, eastern Europe ) against a background of a variety of phraseological units with the proper name Europe obtained in a corpus search of the BNCweb. At this stage, the linguistic status of the sequence Eastern Europe as a phrase is taken for granted and accepted. The meaning of phrase, as alluded to here, conforms to one of the meanings of this grammatical term listed in Trask (1996: 208), namely: “Traditionally, and very loosely, a label applied to any string of words which someone wants to consider, regardless of its syntactic status”. However, the sequence Eastern Europe may be looked at from other vantage points than the phraseological one. This study involves not only a criss-crossing of linguistic subfields (e.g., phraseology, morphology, terminology, semantics and pragmatics) but it also encroaches upon a non-linguistic territory (i.e., international relations). Given the complexity of the phrase in question, this article will limit itself to a thorough descriptive analysis of this one sequence/unit from a maximum number and variety of angles.

El  principal objetivo del presente trabajo será proporcionar al traductor una herramienta que le ayude a cubrir sus necesidades terminológicas cuando tenga que hacer frente a una traducción técnica, en particular, de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Para ello, pretendemos crear un glosario (inglés-español), basado en un corpus virtual diseñado para tal fin, que contenga la fraseología y, más concretamente, las colocaciones y locuciones nominales presentes en las fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Así, en primer lugar, ilustraremos una metodología de creación de corpus bilingüe y virtual de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D, al que denominaremos 3DCOR, para el que aseguraremos su representatividad tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa; seguidamente mostraremos el proceso de etiquetado de 3DCOR gracias al programa TagAnt. A través del etiquetado, podremos analizar en profundidad los diferentes tipos de colocaciones y de locuciones y su frecuencia en este género y temática. Finalmente, y con ayuda del programa AntConc, se identificarán los equivalentes inglés-español de las colocaciones y locuciones más frecuentes en el corpus 3DCOR.

The main objective of this paper will be to provide the translator with a tool that will help him/her to cover his/her terminology needs when dealing with a technical translation, in particular, 3D printer datasheets. To this end, we intend to create a glossary (English-Spanish), based on a virtual corpus designed for this purpose, which will contain the phraseology and, more specifically, nominal collocations and locutions present in the 3D printer datasheets. Thus, firstly, we will illustrate a methodology to create a virtual and bilingual corpus based on 3D printer datasheets. This corpus will receive the name of 3DCOR and will be representative in terms of quality and quantity. After, we will present the process of tagging a corpus using the software TagAnt. To conclude, we will analyse the different collocations and locutions and their frequency used in this textual genre and subject. Finally, with the AntConc Program, we will identify the equivalents in English and Spanish of the most frequent collocations in the 3DCOR corpus.

a presente comunicación constituye una propuesta metodológica y didáctica sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las unidades fraseológicas (UFs) en las segundas lenguas. Las características formales y semánticas de estas construcciones lingüísticas generan una serie de dificultades y problemas en lo que respecta al procedimiento de su adquisición y aprendizaje. Para facilitar su presentación y descripción al profesor y su reconocimiento, aprendizaje y uso al alumno, se propone que el tratamiento de las UFs se haga de forma transversal y progresiva en clase de ELE.

German and Lithuanian Idioms with Gastronomic Components The topic originates from L. Feuerbach's quote " Man is what he eats ". It allows the assumption that idioms with gastronomic components could reveal relevant aspects of the linguistic world-view. The object of research are German and Lithuanian idioms containing denominations of groceries, food and beverages. The research aims to compare these idioms in both languages. The results are based on the corpora created using lexicographic sources. There are 193 denominations classified into 20 groups in the corpora: 82 components are found in both languages, 111 are language-specific (48 German, 63 Lithuanian). The total number of units analyzed includes 830 German and 1310 Lithuanian idioms.

While a wealth of resources is available for teaching research writing of traditional IMRD research papers, instructors have little to draw on when working with graduate students in mathematics. The present study offers insight into recent mathematical research articles through an exploration guided by phrase-frames, recurring multiword units with a variable slot or blank. The paper introduces the concept of key phrase-frames. In doing so, the potential of phrase-frames for understanding subregisters and for teaching is shown. The starting point of this exploration is a 2,289,670-word corpus of 128 recent mathematics research articles collected from eight scholarly mathematics journals. Five-and six-gram phrase-frames were generated in KfNgram. Key phrase frames are identified as those with an occurrence of at least 20 per million words, occurring across 75% of journals and with a sMAPE of 1.95 cut off or higher when compared to the academic section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English as a reference. The 180 resulting frames were coded for open slot position and common pattern before being consolidated and functionally grouped. Core functions related to the aboutness, coherence and moves of the text. The discussion centers on how these groups reveal different aspects of mathematical texts

Metadiscourse in phraseology: formulation discourse markers

Both the Catalan and German languages have a remarkable amount of phraseological units at their disposal that account for the way in which their speakers have conceptualised and characterised human verbal communication. Among them we find a very specific group, which corresponds to formulation discourse markers: words and phrases of diverse grammatical structures and compositions which behave in text in quite a similar way to discourse connectors. On the one hand, they link text units and establish semantic identity relations between them; on the other hand, they guide the comprehension of the text made by the receiver by helping him to extract from the context any necessary inferences about its propositional content. A parallel study of a set of these metacommunicative phrases will reveal a number of shared tendencies in their lexical formation, morphosyntactic fixedness, distribution and prosody.

Keywords: discourse markers, formulation, metadiscourse, particles, grammaticalisation


Metadiskurs in der Phraseologie: metakommunikative Formulierungsindikatoren

Sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Katalanischen finden wir eine große Zahl an Wendungen, mit denen Sprecher den Sprechakt beschreiben und charakterisieren. Zu ihnen gehören die metakommunikativen Formulierungsindikatoren, also Wörter und Phraseme mit verschiedenen grammatikalischen Strukturen, die jedoch im Text ähnliche Merkmale wie die Konnektoren aufweisen: Sie sind Bindeglieder, da sie Diskurselemente untereinander verknüpfen und eine semantische Beziehung zwischen ihnen herstellen; außerdem lenken sie den Empfänger dazu, den Sinn einer Äußerung zu begreifen, indem er durch sie die erforderlichen Inferenzen aus dem Kontext ableiten kann. Durch eine vergleichende Studie einer Gruppe dieser metakommunikativen Phraseme werden wir eine Reihe an Gemeinsamkeiten in ihrer Wortzusammensetzung, morphosyntaktischen Bindung, Distribution und Prosodie darlegen.


El metadiscurs en la fraseologia: les locucions marcadores de la formulació

El català i l’alemany disposen d’un considerable repertori de locucions mitjançant les quals els parlants han conceptualitzat i caracteritzat l’activitat lingüística humana. Entre elles trobem les locucions marcadores de la formulació: sintagmes de configuració diversa que en el discurs mostren un comportament semblant al dels nexes textuals: són peces d’enllaç, ja que connecten membres del discurs i estableixen entre ells relacions d’equivalència semàntica; alhora, orienten el receptor en la comprensió del sentit dels enunciats facilitant l’extracció d’inferències sobre el contingut comunicat. A través de l’anàlisi comparada d’aquestes locucions metadiscursives mostrarem tot un seguit de tendències compartides en la seva composició lèxica, fixació morfosintàctica, distribució i prosòdia.

The aim of this paper is to present the Spanish proverbs related to the topic of greed that can be understood as a continuation of Publilius Syrus’ sentences. For the analysis are taken into account the contributions of two Hellenistic philosophical schools (Stoicism and Epicureanism), which illuminate the scope of the criticism of greed that occurs in these proverbs, both from a psychological as a social point of view. Latin sentences and Spanish proverbs are compared according to their formal or semantic continuity, as well as depending on other aspects (such as the tone or prosodic issues).

Phraseology is essentially a language relic of the past inserted in the present
discourse. From this perspective, the meaning assigned to idioms has not emerged in the
present, but was constructed in the past and elaborated in discourse. In this paper, we
will analyse the discursive construction of the somatic idiom arrimar el hombro, given
its occurrences in the CNDHE, applying the current theories on semantic change.

In this work, an overview on the state of the art of phrasemes in dialectal monolingual and bilingual lexicography will be given, focusing on the Genoese and Genoese-Italian lexicography. First, Genoese will be defined and then followed by a summary of the calready existing Genoese and Genoese-Italian dictionaries. It will be shown that the Genoese lexicography lacks many important aspects, amongst others also the matter of phrasemes and their equivalents. GEPHRAS 1 is the first dictionary (focusing on GEnoese PHRASemes) documenting both synchronic and diachronic phrasemes, with particular focus on collocations, idioms, comparative, communicative and structural phrasemes. The project will serve as model for further phraseographical studies and will help preserving Genoese.

The problem of international relations is a burning issue of modern global society. In this article I suggest that comparative analysis of idioms with a 'heart' component and culture stereotypes of international relations given in jokes should be formative to our understanding of underlying international policy mechanisms in modern China, Japan, Great Britain and North America. The burning issue of multiculturalism and studying foreign cultures in conditions of preserving national identity is a key concept for successful international relations policy. The problem is exacerbated by complex international psychological stereotypes which do not contribute to mutual understanding of residents with multicultural backgrounds. I propose the idea of cooperative multicultural understanding through studying idioms. For centuries the development of idiomatic systems (phraseological systems) was regarded as a culturally unique individual process, governed by extralinguistic reasons: politics, time factors and cross-cultural contacts. I analyze idioms (phraseological units) with a 'heart' component, belonging to 4 idiomatic systems (phraseological systems): (Chinese, Japanese, British and American). With the help of on-line electronic linguistic corpuses (Chinese corpus), KOTONOHA (Japanese corpus), BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) I identify tendencies common to all these systems, which is conducive to our mutual understanding in modern global environment.

Nový slovník slovinského spisovného jazyka venuje osobitnú pozornosť frazeologickým jednotkám. Náčrt konceptu nového výkladového slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka  (2015: 56) obhajuje celistvý opis každej frazémy. Frazému chápe ako ustálenú a reprodukovanú viacslovnú pomenovaciu konštrukciu nevetnej alebo vetnej povahy s frazeologickým významom, výraznou konotatívnou zložkou a expresívnou hodnotou. Fungovanie všetkých v slovníku prezentovaných frazém a ich variantov v súčasnom úze je overené ich frekvenciou v slovinskom jazykovom korpuse Gigafida. Hlavná podoba frazémy (tzv. „nulový variant“ alebo „frazeologická lemma“) ako aj všetky varianty sú predstavené v plnej forme.
Slovník sa snaží zachytiť všetky typy frazeologických variantov podľa slovinskej typológie (Kržišnik 1987), ktorá je vo veľkej miere ovplyvnená Mlacekovou (1984) typológiou. Predstavuje ortografické, morfologické, lexikálne, syntaktické a tiež pragmatické varianty (napr. vykanie a tykanie u pragmatických frazém). V rámci lexikálnej variantnosti prezentuje aj varianty spôsobené rozdielom medzi dokonalým a nedokonalým vidom slovies, ak takéto varianty jazykový korpus potvrdzuje. Redaktori posudzujú frazeologické varianty aj z hľadiska jazykovej normy, avšak s rešpektovaním faktu, že frazémy sú z formálnej ako aj sémantickej stránky jednotky anomálne (Čermák 1993: 46-51, Kržišnik 2010: 93) a že ich vzťah k jazykovej norme je špecifický (Kržišnik 1996). Každý variant sa musí v jazykovom korpuse objavovať natoľko často, aby redaktor mohol posúdiť, že naozaj ide o ustálenú formu, a nie o aktualizáciu (Kržišnik 1987). Okrem toho musí ísť o prototypové použitie frazémy (Čermák 2007: 572-573).
Lexikografický proces zahrňuje overovanie frazém, ktoré boli zaradené do Slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka (SSKJ) alebo do Slovníka slovinských frazém (Keber 2011), ale aj hľadanie doteraz neregistrovaných jednotiek. Veľký dôraz sa kladie na tom, aby bol na základe korpusových údajov lexikograficky posúdený čo najväčší počet potenciálnych variantov frazémy. Preto treba kombinovať rôzne vyhľadávacie postupy. Okrem toho, že si redaktori všímajú, v akých podobách bola frazéma doteraz zachytená – ak vôbec bola – používajú napr. vyhľadávanie častých kolokátov v kontexte každého komponentu frazémy. Veľa frazém aj ich variantov počas svojej práce s korpusom nájdu aj iní lexikografi, nielen frazeológovia. Lexikografickú prácu s variantmi parémií zľahčuje sociolingvistický výskum 918 jednotiek, podľa ktorého bolo určené slovinské paremiologické minimum (Meterc 2014, 2016). V prípade tejto časti frazeológie sa odpovede okolo 450 respondentov z celého Slovinska používajú ako vstupné údaje pre korpusový výskum paremiologických variantov, ktorý je vo vzťahu k výskumu iných typov frazém špecifický (Ďurčo 2014).

Este vídeo se enmarca en el proyecto de innovación docente de la Universidad de Murcia ¿Flippeas o qué? Una experiencia de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Fraseología aplicando el modelo Flipped Classroom, dirigido por Arianna Alessandro, en el marco de la convocatoria para promover proyectos y acciones de innovación y mejora en la Universidad de Murcia para el curso 2016/2017. Se pueden ver otros vídeos de este proyecto en: http://tv.um.es/canal?cod=&serie=19041 Cómo citar este vídeo SEVILLA MUÑOZ, M. (2017): «Definición y clasificación de las paremias». En ALESSANDRO, A.; SOLANO RODRÍGUEZ, Mª.A.; ZAMORA MUÑOZ, P; SEVILLA MUÑOZ, M., Introducción a la fraseología y la paremiología. Televisión universitaria de la UM, Universidad de Murcia <https://tv.um.es/video?id=90471&cod=a1>

Teesid: Artikkel pakub võrdleva analüüsi sloveeni ja eesti keele sõimusõnadest kui emotsionaalselt tugeva laenguga väljenditest, viisakasse kõnepruuki mitte-kuuluvatest sõnadest, mis annavad edasi kõneleja või kiruja/sõimaja tundeid ja hoiakuid teatud olukorra/inimese suhtes. Uurimus keskendub sõimusõnade ja loitsude leksikaalsetele ja struktuurilistele sarnasustele/erinevustele võrdlevalt eesti ja sloveeni keeles. Sõim pole ainult tabusõnaline väljendusviis, vaid võib toimida funktsionaalselt nagu usundilised loitsud. Analüüsi põhieeldusena lei-dub mõlemas keeles nii sõimusõnades kui ka loitsudes vormel "mine X-kohta". Sihtkoht X, kuhu soovimatu isik saadetakse, on päritolukoht (nt suguorgan), mitteeksisteeriv või tähistab kaost. Kummagi keele alusmaterjali moodustab üle 50 "mine X-kohta" variandi, mille kohta esitame kategooriad. Lisaks vaatleme selle vormeli väliseid väljendeid-fraase, mis kannavad samuti ideed tõrjuda või saata keegi kusagile. Uurimuse eesmärk on välja selgitada, mil määral saab sõimuvormelite moodustamisel rääkida 1) universaalsetest joontest ja 2) kul-tuurispetsiifilistest piirkondlikest erinevustest.

Adopting a corpus-based methodology, this volume analyses phraseological patterns in nine European languages from a monolingual, bilingual and multilingual point of view, following a mostly Construction Grammar approach. At present, corpus-based constructional research represents an interesting and innovative field of phraseology with great relevance to translatology, foreign language didactics and lexicography.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of witchcraft and its reflection in the Slovak and Slovenian languages. The subject of the comparative analysis is syntagmatic and sentencelike phraseological units, whose component structures include some of the lexemes denominating a woman skilful in practicing magic, telling fortunes, and treating illnesses, as well as some other lexemes and set expressions connected to similar supernatural powers. Such units are then analysed in terms of their motivation, origin, equivalence etc. with the aim to interpret mental contents linked to them.

This paper introduces new language learning techniques, called here "Junks+", but which the author has more recently called "MultiForm Relational" techniques or materials.  It is argued that it is much more useful to aim to cultivate in learners a "multi-word mindset" than to attempt to identify lists of lexical chunks or multi-word items for learners to learn.

sommaire
SALAH MEJRI
Présentation
ESA ITKONEN (Université de Turku, Finlande)
Pour L'analogie
CHRISTINE PORTELANCE (Université du Québec/Rimouski, Canada)
Sémantique du goût: quand l'analogie et le figement construisent l'intersubjectivité
SERGE TCHOUGOUNNIKOV (Université de Bourgogne, France)
Le sentiment comme facteur sémantique: la sémantique représentationnelle entre la linguistique psychologique et le formalisme
ÉRIC CASTAGNE (Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, France)
Intercompréhension et analogies entre langues voisines: entre transparences et opacités. Le cas des séquences figées
HAMIDA TRABELSI (I.S.E.A.H du Kef, Tunisie)
Analogie et grammaticalisation: Deux procédés du changement grammatical distincts mais complémentaires
PIERRE ARNAUD (Université de Lyon, France)
L'analogie dans la dénomination binominale des concepts combinatoires en français
JOANNA CHOLEWA (Université de Białystok, Pologne)
Conceptualisation du mouvement à l'exemple de quelques verbes à orientation verticale et direction négative
LOTFI ABOUDA & MARIE SKROVEC (Université d'Orléans, France)
Du mouvement au figement: pragmaticalisation de la forme on va dire. Étude micro-diachronique sur un corpus oral
SARA RALIĆ (Sorbonne-Paris 4, France)
La rencontre des sens dans l'expression défigée, ou l'économie du défigement
Mª ISABEL GONZALEZ-REY (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela)
Une approche analogique à la compétence phraséologique: une double compétence, intégrale et intégrée
BOHDANA LIBROVA (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France)
Pour une description des degrés de figement des locutions martiniquaises: exemple des séquences verbo-nominales fè + N et bay + N
MARKO VIDAK (Sorbonne-Paris 4, France)
Le mot-dièse (hashtag): émergence d'une nouvelle forme de figement dans une diachronie très courte
LUCY MICHEL (Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France)
Le genre grammatical, entre motivation et figement: questions de sémantique
MARIANGELA ALBANO (Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris 3, France)
Le tissu analogique du figement:les proverbes créoles antillais et leurs versions en français
OLIVIER SOUTET (Sorbonne-Paris 4, France)
Le R français entre phonétique, morphologie, et psychosémiologie
KARMELE ALBERDI & NATALIA ARREGUI (Université de Grenade, Espagne)
Culture et identité. Le fabuleux univers d'Eduardo Mendoza
CATHERINE CHAUVIN (Université de Lorraine, France)
Polysémie prépositionnelle entre invariance, figement et analogie: une étude de cas en anglais (She was in high heels, in her makeup, ?in a belt)
LEÏLA BEN HAMAD (Université de Sousse, Tunisie)
Sur la prétendue polysémie des locutions «figées»: une étude de cas
LIANE STROEBEL (Université Technique de Rhénanie-Westphalie, Aix-la-Chapelle, Allemagne)
L'influence du concept de source — une analyse contrastive des extensions et des restrictions sémantiques du verbe «monter»
ALEKSANDAR MIJATOVIĆ (Université de Rijeka, Croatie)
La polysémiosis ou la polysémie comme capacité : la notion de sens linguistique chez Bréal, Bergson et Deleuze
ÉLIANE KOTLER (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France)
La polysémie au service de la polémique: le cas des pamphlets d'Agrippa d'Aubigné
CAMILLE COLIN (Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3, France)
L'analogie en œnologie: Pour une petite sémantique œnologique
JEAN-RENÉ LADMIRAL (Université de Paris 10, France)
Analogie et littéralité à la lumière de la traduction

Resumen: Con el objetivo de contribuir a los estudios de la Paremiología portuguesa, este trabajo estudia algunos aspectos de la compilación de refranes y proverbios publicada por Bento Pereira en 1655 (Florilegio dos modos de fallar Adagios da Lingoa Portuguesa), obra que es la segunda en su género en Portugal. El Florilegio comprende dos partes: la primera es de ámbito fraseológico, ya que presenta un listado alfabético de frases portuguesas con las correspondencias latinas; en la segunda, de ámbito paremiológico, están compilados los adagios portugueses con sus equivalentes en lengua latina. Por su utilidad en el ejercicio retórico, estos enunciados eran relevantes en el ámbito pedagógico en el que se movía el Jesuita Bento Pereira. Partiendo de una contextualización de la obra, el análisis se centra en el valor lingüístico, historiográfico y cultural de la segunda parte del Florilegio, resaltando sus características más relevantes y, en particular, el diálogo interlingüístico entre portugués y castellano. Palabras clave: Paremiología. Proverbio. Portugués. Siglo XVII.

Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit den Kollokationen in der Ägyptischen Strafprozessordnung (ÄStPO) auseinander. Ihr Text über Regulierungen zum Strafverfahrensablauf, Institutions- und Personenbezeichnungen, Zuständigkeiten und Kompetenzen der verschiedenen Rechtsinstitutionen, die möglichen Rechts- und Strafmittel des Strafrechts stellen eine wertvolle Terminologiequelle für Gerichtsübersetzern und -dolmetschern dar. Jedoch versteht sich diese Arbeit nicht als eine terminologische Studie, sondern als ein Versuch, eine erste deskriptive wie semantisch-kontextuelle Konzeptualisierung rechtsprachlicher Substantiv-Verb-Kollokationen vorzunehmen. Auf Grundlage dieses Untersuchungsziels wird sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Frage auseinandersetzen, wie fachsprachliche Substantiv-Verb-Kollokationen (bzw. Verb-Nomen im Arabischen) der arabischen Rechtssprache am Beispiel der Ägyptischen Strafprozessordnung
(قانون الإجراءات الجنائية) in der Fassung von 1950 konzeptualisiert werden können.

Статья посвящена функционированию идиом в произведениях немецкого писателя Эриха Кестнера, представителя литературного направления «Новая вещественность». Рассмотрены основные функции фразеологизмов, установ-лен ряд закономерностей, описывающих их распределение по произведениям разных жанров, охарактеризована роль лексико-семантических групп идиом в создании единства художественного текста. Ключевые слова: авторский стиль, фразеология, немецкий язык, стилистика художественного текста, идиомы.

This article is devoted to the usage of phraseological units in works of German writer Erich Kästner, who belonged to the literary school "Neue Sachlichkeit". In the focus of our attention are functions of idioms and also correlations, which characterize their distribution in texts of different genres, as well as the constutive role of lexical semantic groups of idioms in creating unity of the literary text.

The objective of this study is to review the main contributions of Romanian linguistics to the definition of phraseology as an autonomous linguistic discipline, with the aim of specifying its object of investigation and studying the linguistic phenomena characteristic of this discipline.

Repenser le figement: enjeux et perspectives dans l’enseignement du figement. Entre apprentissage, didacticité et langues de spécialité: sous ce titre, nous visons à mettre en perspective plusieurs aspects de la didactique de la phraséologie.

The main aim of this paper is to study if the phraseology of cognitive verbs used in academic English reveals different discourse patterns in the specific fields of Linguistics, Engineering and Medicine. The objectives of this study are first the identification of cognitive verb patterns in academic English, second the contrastive analysis of the cognitive verbs patterns used in Linguistics, Engineering and Medicine and finally, the study of the patterns used in the different disciplines of academic English. In this analysis, the taxonomy proposed by Marín-Arrese (2015) to identify evidential expressions, i.e. verbs of mental state or cognitive attitude, is used to identify the cognitive verbs in the corpus. The verbs identified in this category were searched with WordSmith Tools 5.0 and the phraseological units including cognitive verbs were compiled and studied. The frequencies of the verbs with the concordances of the cognitive verbs were analysed and examples discussed. The results extracted from the three different specific fields of knowledge were discussed and the conclusions were drawn.

The article defines the ‘linguistic ethnic stereotype’ category in relation to the Turkish language,
discusses its 2 types, namely, language auto and heterostereotypes based on the example of fixed
expressions, clichés and idiomatic units. Ethnic stereotypes may provide a useful social psychological
perspective in which to consider intergroup relations between national groups. The present study aims
to contribute to the ethnic psycholinguistic research of Turkish language as well as to fill in the gap
that exists in this under-researched field. The purpose of this study is to investigate the links between
language auto and heterostereotypes of modern Turkish language and the state of ethnic relations
within Turkish society: their perceptions of members of various nationalities inhabiting multi‐ethnic
and multi‐religious Turkey. A more narrow aim is to provide a pilot description and explanation to the
given formulaic sentences.
Limited research on language issues is also reviewed, 61 formulas have been analyzed and our
findings indicate that auto-stereotypes are generally more positive than hetero-stereotypes. This paper
focuses on Turkish foreign language teachers’ perceptions of culture teaching. The context in which
cross-cultural contacts took place seemed to be an important variable.
The results and the methodology may be useful to multinational corporations in identifying
sources of potential conflict and misunderstanding between different cultural groups working together.
Refs 28.
Keywords: linguistic stereotype, the Turkish language, the Turkish idiom, the Turkish cliches,
Turkish phraseology, Turkic linguistics, Turkic languages.

Although Aeronautical Meteorology language is not generally regarded as standard communication between air traffic controllers and pilots, it plays an important role in Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication since it comprises phraseology and plain language used to communicate weather phenomena which interfere in aviation operations. Then, this paper focuses on the meteorology terminology used by Brazilian experts and discusses whether Aeronautical Meteorology is a hybrid field. Based on the theory of lexical semantics for terminology proposed by L’Homme (2020), the syntactic and semantic properties of a small set of Portuguese terms were analyzed in two separate textual corpora, i.e. a corpus representative of Aviation language and a corpus representative of Aeronautical language. For that, the combinatorics of terms were examined by means of a concordancing tool and were categorized by means of semantic labels. Quantification and comparison of the results obtained seem to suggest that the behavior of the terms in the two corpora share a fair amount of similarities.

Autotradução inédita do artigo escrito em francês: "À propos de la motivation phraséologique". que foi publicada em 2011 dentro do livro de Pamies, A. & Dobrovol'skij (eds.) Linguo-cultural competence and phraseological motivation. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag (Phraseologie und Parömiologie, Band 27) [ISBN 978-3-8340-0946-3]: 25-39.
Resumo: No presente trabalho investigamos o conceito de motivação na linguagem figurada, em contraste com outras noções da mesma esfera com as quais não deve ser confundida, tais como transparência ou composicionalidade. Este artigo trata também das especificidades da motivação diacrônica e sincrônica no campo das expressões idiomáticas. Trataremos ainda da distinção entre os vários tipos de motivação e suas relações, misturas e sobreposições mútuas. Palavras-chave: expressões idiomáticas, fraseologia, motivação, opacidade, idiomaticidade, arquimetáfora, culturema, simbolismo cultural. Abstract: In this work, we investigate the concept of motivation in figurative language, in contrast with other neighbouring notions that should not be confused with it, such as transparency or compositionality. The paper also deals with the specificity of diachronic and synchronic motivation in the field of idioms. We propose finally a distinction between several types of motivation and their mutual relations, blendings and overlaps. Introdução The uncovering of etymological origins of phrasemes is by no means an end in itself: rather they are to be seen as a way of discovering and understanding the processes of how phrasemes come into being and, thus, contribute to a theory of phraseology. 2 (Elizabeth Piirainen 2008: 223) Saussure (1916: I.1.1.2) define o arbitrário como A falta de qualquer ligação natural entre o significante e o significado, traço que caracterizaria-como tal-o signo linguístico 3. Saussure não negou, com isso, a motivação das onomatopeias, mas, em virtude da dicotomia entre sincronia e diacronia, ela seria de natureza puramente 1 Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito dos projetos espanhóis HUM 422 (Junta da Andaluzia, Espanha). 2 O descobrimento das origens etimológicas dos frasemas não é de modo nenhum um fim em si mesmo: conquanto, deve ser visto como um modo de descobrir e entender o processo de como os frasemas nascem e, assim, contribuir para uma teoria da fraseologia. (por uma questão de estilo sugiro-cortar conquanto e manter-deve ser visto, porém). Mas não está errado da forma que está. 3 Sapir (1921: 1/11) concebe também a linguagem como um sistema de símbolos que associa elementos cognitivos a estímulos psicossensoriais auditivos, de maneira consciente e arbitrária.

The term ecotype was first introduced to the field of folkloristics by Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (1878-1952), who proposed the idea that folktales develop from base forms due to transformations triggered by specific environmental conditions before eventually stabilising within cultural districts. The general analogy was popular amongst folklorists who readily invoked the concept to deconstruct a wide range of genres including rhyming couplets, folk ballads, folktales, fairy-tales, personal narratives, legends and urban legends. It is unfortunate, however, that ecotypes have largely been ignored by scholars working in the fields of pare-miology, especially when one considers not only the established interrelation ships between proverbial material and other folkoristic genres, but also the recent pioneering cross-cultural analyses of idiomatic expressions in European languages and beyond. This paper will provide a template for the analysis of folk expressions by examining the life history of an Irish ecotype, tied stones and loose dogs. It will show that folk expressions are a fertile area of research that can be deconstructed using literary and historical research based on the historic-geographic method. At the heart of this template, I argue, is the need to read texts within their contemporary cultural, historical and socioeconomic frameworks to decode meanings according to instantiation, the motivations for their use, and the question of agency in folk groups. By collecting, examining and construing interrelations between folkloris-tic texts across a range of cultural products-folklore collections, popular culture periodicals and political discourse-and by informed cultural contextualisation of its instantiations, we can reconstruct the extensive cultural underpinnings that inform a range of everyday folk expressions.

El análisis comparado de las traducciones al francés y al inglés de Manuscrito cuervo permite ilustrar numerosos escollos traductivos de la obra maestra aubiana. Aquí, además de las prin-cipales técnicas adoptadas por Marrast y Kirkland, se discuten desde una perspectiva tra-ductora los problemas filológicos del texto fuente y algunas muestras de humor negro relativas al contexto de los campos de concentración.

Das "russische phraseologische Wörterbuch" (im Folgenden RPW) ist Teil der Lehrwerkreihe "Russisch aktuell: erklärt -geübt -beherrscht", in der bereits sechs Bände erschienen sind. Letztendlich stellt es kein vollkommen neues Produkt dar, sondern versteht sich als Bestandteil des Russischen Universalwörterbuchs (RUW) (vgl. Bendixen u.a. 2005) und existiert in gedruckter und elektronischer Form. Die letztere, deutlich umfangreichere Version -die Printfassung beinhaltet nur 20% des Gesamtinventars des RPW -ist nicht Gegenstand der vorliegenden Rezension. Sie unterscheidet sich von der Druckversion, abgesehen von ihrer größeren Zahl an Beispielen und ihren ausführlicheren Erläuterungen, unter anderem durch die Interlinearübersetzung der bedeutungstragenden Kernkomponenten, außerdem listet sie mehr Formvarianten eines Phrasems auf und illustriert die häufigsten 7.000 Phraseme mit einem Aussprachebeispiel. Der dem Stichwortteil vorangestellte komplementäre Wörterbuchteil setzt sich zusammen aus einem Vorwort und zwei Kapiteln zu den theoretischen Grundlagen des RPW und den Benutzungshinweisen. Am Ende des Wörterbuchs befinden sich ein Stichwort-Hauptverzeichnis sowie ein wenige Seiten umfassender separater Stichwortteil mit vulgären Phraseologismen und dazugehörigem Stichwortverzeichnis -die Autoren beschäftigen sich intensiv mit der Frage nach dem Umgang mit expressiven, vulgären Phrasemen und entschließen sich letztendlich dazu, sie in der Printversion in einem separaten Teil am Schluss anzuführen. Der komplementäre Teil ist konsequent zweisprachig gestaltet, d.h. das Vorwort und die beiden einführenden Kapitel werden jeweils zuerst auf Deutsch und anschließend auf Russisch abgedruckt. Zu würdigen ist hier die ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit der theoretischen Diskussion über Phrasem-Definition, -Klassifikation, -Übersetzung und andere Probleme, die die phraseologische Forschung beschäftigen, unter Einbeziehung der einschlägigen russisch-und deutschsprachigen Fachliteratur. Sie zeigt das große Bemühen der Autoren, auf einer sauberen methodischen Grundlage zu arbeiten, was sich im Bereich der Phraseologie aufgrund der Heterogenität und Komplexität des Objektbereichs oft sehr schwierig gestaltet. Sprachlich erscheint dieser Teil des RPW bisweilen etwas unbeholfen, vgl. z.B. die Formulierungen "Umfassenheit" (S. XII) und "erschröcklich" (S. 26). Das RPW ist mit seinen insgesamt 40.000 Phrasemen (in die Druckversion wurden knapp 7.300 daraus aufgenommen) im Vergleich mit anderen russissch-deutschen und deutschrussischen phraseologischen Wörterbüchern enorm umfangreich. Diese große Zahl an Stichwörtern kommt dadurch zustande, dass auch parömiologische und folkloristische Einheiten (d.h. Brauchtexte, Bauern-und Wetterregeln usw.) mit aufgenommen wurden. Da es sich selbstverständlich beim RPW nicht um das erste und einzige russisch-deutsche phraseologische Wörterbuch handelt, muss die Frage gestellt werden, welchen Neuigkeitswert es besitzt und was es von seinen Vorgängern unterscheidet. Das von den Autoren würdigend zur Kenntnis genommene und ebenfalls sehr umfangreiche, aber bereits aus dem Jahr 1975 stammende deutsch-russische phraseologische Wörterbuch von L.E. Binovič und N.N. Grišin unterscheidet sich vom RPW am augenscheinlichsten in der Übersetzungsrichtung, denn es geht von deutschen Phrasemen aus und nennt ihre russischen Entsprechungen, während es beim RPW umgekehrt ist. Dasselbe gilt für das relativ neue deutsch-russische phraseologische Wörterbuch von D.G. Mal'ceva (2002) und das sehr aktuelle Werk von B.P. Šekasjuk (2013). Besonders nennenswert im Vergleich mit dem RPW ist das russisch-deutsche phraseologische Wörterbuch von J. Petermann / R. Hansen-Kokoruš / T. Bill (1995), das wohl zum RPW in

Corpus Linguistics, Context and Culture demonstrates the potential of corpus linguistic methods for investigating language patterns across a range of contexts. Organised in three sections, the chapters range from detailed case studies on lexico-grammatical patterns to fundamental discussions of meaning as part of the ‘discourse, contexts and cultures’ theme. The final part on ‘learner contexts’ specifically emphasises the need for mixed-method approaches and the consideration of pedagogical implications for real world contexts.

Beyond its contribution to current debates in the field, this edited volume indicates new directions in cross-disciplinary work.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden translatologischen Studie vorgestellt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, die Übersetzungslösungen für okkasionelle phraseologische Einheiten (PE), gefunden in der Märchensammlung "Aus Urväterzeiten: Märchen aus kroatischer Urzeit" (1916) von Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, zu analysieren. Zuerst müssen die okkasionellen PE im Ausgangstext entdeckt werden (als Ausgangstext dienen acht auf Kroatisch verfasste Märchen). Im nächsten Schritt ist die Aufgabe, die Übersetzung vom gesammelten Korpus in zwei Zielsprachen (Deutsch und Russisch) aufzufinden. Der dritte Schritt umfasst sowohl die Anwendung von geeigneten Analyseinstrumenten als auch den kontrastiven Zugang zu PE in drei Sprachen. Nataša Pavlović (2015: 88–92) liefert den theoretischen Rahmen mit Analyseinstrumenten für die Übersetzung von phraseologischen Einheiten. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Variation in der Ausgangssprache ein konzeptuelles Phänomen ist, und dass es als große Hilfe für die Übersetzer von zwei Zielsprachen diente.

У статті на матеріалі текстів засобів масової інформації проаналізовано особливості функціонування трансформованих фразеологічних одиниць. Виявлено, що у сучасному публіцистичному тексті фразеологізми різного рівня спаяності реалізовують кілька ключових стилістичних функцій,
зокрема оцінну, емоційно-експресивну, заголовну, а також виражають імпліцитні смисли тексту. Досліджено, що ідіоми, трансформовані при перекладі з англійської мови, впливають на формування специфічних фрагментів мовної картини світу.

In the article based on the material of the mass media texts special features of functioning of transformed phraseological units are analyzed. It was found out that in contemporary journalistic text phraseological units that possess different levels of combining perform several major stylistic functions, that are used for evaluating,
creating topics, expressing emotions and implicit sense of a text. It is proved that idioms transformed during the process of translation from the English language influence the formation of specific fragmentsin the language mapping of the world.