Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance

Objectives: The main objective was to determine the Tinosorb-S degradation in the sunscreen preparations with a simple economic linear and specific analytical method. Methods: The RP-HPLC was achieved with 100% methyl alcohol as the mobile phase, a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min., and an octadecylsilane column (300 × 3.9 cm, 10 µ) at 254 nm. Results: The developed analytical method of Tinosorb-S was statistically validated for accuracy and linearity of 70-130 µg/mL. The correlation coefficient was 0.996, and the % RSD of precision was 0.957. The recovery percentage was 100.01-105.04, and the excellent thermal and photolytic stability of Tinosorb-S was confirmed by the thermal, dry, and wet chromatograms compared with the standard; no such degradation was developed, and the recovery was 99.52%, 99.44%, and 99.45%, respectively. Acid, oxidative, and alkaline decomposition of Tinosorb-S were established by screening the decomposition peaks, and the percentage recovery was 41.31%, 40.38%, and 40.44%, respectively. Conclusions: The stress degradation study of Tinosorb-S is important in stability to evaluate the maximum protecting power of skin from harmful UV rays. Conditions like photolytic degradation, exposure to thermal conditions, acid hydrolysis, oxidation, and alkali hydrolysis were studied with a cost-effective, specific, linear, high-performance liquid chromatographic method with a photodiode array detector.

The aim of investigation was to develop a simple, accurate, precision and rapid UV visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of pomalidomide in its pure. Pomalidomide was estimates using UV-visible double beam spectrophotometer at the wavelength maxima are 217.40nm in 0.1N NaOH solvent. The drug was characterized by UVvisible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infra-ray (FTIR) and melting point techniques. The analysis of pomalidomide was carried out by UV-visible method which was validated analytical parameters like precision, linearity, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) as per guidelines laid down by ICH.The melting point of pomalidomide was found to be 302.2ᵒc .The FTIR spectra of pomalidomide with potassium bromide was found the sharp and accurate peak.

Aim: The current research aims to create a high-resolution and validated liquid chromatographic method used for quantitative detection of etoricoxib within dosage forms that is both easy to use and reliable in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Materials and Methods: Analysis was carried out at isocratic conditions at flow rate of 0.7 mL/min using a mobile phase consisting of 40 parts methanol to 60 parts water (0.1% OPA) at pH 3.2. The eluents were tested using UV detection at 236 nm. Results: Etoricoxib had clearly separated peaks with a retention duration of 4.347 minutes in the optimized settings. The concentration range used to generate the calibration curve was 10 to 60 μg/mL. LoD was 0.0779 μg/mL, and upper LoQ was 0.23 μg/mL. The approach has been effective in separating a known quantity of etoricoxib, and the percentage of degradation was shown to be very low across all stress settings. Conclusion: Etoricoxib in bulk drug and commercial formulations can be...

The goal of present study is to validate the developed assay method per International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2R1 recommendations and create a sensitive, reproducible, and practical method for detecting curcumin and Vitamin E in pure and in cosmeceutical formulations. With the creation and validation of a straightforward, accurate, and repeatable UV spectrophotometric method, curcumin and vitamin E in bulk and cosmeceutical formulation may now be determined simultaneously. The need for a new technique to estimate curcumin and vitamin E in a cosmeceutical formulation has become more pressing due to the lack of a well-described UV analytical method for doing so. Q absorption at 231 and 285 nm were used in the calculation. Vitamin E (16–24 μg/mL) and curcumin (8–12 μg/mL) both behave according to Beer-Lambert’s law at the designated wavelengths. The recovery experiments verified the method’s adherence to ICH standards for accuracy, precision, and resilience. The method under c...

Personalized medicine, medication discovery, and development might all benefit greatly from AI’s incorporation into pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Target identification, therapeutic effectiveness prediction, drug design optimization, obstacles, and future possibilities are all explored in this survey of AI applications in these areas. An overview of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is presented first, stressing the significance of knowing how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted and the correlation between drug concentration and pharmacological effect. The article then looks into the function of AI in target identification, exploring how machine learning algorithms and data integration may be used to discover new drug targets and enhance the design of existing ones. Classification and regression methods are also investigated for their potential use in the prediction of therapeutic efficacy using AI. Patient data, molecular interaction data, and cli...

Amiloride (AML) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination is used alone or with other medicines to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). The present article provides the development and validation of an reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) approach for the quantification of AML, HCTZ, and related impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The analytical column used for the separation of impurities is the Waters X bridge C18 3.5 µm (50 mm X 4.6 mm). Used 0.1% formic acid and ethanol as MP in an isocratic mode with 0.3 mL/min as flow rate and 3 µL as injection volume, at 254 nm as detection in UV and 12 minutes as total run time. The samples were prepared specifically to undergo forced degradation, which involved subjecting them to hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal, and photolytic conditions. The technique underwent validation by the principles set forth by the ICH Q2 guidelines. The validation confirmed that the method possesses specificity, linearity, ruggedness, robustness and accuracy. The methodology employed exhibited a linear relationship extending from 10 to 150% for all impurities. The recovery analysis was conducted throughout a range of concentrations, starting from 10 to 150% concentration. The average recovery value was determined to be within acceptable limits. The evidence of degradation and the findings of the verified study suggest that the nature of the subject under investigation is stable. Hence, this approach might be employed within the domains of pharmaceutical research and development and quality control departments. Green analytical chemistry tools are used to assess the method's greenness and calculated using GAPI, AGREE and ecological-scale and found excellent green of >75%.

The l-phellandrene and caryophyllene found in Piper longum fruits are effective against a wide range of infections, including stomachic, bronchitis, spleen, cough, tumor, and asthma. This study reports preparing and characterizing alcohol-soluble extract of P. longum L. fruit powder. FTIR spectroscopy and TLC were used to characterize an alcoholic extract of P. longum. P. longum L. alcohol soluble extract was tested for its anti-tussive efficacy using the standard mouse cough model caused by ammonia liquor. Cough frequency was inhibited by 49.51% (Marketed formulation), 50.84% (Extract 100 mg/kg), 62.71% (Extract 200 mg/kg). Statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was observed in %inhibition of cough frequency of both doses of extract when compared with the marketed formulation. This study reveals an anti-tussive activity of alcohol soluble extract of P. longum L.

Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir in pure and medicinal dosage forms can be determined quickly and easily using a reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique. An accurate, reproducible method was developed and validated. The mobile phase contained a mixture of 90% methanol:10% water (0.05% OPA). UV estimation was done with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and wavelength of 275 nm. The temperature was 30°C. Sofosbuvir stays in the body for 3.361 minutes and daclatasvir for 5.745 minutes. A quantitative study of commercial dosage forms went well with this method, which was made and tested. Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir each had a %RSD of 0.43 and 0.28, respectively. Recoveries were 97.85 and 98.52% for sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, respectively. Three methods were checked for precision, accuracy, linearity, selectivity, specificity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantitation (LoQ), robustness, and ruggedness according to rules of the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH).

In this study, we developed and validated a rapid and precise RP-HPLC method to quantify leflunomide in bulk
and tablet dosage forms. The analysis was performed using an Inertsil-ODS C18 column (250x4.6mm, 5μm)
with a mobile phase composed of 95:5 methanol/water at a flow rate of 1mL/min. Leflunomide demonstrated a
linear range between 20-70μg/ml with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.995). Adhering to ICH guidelines,
the method was designed to be accurate, precise, sensitive, selective, repeatable, and robust. The validation
parameters included system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation
limit, robustness, and stability. The results indicated excellent accuracy and precision, with recoveries close to
100% and relative standard deviations well within acceptable limits. The method's sensitivity allowed for
reliable detection and quantification at low concentrations, making it ideal for routine quality control.
Additionally, robustness studies confirmed the method's reliability despite minor changes in experimental
conditions. This HPLC method is both efficient and cost-effective, enabling faster analysis while maintaining
high quality. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of leflunomide in pharmaceutical
formulations, proving its suitability for routine use in quality control laboratories. Overall, this method offers a
comprehensive solution for accurately estimating leflunomide in various dosage forms.

This study employs a hybrid computational approach to identify potential methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors for Brucella melitensis. Utilizing ligand-based pharmacophore screening and structure-based blind docking, we selected a lead compound, CHEMBL349379, from the ChEMBL 2D database. Docking simulations revealed high binding affinity and favorable interactions. Lead optimization using ADMETlab 2.0 demonstrated promising drug-like properties, but a detailed toxicity analysis highlighted concerns. Experimental validation is needed to confirm inhibitory potential and address toxicity issues. This approach streamlines the identification of potential therapeutic agents for B. melitensis treatment.

The nanostructured form of carbon known as carbon quantum dots has shown promise in a wide range of fields, including bioimaging, optoelectronics, bio-sensing drug delivery systems, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. They stand out from the crowd thanks to exceptional conductivity, low toxicity, and great photochemical and thermal stability. Objectives: This article provides a concise overview of the last decade's worth of study into the use of carbon quantum dots (QDs) like CDs, GQDs, and PDs in the creation of a fluorescence imaging bio-sensing system for the early detection of cancer. Methods: Recent research in the field of Carbon QD (CQD) in the last 20 years was collected, sorted for their application in analysis and summarized. Most recent research on the CQDs has focused on their fluorescence characteristics and photocatalytic properties. The authors offer a glimpse into the future in an effort to help researchers overcome obstacles and dive further into this exciting topic.

In this research, preparation of methacrylic acid-acrylamide based ZnO hydrogel nanocomposite (MAA-AM)/ZnO hydrogel nanocomposite by way of co-polymerization via used acrylate acid (AA) (or acrylate salt) (AA) or methacrylic acid (MAA)) and acrylamide (AM). Nanocomposites based on acrylate are characterized via being hydrophilic and able to retain water. Nanocomposite properties were studied using different techniques (FE-SEM, TEM, and EDX). The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue MB dye under different conditions was studied using nanocomposite like time of irradiation, mass of catalyst (MAA- AM)/ZnO hydrogel nanocomposite, initial MB dye concentration onto photocatalytic degradation and reactivation were studied. The result increases the photocatalytic degradation with the rise weight of catalyst (MAA- AM)/ZnO hydrogel nanocomposite range (0.1–0.25 g). Too, a decrease in photocatalytic degradation was observed with an increase in MB. Observed that after reuse, ((MAA- AM)/...

After being prevailing in Central and West Africa throughout the 1970s, sporadic cases of monkeypox sickness have surfaced in recent years. On the other hand, the monkey pox outbreak in the United States made headlines and garnered international attention in 2003. In 2022, the virus has caused a catastrophic pandemic, with over 50 nations being affected. There were 183 new cases of monkeypox recorded to WHO in April 2023, representing a 0.2% rise in overall cases, and 14 new deaths from the disease. Monkey pox shares the poxviridae family with the smallpox virus. One explanation for the rise of monkeypox in people is the discontinuation of smallpox immunizations. The zoonotic infectious illness is distinguished by a pustular rash resembling smallpox and systemic infection with severity ranging from mild to severe. Though the condition is self-limiting, the consequences it causes can be deadly. The illness has no particular therapy, however, it can be treated using antivirals that are effective against smallpox. Vaccines for smallpox have also been shown to be effective. The current article addresses the signs and symptoms of monkeypox sickness and the transmission pathways and treatment choices.

Turmeric is of huge importance in Indian food and traditional medicine that’s why it is also called as golden spice. It not only increases the taste of food but pharmacologically it helps to eliminate or reduce pain, oxidative stress and inflammation. Turmeric contains a chemical constituent known as curcumin which have scientifically proven analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Turmeric as a spice provides many health benefits and very useful ingredient of Ayurvedic medicines but if we came to know that this yellow spice is harmful, then what will happen and what can we do. Recent research says that, the levels of lead in samples of turmeric taken from different countries of the Asian continent were found 1,000 μg/g. This much level is too much high and responsible thing behind it was found Lead chromate. It is very shocking that although Lead chromate, a yellow colour pigment is not a food ingredient but it is used in food items (turmeric) to increase the colour appearance. According to the Indian standards, the lead level in turmeric (whole and powdered) cannot be more than 10 μg/g. Recent report of World health organization tells that people lead exposure makes a man sick. More than 0.15 crores deaths occurred all over the world due to lead exposure in the year 2021. Mostly the reason of death was found problem in the heart. In this article, we will go over some of the facts of turmeric adulteration, where lead comes from, analysis of lead and, the dangers of lead poisoning and lead chromate. The approaches for preventing and treating lead poisoning have also been covered.

Epilepsy, a widespread neurological disorder, leads to recurrent seizures with diverse symptoms affecting physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the base of treatment, with concerns about adverse effects. Brivaracetam (BRV or Briviact), a newer AED, targets partial-onset seizures in adults. Its structural resemblance to levetiracetam enhances potency and quickens onset. Operating through synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) binding, BRV modulates neurotransmitter release, reducing abnormal neuronal firing. Approved for partial-onset seizures, BRV offers advantages like high potency and good tolerability. Ongoing research explores its potential in other conditions, but long-term safety and efficacy warrant further investigation. Brivaracetam (BRV), a promising antiepileptic drug (AED) for partial-onset seizures in adults, faces challenges due to its short half-life of about 7 to 8 hours. The need for twice-daily dosing poses issues related to patient adherence, impacting quality of life and increasing healthcare costs. Frequent dosing may lead to inconvenience, reduced compliance, and uncontrolled seizures. Moreover, the increased frequency of clinic visits and monitoring adds to the economic burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Addressing these challenges is crucial for optimizing the therapeutic benefits of BRV in epilepsy management. Several potential solutions are being explored to address the challenges associated with the short half-life of BRV. One approach involves modifying the drug's formulation to develop extended-release tablets or capsules. These formulations aim to prolong the release of BRV throughout the day, reducing the need for frequent dosing. Additionally, personalized dosing strategies based on individual patient factors could optimize drug levels and potentially decrease dosing frequency for This research article outlines a systematic and science-based approach to formulate extended-release tablets of brivaracetam (BRV) by means of quality by design (QbD) method. BRV, a potent antiepileptic drug, faces challenges due to its short half-life, necessitating twice-daily dosing and impacting patient adherence. The study focuses on addressing these challenges through the development of extended-release tablets, aiming for once-daily dosing to enhance patient compliance and adherence. QbD is a systematic approach to developing pharmaceuticals, focusing on proactive risk management and quality assurance. It is supported and recommended by regulatory bodies. QbD, seeks to enhance processes and guarantee consistent product quality by engaging in activities such as establishing target profiles and identifying crucial qualities. Feasibility trials involve the identification of optimal polymers and concentrations following USP regulations. Materials, including Vivapur 200, HPMC K4 M, Blanose 7H4XF, HPMC K-200, magnesium stearate, SYLOID 244 FPFP, and brivaracetam, are carefully selected. The formulation process includes precise weighing, blending, tablet compression, and quality control tests. Dissolution testing under simulated physiological conditions assesses drug release, with UV spectrophotometry quantifying brivaracetam release. Evaluation of pre-compression parameters ensures a thorough understanding of powder blend characteristics. The study further presents the results and discussion on physical parameters and dissolution studies of feasibility trial formulations. In conclusion, the research establishes a foundation for the formulation development of extended-release BRV tablets, emphasizing the importance of the QbD approach in achieving optimal drug release profiles. The identified formulation (BRERT-17) is highlighted as the most promising, paving the way for future advancements in epilepsy management with improved patient compliance.

In a research study, a metal-based complex demonstrated anticancer properties. The process involved the synthesis of a compound called 7-chloro-N-[5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]-N-[sulfanyl(carbonothioyl)]quinolyn-4-amine, which incorporated a primaquine-based dithiocarbamate ligand. This synthesis method utilized sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide at temperatures of 0 to 5℃. Nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) ions were employed as the metal-complexed ligands through various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques that enhanced their purity. Metal compounds, such as cisplatin and its analogs, were widely used to treat different cancer types. Presently, researchers are exploring alternative metal-based complexes as potential agents against cancer, aiming to mitigate toxic effects linked to medications made of platinum. Investigations conducted in-silico revealed that the ligand preferred interacting with DNA's minor groove, assembling a single hydrogen bond between an adenine hydrogen atom and the oxygen element of the carbonyl compound in the pyrrolidinone unit. Compared to cisplatin, copper complexes can overcome drug resistance by lowering their toxicity. The findings indicate that these primaquine analogs have the potential to lay the foundation for a novel and efficacious category of cancer chemotherapeutics.

Cancer accounts for nearly 10 million losses each year. Among the most prevalent cancer types are breast, lung, colon, rectum, and prostate cancers. Astonishingly, around one-third of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to factors such as tobacco usage, a high body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, restricted ingestion of fruits and vegetables, and inadequate bodily bustle. In the field of pharmaceuticals, heteroatoms and heterocyclic compounds frequently assume crucial roles and serve as common structural components in numerous active natural products. Statistically, the majority of biologically active compounds is either heterocycles themselves or incorporate a heterocyclic element, with nitrogen-containing heterocycles being the most prevalent structural framework in these intricate molecules. These findings underscore the significant and ever-evolving role of heterocycles in contemporary drug blueprints and drug sighting practice. The chief hub of the review was to explore the documented anti-cancer properties of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, as reported in current scientific literature.

Polysaccharide gums are among the most popular industry components and have become the subject of much research regarding their long-term sustainability, biodegradability and biological safety. 1 A few drawbacks, however accompany the use of gums. They include the potential of microbial contamination, changing rates of hydration, influenced by pH soluble content, thickening up, and viscosity loss on storage are a few of these. Gums can be chemically altered to reduce these limitations while simultaneously increasing their solubility and viscosity. 2 According to Duke et al., the endosperm, or outermost layer, of a seed of the species Sesbania grandiflora (Leguminosae) is used to make Sesbania gum. According to Faroogi et al., Sesbania seeds are composed of a coat 6.9 to 18.9%, endosperm 40 to 42% and germ about 51.1%. The outermost layer of seed is made up of galactose side chain residues linked by-(1-6) and a mannan backbone connected by-(1-4) glycosidic connections, which is known as galactomannan. According to one study, the ratio of galactose to mannose produced by the acid hydrolysis of Sesbania galactamannan gum was 1.2:2.2 as opposed to 1:3.9 for locust bean (carob), and for tara gum 1:2, and 1:3. It is believed that the varying degrees of branching are what produce the variances in the characteristics of galactamannan gums. More side groups reduce the amount of molecular bonding and improve the coldwater dispersion of gum, as reported as. 3,4 Galactamannan, sometimes referred to as galactose side chain residues and a mannan backbone coupled by-(1-4) glycosidic linkages, make up the endosperm. In contrast to the ratios of 1:3.9 for locust bean (carob), 1:2, and 1:3 for Tara gum, one study found that the ratio of galactose to mannose generated by the acid hydrolysis of Sesbania galactamannan gum was 1.2:2.2. The differences in properties of galactamannan gums are assumed to be caused by the varied degree of branching. 5 The reagents utilized and the reaction conditions have a significant impact on how effective the hydroxy propylation reaction is. Due to its accessible structure, the amorphous area

There has been a significant increase in interest in the study of free radicals due to shifting dietary and environmental patterns. Our bodies can become exposed to diverse physiochemical circumstances, pathogenic states, or distinct endogenous systems that produce free radicals. Oxidative stress is a condition caused by the body's exposure to free radicals. We have to give the body an antioxidant source when it can't handle more oxidative stress. A material that prevents oxidative damage to a target molecule, which is mostly brought on by free radicals, is referred to be an antioxidant. Antioxidants are essential for treating numerous ailments or are used as a supportive treatment for a wide range of disorders brought on by or made worse by oxidative stress. Glabridin and oroxylin-A are well-known active phytoconstituents with high anti-obesity activity. Antioxidants' hypolipidemic action and potential are very helpful in the treatment of disorders associated with obesity. The current investigation attempts to assess the antioxidant capacity of both oroxylin-A and glaciridin. Ascorbic acid was utilized as the reference antioxidant agent for comparison while evaluating the antioxidant activity. According to the findings, both active ingredients exhibit substantial antioxidant activity more than 65% greater than regular ascorbic acid. When combined with oroxylin-A, glabridin exhibits even greater antioxidant activity more than 80% higher than that of regular ascorbic acid.

Background: Despite significant advances in the therapy components for hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevention and treatment, HBV-related stigma is seen as a major barrier to HBV management. The HBV-related health stigma has a direct negative impact on the process of healthcare delivery and medical decision-making. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing the nursing intervention on knowledge, perceived stigma and Health-related outcomes among patients with hepatitis B Virus. Subjects and method: A quasi-experimental (pre -posttest) study research design was used. Study setting: The present study was carried out at Menoufia University Hospital (in-patient medical department) and well as in the out-patient medical department after patients discharge and followed up. Sampling. A purposive sample of 50 adult patients who were diagnosed with HBV virus. Results: The total mean knowledge score was significantly improved post-intervention than pre-intervention among studied HBV pa...

With the trend of customizing almost everything, from water bottles to other gift items, it's not surprising that medicine is fully taking root in this area as well. As scientific knowledge has grown over the years, there has been a slow but steady shift away from traditional medicine. Traditionally, the way drugs have been made and how medicine has been practiced has been based on finding treatments that work for a whole population. Patients' unique physiologies and psychological make-ups result in varying therapeutic responses, which has led to the development of treatments specifically designed to address these nuances. In this context, the concept of "personalized medicine" (PM) emerged, which entails adapting a patient's care to their specific molecular or genetic make-up and how that contributes to disease development. Thus, the practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing sickness in individuals on the basis of insufficient evidence that is extrapolated from population norms is becoming increasingly uncommon. Of late, people have started putting on a lot of faith in "personalized medicine" because they believe it can provide more specific treatment. With more accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies, precision or personalized medicine aims to avoid the "one size fits all" mindset in healthcare. 1-5 One critical aspect driving this change is the emergence of new methods and technologies that tend to provide comprehensive molecular-level biological profiling of people. Much progress has been made in transitioning from disease treatment to patient care. The terms used interchangeably for personalized medicine are 'precision', 'individualized' and 'stratified' medicine in accordance with the National Research Council. Personalized medicine is often referred to as P4 medicine, i.e., predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory. 6,7 However, there was concern that the term "personalized" could be misconstrued to suggest that therapies and prevention strategies are being established uniquely for each individual;

INTRODUCTION One type of coughing is triggered by mechanical stimulation, whereas chemicals, including sulphur dioxide, ammonia, citric acid, and capsaicin, trigger the other type. Some evidence suggests that cough suppressants work best when used to temporarily alleviate symptoms. The anti-tussive effect is just one of several conditions for which herbal medicines are increasingly being employed as a treatment. 1 Cough suppressants are available in a variety of forms and are frequently used in combination. Before getting into the special type of medicine used, it's essential to look more carefully at nature of coughing, its function in disease, and the benefits of suppressing it. Since prehistoric times, people have used traditional medicine derived from plants to treat a broad variety of illnesses. Early humans realized their need for nature in both good health and unhealthy lifestyles. Throughout history, nature has served as a valuable reservoir of medicinal resources, with numerous contemporary pharmaceuticals being derived from traditional healing traditions. Numerous contemporary pharmaceuticals have been derived from natural origins, with plants being particularly noteworthy in this regard. The application of medicinal chemistry, combinatorial chemical techniques, and biosynthetic technology will conduct the optimisation of novel natural product leads. This approach aims to develop chemotherapeutic agents and other bioactive medications that demonstrate enhanced efficacy. The popularity of alternative treatments, particularly herbal medicine, has skyrocketed in recent decades. Piper longum Linn The fruits contain approximately 1% of volatile oil, resin, alkaloids such as piperine and piperlonguminine, a waxy alkaloid known as nisobutyldeca-trans-2-trans-4-dienamide, and a ter penoid compound. The predominant factor contributing to the fruit's tart flavor is mostly attributed to the presence of piperine, a piperidine alkaloid. In addition to their nutritional composition, the fruits are found to include calcium (1230 mg/100 g), phosphorus (190 mg/100 g), and iron

Validation is an important part of Analytical as well as Bio-Analytical Method. The procedures involved in checking data or programs for correctness, compliance with standards and conformance with the requirement specifications. It is establishing documented evidence, which provides high degree assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specification and quality characteristics. Calibration is totally differ from Validation But it is an integral part of validation.

In this study, our objective was to explore the phytochemical constituents of Clerodendrum serratum (CS), Solanum xanthocarpum (SX), and Nyctanthes arbortristis (NA) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequently, we aimed to develop a polyherbal ointment formulation incorporating these extracts. The phytochemical screening of the CS extract showed carbohydrates, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Similarly, the SX extract exhibited the presence of all these constituents, along with the additional presence of alkaloids. The NA extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. CS roots exhibited notable inhibition of inflammation at the given doses and periods of 1 to 5 hours, surpassing the effectiveness of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. The polyherbal ointments were found to be greenish, non-transparent, and with acceptable pH. F3 formulation demonstrated excellent viscosity of 1200 cp, making it easy to apply on the skin. Furthermore, formulation F3 demonstrated exceptional spreadability, covering a diameter of 1.8 cm, surpassing the other formulations. Importantly, all polyherbal formulations were non-irritant when applied to the skin, as evidenced by the absence of edema or erythema upon application to rat skin. F3 formulation indicated no physicochemical variations in comparison to initial results in stability studies. Even after the 6-month stability study, the ointment formulation maintained a smooth and greenish consistency, signifying its durability and stability. These findings suggest that the developed polyherbal ointment formulation can be stored at room temperature without any additional requirements. Overall, this polyherbal ointment formulation represents a promising alternative approach to existing topical formulations for the effective treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Chronic renal failure is a life-threatening disease to society. The study was conducted from October 2021 to June 2023 the study was done in the Nephrology inpatient ward, Vijaya Super Speciality Hospital, Pogathota Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The study design is a cross-sectional for epidemiology and prospective observational study-1 for etiology, II-risk factors, IIItreatment management. The sample size are 381 subjects in that children are 51 subjects, adult 171 subjects and geriatric are 159 subjects. The male are 199 volunteers and the female are 182 volunteers with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The result of this study was the epidemiology factor more in adults (45%) when compared to children (13%) and geriatrics (42%). In the sex parameters are less affected to females (48%) and males (52%) are more affected with chronic kidney disease. The etiology causes in children are glomerulonephritis, adults diabetes mellitus (DM) and geriatrics pyelonephritis these are the main causes for chronic renal disease when compared to other etiological causes. Risk factors in children are congenital defects, adult are diabetes mellitus and geriatric are kidney disease these are the risk factors to the renal failure patients. In treatment management, hemodialysis is the most effective treatment to adults when compared to children's and geriatric eng stage renal failure disease. The conclusion of this study initially may rectify causes and risk factors of the patients may not high prevalent in end-stage renal failure disease it not cause hemodialysis therapy and renal transplantation in children, adults and geriatric patients.

This review article provides information on the biological activities of chalcone whether natural or synthetics derivatives. Chalcone (1,3diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) derivatives are widely found naturally (pteridophytes to multicellular organism). Chemically it consist of open-chain flavonoids in which the two aromatic rings are joined by a three-carbon α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system. Chalcones have been reported to possess many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti-cancer activities and also have been reported to manage cardiovascular system disorders. Chalcones are secondary metabolites found in plants. Some natural flavonoids also help in hostility oxidative stress and play vital role as growth regulators, chalcones may exist in cis or trans form and trans form is more favorable. Some chalcones are isolated naturally from different plants, and have been approved for clinical trials in the tr...

Cosmetics have fascinated the human race for ages. Cosmetics have been found to benefit in several ways such as enhancing appearance, protection, cleansing etc. If fortified with the benefit of herbal ingredients, these personal care products have proven to be a boon for many. The current study involves the formulation of seven shampoos using different herbal extracts and their comparative investigation for physicochemical and performance characteristics. Various herbal extracts using components such as coffee, fenugreek, green tea, bringaraj, onion seeds, orange oil, and lemon oil were developed and compared against the marketed standard. The effect of various extracts on the parameters such as surface tension, foam test and foam stability test, viscosity, cleansing test, sag test, dirt dispersion, wetting time and pH was successfully tested. All the formulations were found to be beneficial in eliminating oil, dirt, and dandruff, encouraging smooth, silky hair appearance, fortifyin...

During this study, 8 isolates of Candida yeast were isolated and diagnosed on CHROMagar, and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species by 75%. The inhibitory activity of plant extracts of adrak, cloves, green tea, and cinnamon was tested by disc diffusion test against C. albicans, C. krusei, and the antibiotics gentian stain, fluconazole, kenazole, nystatin were used for comparison. As well as using oral and dental cleaning products for comparison as well. The study showed that clove extract had a weak inhibitory activity at a high concentration, while extracts of green tea, cinnamon and mint did not show any activity in inhibiting C. albicans and showed that toothpaste had high activity in inhibiting yeast better than the plant extracts that did not show any inhibitory effect despite their use in high concentrations. We conclude from the current study that it is better to use toothpaste instead of herbs to get rid of gingivitis because it plays a major role in inhibiting Candida yeast.

Background: In research, the analyst gets samples for
separation ranging from a simple mixture of two or more synthetic
drugs to complex ones obtained from biological, environmental or
industrial processes. Chromatography has extensively used in such
separations where component separation based upon their affinity
towards stationary phase and mobile phase. 90% of the stationary
phases available use silica gel either in its original form or with
advanced surface properties.
Objective: To furnish the reader with
detailed information on silica gel, the functional moiety in
chromatography, from its synthesis, properties, types, modification of
surface characteristics and applications. We aim to focus on novel
silica materials evolved recently and getting attention due to their
performance.

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze prescriptions of the hypertensive patient and to determine the awareness of physicians regarding antihypertensive drugs.
Methods: Prepare a questionnaire by the pilot study on five physicians. Review and finalized the questionnaire after discussion with pharmacologist. The answers were seek for awareness. Moreover the prescription of 30 patients was collected from the same physician who has undertaken the awareness regarding Antihypertensive Drugs. Study was conducted during Oct-2019 to Dec 2019.
Results: Average 83% awareness was found in the physician regarding antihypertensive drugs. Lack of awareness regarding diabetes and in ulcer
patients was observed. Highest drug is given i.e. β blockers in antihypertensive patients. To determine the irrationality in the prescription of hypertensive patients. 
Conclusion: To determine the FDC`s given to hypertensive patients. To determine the type of antihypertensive drugs given to patients.
Keywords: Rational use of Drugs, Survey on antihypertensive use, Awareness, Knowledge regarding combination drug use hypertensive patient

Murrayanine, an active carbazole alkaloid present in Murraya koenigii L. (family: Rutaceae) have been known to traditionally used for centuries as astringent, febrifuge, analgesic, stimulant, etc [1]. Nascent report on anti-inflammatory perspective of this phytoconstituent has been reported, however, the intensity is quite low and is quite a misfit for any practical use. While knowing the fact, the semisynthetic approach was implemented as a strategy to rationally develop hybrids which may demonstrate better pharmacological activity than its parent compound [2]. Moving in this path, our research group had fabricated few murrayanine based semi-synthetic hybrids which have displayed noteworthy edema reducing attribute owing to the presence of active functional group along with rational designing [3-10].

A class of medications known as 5 alpha reductase (5α-reductase or 5αR) inhibitors is used to treat male pattern hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study shows that Eclipta alba has 5αR inhibitory action that is helpful in the treatment of androgenic diseases. For 5αR enzyme inhibition evaluation, E. alba was extracted using methanol and petroleum ether. Further phytochemical screening can be done. Phytosterols test negatively found in methanol extract during phytochemical screening but positive in petroleum ether extract of E. alba. HPTLC data of different extracts was performed based on the phytochemical screening found. According to the HPTLC analysis, petroleum ether extract of E. alba contained 0.11% of β-sitosterol, while the methanolic extract had a higher concentration of 4.75%. The inhibitory activity of these plant extracts against 5αR was examined in comparison to the commonly used 5αR inhibitor, finasteride. IC50 measurements for petroleum ether extract of ...

Obesity is a major worldwide problem and is associated with metabolic disorders, including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Many researchers focus on herbal plants rich with polyphenols are potent inhibitors of digestive enzymes and could be used as antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic and hence useful in obesity treatment. The present work deals with the determination of the inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava Linn (Guava) leaves extract on digestive enzymes. Our findings confirmed that guava leaf extracts inhibit two primary enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Similarly, investigated pancreatic lipase inhibition potential. The leaf extracts of P. guajava demonstrated significant anti-obesity properties by inhibiting key enzymes associated with obesity development. The aqueous extract exhibited pancreatic lipase inhibition ranging from 19.25 to 38.51%, while the methanolic extract showed inhibition between 22.96 to 46.66%. Additionally, the aqueous extract displayed α-amylase inhibition ranging from 43.10 to 62.06%, and the methanolic extract showed inhibition between 48.27 to 62.06%. Moreover, the aqueous extract demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibition between 13.11 to 49.18%, and the methanolic extract displayed inhibition ranging from 29.50 to 60.65% for 200 to 1000 μg/mL concentrations. The inhibitory activity observed was dosedependent for all three enzymes.

This work presents a development of a rapid, relatively sensitive, and low-cost spectrophotometric method enabling the determination of the antioxidant activity of wine. The method is based on the wine inhibition effect and the reaction between hydrochloric acid, bromate and methyl orange. The proposed method involves the addition of a known amount of bromate and methyl orange to a sample in an acid medium, and the measurement of absorbance at the wavelength of 505 nm, 5 minutes after the addition of the last drop of the bromate solution. The presence of wine in the medium causes a slower reaction. The reliability of the new assay was established by parallel determination by the reference DPPH method and no significant difference between the proposed and the standard method was noticed.

international survey, diabetes affects around 10% of the world's population. Diabetes is predicted to be a serious danger to public health in the coming years. According to estimates, diabetes and the difficulties it brings would affect over 500 million people in emerging countries such as China and India. 1 Furthermore, due to a lack of effective and economical therapies for both forms of diabetes, the disease's incidence will grow globally, having a significant impact on developing nations' populations. The beneficial effects on glycemic levels are well-documented in modern medicine, despite the fact that the preventive action of these medications against the progressive nature of diabetes and its consequences was limited and not always successful. Although insulin treatment efficiently manages blood sugar levels, it does have several downsides, such as being ineffective when given orally, having a limited shelf life, necessitating regular refrigeration, and providing a risk of fetal hypoglycemia in the event of an overdose. The usage of biguanide and sulfonylurea during treatment has its downsides as well. Plants are incredibly beneficial to mankind.

Lercanidipine HCl is a novel, third-generation, potent, vasoselective 1, 4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist and a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug that aids in preventing hypertension. The final aim of the present work was to promote the solubility of lercanidipine HCl via hydrotrophy and then include it in the in-situ gel formulation. This enhancement of drug solubility was carried out by using citric acid as a hydrotropic agent. Simultaneously, using a mixture of two polymers, namely Poloxamer 407, a thermosensitive polymer with reversible thermal characteristics. Carbopol 940P is a high-viscosity builder exploited for developing in-situ gel. The optimization of preliminary batches of mixtures of both polymers was highly accepted by using 32 factorial designs. F4 was found to be highly optimized, according to all the evaluation parameters and Poloxamer 407 (18% w/v) and Carbopol 940P (0.2% w/v), with drug release of 93.23%. Goat mucosa ex-vivo investigation yielded a value of 79.14% flux at 6 hours. According to ICH guidance, the in-situ Lercanidipine HCl gel has turned up to be stable following a 6-month stability investigation. Thus, the subsequent thermoreversible in-situ gel was scouted to act as a potent nasal distributor with greater bioavailability and patient compliance for the nasal medication.

Either a single treatment or the sequential administration of multiple medications can be used to treat an aberrant situation. Utilising fixed dose combinations-specific dosage forms including two or more medications is another strategy. A fixed dose combination is a pharmacological administration method that combines two or more active ingredients into one. Because of all the benefits these products offer, prescribers and consumers alike are quite interested in using them. There are unavoidable intrinsic disadvantages as well. Popular antibiotics, pain relievers, and multivitamins are among the 156 FDC medications that the Health Ministry has prohibited over safety concerns. By outlawing certain potentially dangerous drug combinations, the government hopes to safeguard the public's health. The health concerns connected with these pharmaceuticals have led to their prohibition on production, marketing, and distribution, according to a gazette notice published by the Health Ministry on August 21, 2024. The proh

1. INTRODUCTION Poly functionalized heterocyclic compounds shows important roles in the drug discovery route and analysis of drugs in late development or on the market shows that 68% of them are heterocycles 1,2 Therefore, it is not amazing that research on the synthesis of poly functionalized heterocyclic compounds has received remarkable attention. Spiro cyclic structures containing one carbon atom common to two rings are structurally interesting 3. The asymmetric characteristic of the molecule due to the chiral spiro carbon is one of the significant criteria of the biological activities. The presence of the sterically constrained spiro structure in various natural products also adds to the interest in the investigations of spiro compounds 4. Spiro compounds represent an important class of naturally occurring substances characteristic by their highly pronounced biological properties 5,6. Consequently, many synthetic methodologies have been developed for constructing these spiro cycles, most of which were based on cyclo addition or condensation reactions 7-15. Based on the views of the above reports, the development of new and simple synthetic methods for the efficient preparation of spiro hetero cycles containing piperidine ring is an interesting challenge. Very recently, we have reported the synthesis of 7,9-diphenyl-1,4,8-triaza spiro[4,5] decane derivatives by the reaction of piperidin-4-ones with 1,4-binucleophile 16. This is the second report on the synthesis of 3'methyl-2',6'-diphenyl-1,3-dihydro spiro [benzo[d] imidazole-2,4'-piperidine] by 3-methyl-2,6diarylpiperidin-4-one to undergo condensation reaction with o-phenylene diamine. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used as a powerful tool determining the structure and stereochemistry of organic compounds. The conformations of six-membered ring compounds in solution, vicinal proton-proton coupling constants have been widely used in deriving information about the conformations of heterocyclic compounds 17-29. Substituted piperidine adopts chair conformation with equatorial orientations of the bulky substituents because in these compounds nitrogen is in sp 3hybridized 30 state and adopts tetrahedral geometry. However, such torsional angles determined from the vicinal coupling constants.

Obesity is a major worldwide problem and is associated with metabolic disorders, including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Many researchers focus on herbal plants rich with polyphenols are potent inhibitors of digestive enzymes and could be used as antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic and hence useful in obesity treatment. The present work deals with the determination of the inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava Linn (Guava) leaves extract on digestive enzymes. Our findings confirmed that guava leaf extracts inhibit two primary enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Similarly, investigated pancreatic lipase inhibition potential. The leaf extracts of P. guajava demonstrated significant anti-obesity properties by inhibiting key enzymes associated with obesity development. The aqueous extract exhibited pancreatic lipase inhibition ranging from 19.25 to 38.51%, while the methanolic extract showed inhibition between 22.96 to 46.66%. Additionally, the aqueous extract displayed α-amylase inhibition ranging from 43.10 to 62.06%, and the methanolic extract showed inhibition between 48.27 to 62.06%. Moreover, the aqueous extract demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibition between 13.11 to 49.18%, and the methanolic extract displayed inhibition ranging from 29.50 to 60.65% for 200 to 1000 μg/mL concentrations. The inhibitory activity observed was dosedependent for all three enzymes.

¹ Guru nanak institute of pharmacy, ibrahimpatnam, hyderabad­501506, dist.­ranga reddy, andhra pradesh, India. ² royal college of pharmacy and health sciences, berhampur­760002, dist.­gangam, orissa, India. ABSTRACT The present study describes a simple, accurate, precise and cost effective UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Olopatadine, an antihistaminic, with selective H1-receptor antagonist activity, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The solvent used was methanol and 0.1N HCl (50:50) and the λmax or the absorption maxima of the drug was found to be 206nm. A linear response was observed in the range of 2-10µg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.9999. The method was then validated for different parameters as per the ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines. This method can be used for the determination of Olopatadine in quality control of formulation without interference of the excipients. Olopatadine Hydrocloride was subjected to stress...

INTRODUCTION Herbal medicine has grown at an exponential rate in recent years, with approximately 80% of people in undeveloped countries still depending on traditional plant-based medicine for primary health care. More than 500 therapeutic effects of traditional medicine have been documented in ancient literature. Approximately 800 herbs are used in traditional medicine. The need for new herbal products with therapeutic benefits is growing as more people look for natural remedies; these products need to be further developed and supported by science. 1,2 Plants or plant parts are the basis of herbal medicines, which are used to treat illnesses injuries, and to encourage recovery. It is a medication or preparation intended for any of these uses that is made from one or more plants. The oldest form of medicine in the world is herbal medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO). 3 defines herbal medicines as finished, branded pharmaceutical preparations that comprise active ingredients, aerial or subterranean plant parts, or other plant material or mixes. The World Health Organization has established precise recommendations for evaluating herbal medication safety, efficacy, and quality. According to the WHO, around 81% of the world's population currently uses herbal medicine for basic care. 4 Natural products accounted for approximately half of all new drugs approved between 1995 and 2006.

Quality by design (QbD) is an important part in today's pharmaceutical quality developments. Quality design (QBD) is a modern and systematic approach to product development and pharmaceutical quality. Quality by design is a concept proposed by well-known quality expert Joseph M. Juran. This paper presents Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) and how it can be used to ensure pharmaceutical quality. QbD provides a comprehensive framework that integrates quality principles, risk assessment, and knowledge management throughout the product lifecycle. This explores the key concepts and principles of QbD, including the use of Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs). The implementation of QbD involves the application of various tools and methodologies, such as design of experiments (DoE), risk assessment techniques, and process analytical technology (PAT). The objective of this review is to discuss the concept of quality by design and describe its application in pharmaceutical product development.

In this study, we aimed to develop Dasatinib/hesperidin-loaded-SLNs for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Utilizing a high-shear homogenizer for the synthesis, "central composite design (CCD)" was used to enhance the dasatinib/hesperidin loaded-SLNs. The optimized SLNs had PDI, particle size, and average entrapment efficiency of 0.12%, 162.3 nm, and 93%, respectively. Therefore, by enhancing the total amount of Compritol as well as sonication time the polydispersity was increased. Poloxamer 188 content had a significant influence in decreasing the polydispersity index and the entrapment efficiency (EE) of the SLN was found to be 93%. Through TEM, SEM, FTIR, DSC, and HPLC analysis, SLNs were characterized, and their anticancer efficiency was assessed in both in-vitro and in-vitro cell viability tests (MTT). SLNs containing dasatinib and hesperidin have rounded and spherical shape having a diameter of 200 nm. DSC and FTIR tests showed compatibility between the drugs and excipients. The drug release from optimized SLN formulation was under observation for 48 hours. It was found that the medication released its drug components over a protracted period of time, with 30% of the drug being released in the first four hours and the remainder 76% in the next 48 hours. According to the IC 50 values determined by an independent study, dasatinib, hesperidin, and SLN were 33.97, 5158, and 4.03 µg/mL, respectively. A comparison of SLN and free drugs revealed that SLN was more effective at cytotoxicity. In this study, dasatinib and hesperidin-loaded SLNs for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) against HL60 human leukemia cell lines were prepared and evaluated using a novel formulation approach free of toxic excipients.

Anxiety disorders are the major mental illnesses globally, characterized by a persistent and variable clinical course. These disorders probably have a severe impact on a person's ability to function personally, socially, and professionally. A person suffering from such disorders could affect the standard of living. Anxiety disorders are classified within the vague category of neurotic illnesses. General disorders such as apprehension, fearfulness, restlessness, and agoraphobia are among the current categories of anxiety disorders. Anxiety is advantageous from an evolutionary standpoint since it promotes survival by motivating individuals to avoid hazardous environments. The frequency of symptoms associated with anxiety that are associated with each other is around 2 to 4% in the general population, and it may rise up to 20% with non-psychotic conditions. Then present systematic review aims to assess virtual reality therapy's (VRT) effectiveness in treating anxiety disorders. Our aim is to highlight the existing research to ascertain the effectiveness of VRT in alleviating symptoms of anxiety as well as its possible advantages and constraints in comparison to conventional therapeutic approaches. The review will further explore the fundamental mechanics of VRT and pinpoint any lacuna in the existing literature that necessitates more attention. Furthermore, these reviews are significant because they provide insightful information about how VRT could be used to treat anxiety and evaluate the effectiveness of VRT as a therapeutic intervention.

Mirabegron is a beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist and is specified for the treatment of overactive Bladder. This review covers analytical methods aimed at the identification and quantification of mirabegron in bulk, commercial dosage forms, and Biological fluids. Using various techniques such as UVspectroscopy, spectro-fluorimetry, planer chromatography, High Performance-Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), HPLC, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS (HPLC-MS/MS), Ultra-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS), and capillary electrophoresis. HPLC is the most used analytical technique for the identification and quantification of mirabegron in bulk and commercial dosage forms.

Introduction: The nanostructured form of carbon known as carbon quantum dots has shown promise in a wide range of fields, including bioimaging, optoelectronics, bio-sensing drug delivery systems, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. They stand out from the crowd thanks to exceptional conductivity, low toxicity, and great photochemical and thermal stability. Objectives: This article provides a concise overview of the last decade's worth of study into the use of carbon quantum dots (QDs) like CDs, GQDs, and PDs in the creation of a fluorescence imaging bio-sensing system for the early detection of cancer. Methods: Recent research in the field of Carbon QD (CQD) in the last 20 years was collected, sorted for their application in analysis and summarized. Results and conclusion: Most recent research on the CQDs has focused on their fluorescence characteristics and photocatalytic properties. The authors offer a glimpse into the future in an effort to help researchers overcome obstacles and dive further into this exciting topic.

Background: Patients undergoing tooth movement in orthodontics often utilize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to alleviate inflammation and discomfort. On the other hand, the orthodontic profession is still debating whether or not NSAIDs slow down or hinder tooth mobility. Materials and Methods: About 60 mouths that needed their teeth moved participated in a randomized controlled experiment. There were two groups of patients: Group A received NSAIDs (ibuprofen, 400 mg), while group B received a placebo. Tooth movement was measured using digital calipers at baseline and then at intervals of 4 weeks over a period of 12 weeks. Results: The mean rate of tooth movement in group A was 1.5 ± 0.3 mm per month, whereas in group B it was 1.8 ± 0.4 mm per month. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the rate of tooth movement between the two groups, with group B demonstrating faster tooth movement compared to group A. Conclusion: The administration of NSAIDs during orthodontic treatment appears to have a modest but statistically significant inhibitory effect on the rate of tooth movement. Clinicians should consider the potential impact of NSAIDs on treatment outcomes when managing pain and inflammation in orthodontic patients.

Cancer accounts for nearly 10 million losses each year. Among the most prevalent cancer types are breast, lung, colon, rectum, and prostate cancers. Astonishingly, around one-third of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to factors such as tobacco usage, a high body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, restricted ingestion of fruits and vegetables, and inadequate bodily bustle. In the field of pharmaceuticals, heteroatoms and heterocyclic compounds frequently assume crucial roles and serve as common structural components in numerous active natural products. Statistically, the majority of biologically active compounds is either heterocycles themselves or incorporate a heterocyclic element, with nitrogen-containing heterocycles being the most prevalent structural framework in these intricate molecules. These findings underscore the significant and ever-evolving role of heterocycles in contemporary drug blueprints and drug sighting practice. The chief hub of the review was to explore the documented anti-cancer properties of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, as reported in current scientific literature.

Lercanidipine HCl is a novel, third-generation, potent, vasoselective 1, 4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist and a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug that aids in preventing hypertension. The final aim of the present work was to promote the solubility of lercanidipine HCl via hydrotrophy and then include it in the in-situ gel formulation. This enhancement of drug solubility was carried out by using citric acid as a hydrotropic agent. Simultaneously, using a mixture of two polymers, namely Poloxamer 407, a thermosensitive polymer with reversible thermal characteristics. Carbopol 940P is a high-viscosity builder exploited for developing in-situ gel. The optimization of preliminary batches of mixtures of both polymers was highly accepted by using 32 factorial designs. F4 was found to be highly optimized, according to all the evaluation parameters and Poloxamer 407 (18% w/v) and Carbopol 940P (0.2% w/v), with drug release of 93.23%. Goat mucosa ex-vivo investigation yielded a value of 79.14% flux at 6 hours. According to ICH guidance, the in-situ Lercanidipine HCl gel has turned up to be stable following a 6-month stability investigation. Thus, the subsequent thermoreversible in-situ gel was scouted to act as a potent nasal distributor with greater bioavailability and patient compliance for the nasal medication.

Dermatophytosis is one of the most common reasons for dermatology consultations worldwide. Nails and skin fungal infections hits 20 to 25% of world population, with prevalence as high as 40% in tropical regions and subtropical regions due to prevailing temperature and humidity condition. 1 Fungi from the genus Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton are prime sources of dermal infections in or on body regions, some studies states that fungus species Trichophyton rubrum mostly isolated from feet, groin and hands, followed by T. mentagrophytes which is abundant in nails and feet. Epidermophyton floccosum was less common than the fungus mentioned above, although it could also be found in the feet, nails, and groin. M. canis was the most common fungus in the scalp followed by T. rubrum. There was rise in the prevalence of T. rubrum in the twentieth century 2 in some parts of the tropical region of the world. The isolation of naturally occurring substances with antifungal action is gaining popularity. Of these, terpenoids have been shown to have either fungistatic or fungicidal effects on a variety of pathogenic fungi. Due to the significant rise of immunocompromised hosts in recent years, dermatomycoses have become more common. Contemporary antifungal medications exhibit restricted effectiveness and result in significant side effects, including hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal problems, cutaneous responses, and leucopenia in certain patients under treatment. The modern antifungal agents such as azole derivatives, allyl amines and morpholines widely used in the treatment of dermatomycoses become ineffective as a result of the development of fungal resistance extended duration and cost of the treatment.