Petroleum Refinery and Petrochemical

Cracking is essential in refining, converting heavy hydrocarbons into valuable fuels like gasoline and diesel. This presentation, "Refining Through Cracking: The Backbone of Modern Oil and Gas Processing," explores key cracking methods, focusing on fluid catalytic cracking at Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company. 

It examines thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, and steam cracking, highlighting efficiencies, limitations, and economic impact. The role of Crossfield SLS 90 catalyst, process challenges, and future innovations like AI-driven optimization and bio-feedstock cracking are discussed. 

This study provides insights into the evolving role of cracking in refinery efficiency, sustainability, and fuel production.

He recently completed a three-month internship at the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC), where he gained hands-on experience in refinery operations, particularly in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit. Currently, he is preparing for another six-month internship while actively seeking opportunities in more advanced oil and gas industry to further expand his knowledge and skills. Passionate about refining processes and energy systems, he continues to explore and research key topics in petroleum refining, including the REFINING THROUGH CRACKING: The Backbone of Modern Oil and Gas Processing.

In the second half of the 1960s, the politic authorities from Bucharest struggled to find more solutions for a faster development of the Romanian economy. For this purpose, Nicolae Ceausescu approved a long-term growth plan for the volume of Romanian chemicals that could be sold in the West and eventually in South America and he tried to ensure the raw materials and the financing needed to resume the economic cycle at the Romanian chemical companies.
Unfortunately, this big economic effort wasn’t without accidents. Some of the investments made in the petrochemical industry in Romania at the end of the 1960s and during the 1970s were negatively affected by both Nicolae Ceauşescu’s autocratic conception in economy (due to the lack of its own consistent currency funds) and the errors made by several human factors during the production activities and which resulted in the burning of installations and equipment imported by the Romanian state.

En el trabajo se analiza cómo los conceptos de economía climática se estructuran con premisas de la teoría clásica del desarrollo asociadas al concepto de modernización de la economía y su influencia en el mercado de créditos y permisos de emisiones de carbono, mecanismos de compensación e intercambio de bonos verdes; prácticas que garantizan la movilización de recursos financieros privados.

Se indaga acerca de políticas climáticas y mecanismos de gobierno en Latinoamérica para superar barreras a una transición energética y su aplicación en Venezuela, interpretando que los objetivos de la Agenda 2030 precisan medidas de transformación institucional para adelantar la estrategia del Desarrollo Humano Sostenible.
          Se contrastan orientaciones a futuro para la IPPN de medidas adoptadas por la industria global de hidrocarburos para adecuar procesos de refinación a producción de combustibles de baja huella de carbono y amplia integración con la industria petroquímica, como oportunidades de desarrollo en Venezuela para continuar la explotación de recursos de origen fósil y satisfacer mercados globales orientados a expandir la transición energética y la agenda climática en industrias, servicios y ámbitos comercial y residencial.

UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA (UCV) .
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DEL DESARROLLO (CENDES) .
Doctorado en Estudios del Desarrollo / 1er semestre 2023 .

. Seminario Libre del Doctorado: N0 03: Transición Energética ; 15/Agosto/2023

In this article a study about catalyst regeneration is been put forward. A study of how catalyst regeneration is done, why there is a need of regeneration and also about catalyst deactivation mainly in refinery processes. Catalyst Regeneration is widely used in many industries by in-situ or ex-situ methods as an economical beneficial technique for processes. In this article I have also shared some important test done on catalyst before they are used in a specific process. Catalyst Regeneration is mainly seen where the spent catalyst is costly.

Alumina-supported molybdenum carbide catalyst prepared by temperature-programmed carburization has been evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis between 473 K and 515 K with feed gas containing H 2 /CO = 1:5-5:1. Optimum CO consumption rate was found at H 2 mole fraction of 0.67 for all temperatures suggesting that similar FT mechanism was operative over the temperature range studied. Associated Arrhenius parameters revealed that activation energy values varied between 51 kJ mol −1 and 158 kJ mol −1. Olefin-to-paraffin ratio (ROP) initially rose with carbon number, n, to a maximum value followed by a tailing drop. A mechanism involving molecular CO chemisorption with gas phase H 2 attack to yield enolic species was used to develop a kinetic model that adequately captured individual hydrocarbon species as well as the behaviour of the ROP with composition. Combination of the kinetic model with the nonlinear ROP model permitted, for the first time, estimation of the separate intrinsic activation energy values for termination to olefin and paraffin on the catalyst surface.

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This test method was adopted as an ASTM-IP Standard.

The ceramic industry in Flanders (Belgium) consists of ca. 30 plants producing mainly bricks, but also roof tiles, vitrified clay pipes and expanded clay aggregates. The clay minerals that are used as raw materials in these plants often contain high levels of sulphur. As a result, the ceramic industry is an important source of SO X emissions in Flanders. In 2004, the SO X emissions of the ceramic industry were estimated at 11,247 ton, or more than 10% of the total SO X emissions in Flanders. In order to meet the objectives of the EU NEC-Directive (2001/81/EC), the Flemish authorities aim at reducing the SO X emission of the ceramic industry to 5,460 ton by 2010. In this context, the Flemish authorities (Flemish Institute for Technological Research) asked VITO to determine the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for reducing SO X emissions in the ceramic industry. The selection of the BAT was based on a detailed evaluation of different emission reduction measures, such as addition of low sulphur and/or Ca-rich raw materials and different end-of-pipe techniques. Aspects that were considered in the evaluation of the measures included: technical applicability, achievable SO X emission levels, cross-media aspects and associated costs. SO X emission limit values were suggested based on the BAT selection and the associated SO X emission reductions were estimated. The analysis showed that application of BAT cannot guarantee the Flemish ceramic industry reaching the desired SO X emission level of 5,460 ton SO X in 2010. Therefore, the study also examined strategies that go beyond BAT, in order to achieve further emission reductions.

Traditional method of removing gas pollutants from a coal-fired power station involves a series of separate processes, which include selective catalytic reduction for NO x treatment, flue gas desulfurisation for SO x removal, and post-combustion CO 2 capture. Each of these individual processes involves significant capital investment. To reduce costs, we propose an alternative approach to simultaneously remove these three pollutants by incorporating NO x / SO x treatment into an aqueous NH 3-based CO 2 capture process. In our advanced process design, NO x /SO x pollutants are effectively scrubbed by sodium chlorite (NaClO 2) oxidizing reagent, with the resultant acidic solution efficiently reducing NH 3 emissions from CO 2 absorber to < 1 ppmv. An advanced, NH 3-based flash stripper is used to achieve high capture energy performance, and flue gas heat integration is employed to further reduce the regeneration energy to 2.17 GJ/tonne CO 2. Techno-economic evaluation revealed that our NH 3-based combined NO x /SO x /CO 2 removal process has great advantages in capital and energy saving, resulting in a CO 2-avoided cost of $46.2/tonne, which is significantly lower than the cost of the conventional, monoethanolamine-based process ($79.1/tonne CO 2) and the base NH 3 process ($56.2/tonne CO 2). This simultaneous NO x /SO x /CO 2 capture technology provides an alternative approach to advancing multi-pollutant emission control and CO 2-capture technology, leading to the development of a cost-effective clean coal technology.

The investigation assessed and evaluated the soil polluting activities in 30 Romanian and Hungarian settlements in the region of the Double, Black and White Körös-Criș Rivers. Pb concentrations are mainly higher than the limit values with maximum values registered in the area of landfill and near the roads. The concentration of Cu and Zn in soils of the region is below the alarming values. In some places Cd levels in soils reached the alert threshold. Plant samples mostly do not contain higher than permitted levels of heavy metals. One of the main goals of the study is to contribute to the future sustainable use of the environment and conservation actions in the region in order to implement regional development policy. We must therefore address the social activities that involve a risk of soil pollution in the region, especially in the Körös-Criș Valley. Science-based assessment of the level of pollution can lead to the development of implementing procedures to reduce the impact of ...

EPA permit-writers in December of 1992. The workshop was sponsored by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Center for Waste Reduction Technologies (CWRT), and a debt of gratitude is owed to the late Larry Ross, then director of the CWRT, for his vision in bringing together the necessary elements. A pollution prevention roundtable for the California oil industry and regulators, sponsored by the MERIT Partnership for Pollution Prevention in Southern California and held in April of 1994, provided further inspiration for the handbook. We are thankful to Illinois' Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC), not only for their monetary support but also for their advice and assistance during the preparation of this handbook. It has been a pleasure to work with Jackie Peden, the Project Manager, who coordinated the review team at the HWRIC. Keri Luly of the Office of Pollution Prevention at the Illinois ' EPA was another source of helpful information. Our thanks also go to Karen Wong for her careful and painstaking review of the entire manuscript. Her efforts led to many improvements, especially in the Case Study Modules and their solutions.

The aim of this paper was to emphasise the need for a volatile organic compounds VOC policy review in the field of river barge transportation of petrochemicals. Review of the VOC policy shows that barges neither fall under an integrated pollution prevention and control permit nor any other regulation or incentive related environmental policy. Current situation and trend in this area is presented through a case study of the Danube River, Serbia. The case study shows that evaporative losses have increased c ca 22 times in period 2006e2010 and, that vapour collection system can reduce VOC emissions by up to 3 times. A proposal for improved VOC policy has been developed in detail based on the following elements: a) The appropriate Best Available Techniques reference document (BREF) should include the transport sector; b) Mandatory reporting of VOC emitted during barge transport of crude oil and crude oil derivates should be introduced, and c) A pollution charge should be introduced on all barges without vapour collection system installed "onboard". Three potential scenarios for the VOC charge are presented, which vary according to the charge introducing dynamics. The differences between scenarios are in initial levels of charge, but the final charge is same for all three and it is proposed to be 220 V per capacity ton.

This study investigates the evaluation of the effects that corrosion on the performance of steel industrial infrastructures with ageing effects. In this paper, a probabilistic risk assessment method is presented in relation to a case study of a real petrochemical structure located in an atmospheric environment with a high severity of corrosion. The findings of the damage assessment that were derived from the refined fragility analyses showed that long-term corrosion mass reduction has the potential to increase the probability of damage to the structure subjected to both near and far-field ground motion records. The structural seismic risk assessment showed that the corrosion can increase the annual failure rate due to the earthquake motions. The findings of this study can help owners and insurance companies make more accurate predictions regarding the damage, and as a result, they can provide an effective roadmap for the management of industrial assets.

One of the interesting methods for conversion of synthesis gas to heavy hydrocarbons is Fischer-Tropsch process. The process has some bottlenecks, such as hot spot formation and low degree of conversion. In this work, computational fluid dynamics technique was used to simulate conversion of synthetic gas and product distribution. Also, hot spot formation in the catalytic fixed-bed reactor was investigated in several runs. Simulation results indicated that hot spot formation occurred more likely in the early and middle part of reactor due to high reaction rates. Based on the simulation results, the temperature of hot spots increased with increase in the inlet temperature as well as pressure. Among the many CFD runs conducted, it is found that the optimal temperature and pressure for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are 565 K and 20 bar, respectively. As it seems that the reactor shall work very well under optimal conditions, the reaction rates and catalyst duration would simultaneously be maximum .

Sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOX/NOX) are the primary air toxic gas pollutants emitted during fuel combustion, causing health and environmental concerns. Therefore, their emission in flue gases is strictly regulated. The existing technologies used to decrease SOX/NOX content are flue gas desulfurization, which necessitates high capital and operating costs, and selective catalytic reduction, which, in addition to these costs, requires expensive catalysts and high operating temperatures (350–400 °C). New wet scrubbing processes use O3 or H2O2 oxidants to produce (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 fertilizers upon ammonia injection. However, these oxidants are expensive, corrosive, and hazardous. SiO2/Co(OH)2 nanocomposites are presented here as potential catalysts for SOX/NOX oxidation in wet scrubber reactors to scrub these toxic gases using atmospheric oxygen as the oxidant at relatively low temperatures of 60–90 °C. Several silica-cobalt-oxide-based nanocomposites were synthesized as potential ca...

The paper defines particularity of exploitation for the vapor recovery units were determined on the example of offshore oil terminal "Spetsnefteport Koz'mino" (Nakhodka, Russia). The work modes analysis of existing at an offshore oil terminal vapor recovery units adsorption type in winter conditions were made. Scheme recovery unit at triple-flow vortex tube was considered as an alternative. The comparative assessment of the economic efficiency of the systems vapor recovery of oil and liquid fuels was made. The parameters of the Rank-Hilsch effect at low temperature recovery of hydrocarbon vapors were determined.

This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policy-making process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.

Cet article fait partie du dossier thématique ci-dessous publié dans la revue OGST, Vol. 69, n°6, pp. 977-1129 et téléchargeable ici D o s s i e r DOSSIER Edited by/Sous la direction de : P.-L. Carrette PART 2 Post Combustion CO 2 Capture Captage de CO 2 en postcombustion

This paper evaluates the opportunities and associated costs for post-combustion capture at a world-scale complex refinery. It is concluded that it is technically feasible to apply post-combustion capture at such a refinery. The CO 2 source most suited for capture appears to be a combined stack, but there are a number of other sources that may be targeted at comparable costs. In total these sources may form about 40% of the overall refinery emissions. Our evaluations show the costs of capture from such sources based on available amine technology will be about 3-4 times higher than the current carbon trading values. The capture of CO 2 from a large amount of smaller CO 2 sources will bring along even much higher costs. A high-level study of the CO 2 emissions profile of a number of Shell refineries shows that, typically, up to 50% of the emitted CO 2 may be captured at costs comparable to those found at the reference refinery. About 10-20% of concentrated CO 2 associated with hydrogen manufacturing may be captured at lower costs. The remainder of emitted dilute CO 2 will bring along significantly higher costs. Based on this study, it is concluded for the justification of the implementation of post-combustion capture at refineries, either a significant increase in carbon trading values, mandatory regulations, or a major technological breakthrough is required.

This paper presents various aspects of hydraulic system with the focus on hydraulic leakages. In this paper, the standards hidden the operation of desiccant hydraulic system are reviewed and their genuine innovative applications are talked about. Some commented examples are presented to illustrate how the hydraulic system can be a perfective supplement to other machines such as hydraulic breaks, lifts, industrial machinery.

This paper presents various aspects of hydraulic system with the focus on hydraulic leakages. In this paper, the standards hidden the operation of desiccant hydraulic system are reviewed and their genuine innovative applications are talked about. Some commented examples are presented to illustrate how the hydraulic system can be a perfective supplement to other machines such as hydraulic breaks, lifts, industrial machinery.

This paper aims to compare and analyze different locally sourced kaolin samples for the synthesis of zeolite catalysts. Zeolite catalysts have gained significant attention due to their unique properties and applications in various industries. The synthesis of zeolite catalysts from kaolin, a locally available material, offers a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical feedstocks. This study focuses on the characterization of kaolin samples, including their morphology, elemental composition and particle size, to determine their suitability for zeolite synthesis. The catalytic activity of the prepared zeolite catalysts will also be evaluated in the further research using plastic cracking as a model reaction. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly zeolite catalysts for industrial applications.

Hydrogen (H2) has been recognized as one of the attractive energy carriers due to its clean and environmentally friendly characteristics where the burning of H2 as a fuel produces zero waste emission. Water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) has been accepted as one promising pathway for producing hydrogen. Recently, membrane technology has emerged as a new way to improve high-purity H2 production via the WGSR. A substantial amount of research works has so far focussed on the production of H2 alone while often neglecting the emission of carbon dioxide ( $CO_2$ C O 2 ), a greenhouse gas that is known to be the culprit responsible for global warming. Addressing the conflicting issues between clean H2 fuel and environmentally adverse $CO_2$ C O 2 emission requires a systematic engineering approach to carbon capture to be incorporated directly into H2 production plant. In view of this, the reuse of $CO_2$ C O 2 can be implemented by incorporating the dry methanation reaction. In the proposed reu...

Trickle bed reactors are massively employed in petrochemical and chemical plants. Reactors consist of one or more beds filled up with catalyst particles. The efficient utilization of the catalyst is dependent on the good distribution of the liquid of the charge across the catalyst beds. On the contrary some parts of the beds will get less liquid reactants while others will get more than the average. In zones where there is maldistribution of reactants the reaction will extent to undesired reactions, leading to deactivation of the catalyst and towards low conversions. Bad tray efficiency due to non-uniform liquid distribution will result in low reactor efficiency and shorten the catalyst&#39;s cycle time. The analyzed one is a trickle bed reactor that processes butene (liquid) and hydrogen (gas). The charge is introduced through the upper side and liquid accumulates on the tray to a certain level swamping the perforated plate tray. The liquid phase flows down through 68 small holes w...

New emission regulations will increase the need for inexpensive NOx emission monitoring solutions also in smaller power plants. The objective in this study is to find easily maintainable and transparent but still valid models to predict NOx emissions in natural gas fired hot water boilers utilizing existing process instrumentation. With a focus on long-term applicability in practical installations, the performance of linear regression is compared in two municipal 43 MW boilers with three widely used nonlinear methods: multilayer perceptron, support vector regression, and fuzzy inference system. The linear models were the most applicable providing the best estimation results (relative error of <3 % in all cases), generalizability and simplicity. Therefore, the approach fulfils the requirements of the Industrial Emission Directive and is valid to be applied as a soft sensor in PEMS 1 applications in practise. However, each boiler model should be identified individually.

Typical models are employed to estimate the product yields of delayed coking units using complicated and multistep calculations. In the current study, a new first-order mathematical model has been proposed to estimate delayed coking products yield utilizing Volk's model as the baseline. The modified coefficients of Volk's model for the industrial level are 0.634, 0.589, 1, and 1.116 for gas, gasoline, gasoil, and coke yield prediction, respectively. In Compare to other models, the proposed model showed a very close and similar trend with industrial data in yield prediction, and the average error for gas production was 0.25%. For gasoline, almost all of the other models have overestimated efficiency. However, the current model prediction was obtained close to the industrial data with an average error of 14 % which is almost three times better than Volk's model prediction (which was the most accurate model previously). The industrial data for the gasoil was underestimated by all previous models. However, the average error of the proposed model for the prediction of gasoil yield was 13% while other models' estimation error is much higher. For coke production, this newly developed model is the most accurate one compared to other predictive models.

Debate on the pricing of petroleum products in Nigeria has concentrated on whether to subsidize these products or not. This debate has been fierce between the proponents and the opponents. In this paper, we argue that this debate does not go deep enough in understanding challenges facing the downstream oil sector. We then provide a political economy framework for understanding the evolution of the Nigerian oil industry. We show that both downstream and upstream oil sectors in Nigeria started out deregulated and that regulation came through three streams. First, as a condition for joining OPEC in 1970s Two, as nationalist weapon in postcolonial Africa, and three as a result of the &quot;entitlement mentality&quot; surrounding oil wealth distribution. These three tendencies have built up a dysfunctional downstream oil industry that has stunted investment and produced sub-optimal economic outcome. We advocate a total and comprehensive deregulation of the downstream and minimal space fo...

xcess air is very important factor to increase combustion efficiency, and decrease pollutants emission. In this thesis, we provide that development plans and environmental conservation go in one direction, where we can decrease environmental pollution with economic benefits in the same time. By monitoring the emissions from four stacks (two boilers in petrochemical sector and two boilers in food sector) all are working using natural gas as a fuel. Changing in excess air to increase the combustion efficiency, which means fuel saving, and decrease pollutants concentration. There is a relationship between the cost, combustion, stack heat loss, fuel saving and environment. By using portable stack gas analyzer combustion efficiency and emitted pollutants through the stacks were measured before and after maintenance and changing air ratio mixed with the fuel. In boiler 1 of the petrochemical sector CO changed from 2222 mg/m 3 to 21 mg/m 3. In boiler two CO changed from 4695.3 mg/m 3 to 5.5 mg/m 3. Efficiency of boiler1 and 2 improved from 75.5% to 92.1 %, and from 71.5 to 93.1 respectively. In boiler 1 of food sector CO changed from 2200 mg/m 3 to 45 mg/m 3. In boiler 2 CO changed from 1900 mg/m 3 to 59 mg/m 3. Efficiency of boiler1 and 2 improved from 69.8 % to 91.4 %, and from 76.5 to 91.1 respectively. The cost reduction per year in petrochemical sector were 8469.

Land-based gas turbines (GTs) are continuous-flow engines that run with permanent flames once started and at stationary pressure, temperature, and flows at stabilized load. Combustors operate without any moving parts and their substantial air excess enables complete combustion. These features provide significant space for designing efficient and versatile combustion systems. In particular, as heavy-duty gas turbines have moderate compression ratios and ample stall margins, they can burn not only high- and medium-BTU fuels but also low-BTU ones. As a result, these machines have gained remarkable fuel flexibility. Dry Low Emissions combustors, which were initially confined to burning standard natural gas, have been gradually adapted to an increasing number of alternative gaseous fuels. The paper first delivers essential technical considerations that underlie this important fuel portfolio. It then reviews the spectrum of alternative GT fuels which currently extends from lean gases (coa...

We propose a dynamic DEA model involving network structure in each period within the framework of a slacks-based measure approach. We have previously published the network SBM (NSBM) and the dynamic SBM (DSBM) models separately. Hence, this article is a composite of these two models. Vertically, we deal with multiple divisions connected by links of network structure within each period and, horizontally, we combine the network structure by means of carry-over activities between two succeeding periods. This model can evaluate (1) the overall efficiency over the entire observed period, (2) dynamic change of period efficiency and (3) dynamic change of divisional efficiency. The model can be implemented in input-, output-or non-(both) oriented forms under the CRS or VRS assumptions on the production possibility set. Finally, we applied this model to a dataset of US electric utilities and compared the result with that of DSBM.

This work presents a simulation approach to the design and economic evaluation of fuel oil hydrotreating processes for the control of SO2 and NOx emission in an Iranian steam power plant. The percent of fuel oil desulphurization was estimated from the SO2 emissions standards for power plants. Based on two different scenarios according to (I) European and (II) Iranian standards, the design and simulation of hydrodesulphurization reactors, separation, heat recovery, and amine gas sweetening sections were performed and an economic assessment of the plant was investigated for each scenario. The results indicated the following: the cost price of each barrel of low sulfur fuel oil produced in such plants was estimated at  4.24 US$ for scenario (I) and 3.17 US$ for scenario (II); the levelized cost of desulfurization in power production was estimated at 0.618 c/kWh for (I) and 0.463 c/kWh for (II); and the social cost savings of replacing every barrel of low sulfur fuel oil instead of one barrel of high sulfur fuel oil were estimated at 26.7 US$ for (I) and 13.6 US$ (II).

-Corrélation de l'opacité Bacharach des gaz d'échappement. Prédiction des paramètres opérateurs qui la réduisent-Cette étude vise à déterminer les progrès à effectuer dans le contrôle de l'opacité Bacharach de la fumée dégagée par différents types d'équipements à fuel à travers une même cheminée. Afin de relier l'opacité Bacharach et les paramètres opérationnels de l'équipement de combustion, on a construit un modèle, sur la base de l'information recueillie lors d'un fonctionnement en routine pendant environ un an, sans expériences de laboratoire, ni altérations intentionnelles des paramètres. Afin d'assurer la validité du modèle, on a appliqué différents outils chimiométriques aux données, recueillies sur une période suffisamment longue. Étant donné la grande complexité des données manipulées (paramètres d'équipement, propriétés du fuel-oil, conditions opérationnelles, etc.), le modèle a été construit à l'aide de différents outils de complexité croissante. Par conséquent, on a d'abord mené une analyse en composantes principales (PCA, Principal Component Analysis) sur les variables définissant les différents types de fuel-oil utilisés, afin de supprimer leur corrélation élevée. Les résultats de cette analyse ont été utilisés comme données dans les étapes suivantes. À cause de la complexité élevée des paramètres impliqués, les méthodes de régression linéaire n'ont pas fonctionné, de sorte que, pour déterminer l'influence de ces paramètres sur l'opacité Bacharach, on a dû utiliser la méthode de régression non-linéaire ACE (Alternating Conditional Expectations). Une fois le modèle construit, on a déterminé les paramètres gouvernant l'opacité, et le modèle a été validé expérimentalement par l'exploration des variables modifiables in situ (combinaison du coke Conradson et des asphaltènes dans le fuel-oil, viscosité de l'huile dans le brûleur et proportion d'oxygène dans le four). On a vérifié que les propriétés de l'échappement de la cheminée variaient avec ces paramètres ; les prédictions du modèle ACE ont également été confirmées. La méthodologie proposée permet donc un contrôle effectif de la fumée dégagée par l'équipement. Mots-clés : régression non-linéaire, alternance des expectatives conditionnelles (ACE), opacité Bacharach.

Persistent hike in petrol price usually affects every activity in Nigeria. The study examines the trend of increase in pump price of petrol, consumption of petrol, and subsidy payment by the federal government using conceptual analysis, trend analysis and opinion of eminent Nigerian, Stakeholders, Businessmen, member of civil society organization and other information from newspapers, magazines, gazettes, bulletins and press releases. The finding revealed that as result of gradual removal of subsidy in recent time the amount of money budgeted for subsidies have been diverted to develop other area of the economy. Moreover, there are evident from the public opinion that payment of subsidy is scandalous because this huge amount of money is going into individual pocket. Consequently, this study recommends that federal government should encourage investors to build refineries and there should be accountability and transparency in the petrol industry.

Cet article fait partie du dossier thématique ci-dessous publié dans la revue OGST, Vol. 69, n°6, pp. 977-1129 et téléchargeable ici D o s s i e r DOSSIER Edited by/Sous la direction de : P.-L. Carrette PART 2 Post Combustion CO 2 Capture Captage de CO 2 en postcombustion

One of the interesting methods for conversion of synthesis gas to heavy hydrocarbons is Fischer-Tropsch process. The process has some bottlenecks, such as hot spot formation and low degree of conversion. In this work, computational fluid dynamics technique was used to simulate conversion of synthetic gas and product distribution. Also, hot spot formation in the catalytic fixed-bed reactor was investigated in several runs. Simulation results indicated that hot spot formation occurred more likely in the early and middle part of reactor due to high reaction rates. Based on the simulation results, the temperature of hot spots increased with increase in the inlet temperature as well as pressure. Among the many CFD runs conducted, it is found that the optimal temperature and pressure for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are 565 K and 20 bar, respectively. As it seems that the reactor shall work very well under optimal conditions, the reaction rates and catalyst duration would simultaneously be maximum .

The overarching aim of this paper is to investigate the lake ecosystem response to different drivers over a long term period by a paleolimnological study in Lake Narlay (46&deg;64N, 5&deg;91E) located in the Jura Mountains of France. It is a small, hard-water lake with a maximum water depth of 40 m and extended anoxic condition of the bottom water. Previous results on sediments analysis have documented a differential response of the lake to the environmental changes that occurred in AD 1600 when major shift in the trophic reliance on methane of the benthic food web were observed. From 1920 with intensification of modern agriculture, animal farming and the construction of a cheese making facility, the lake become eutrophic, with Oscillatoria rubescens bloom. However, the lake showed pronounced changes in an older period that remained unanswered. In this paper we aim at reconstructing in more detail the limnological conditions of this Lake over the last 1200 yrs. using combined analys...

European Commission has set new regulations for the third Emission Trading System period (2013-2020) that increased requirements for risk assessment, uncertainty estimation and continuous accuracy surveillance for CO 2 monitoring system. The objective of this paper is to describe and discuss three independent methods to determine CO 2 emissions in power plants that fulfill the new requirements. The presented methods are standard method, direct measurement method and energy balance method. The methods themselves, the required measurements and their properties are discussed. The methods are demonstrated in a 500 MW th pulverized coal fired CHP power plant and the results are discussed.

The trace elements balance is performed whenever the refinery processes a new type of oil. The goal of the balance is to find the distribution of the trace elements in the products and residues for the market. Also, the balance can warn about the accumulation of metals in the catalysts, this affecting their activity in time. This work presents the case study of a refinery processing a light and sulphurous oil with a medium concentration of trace elements. The study highlighted the following: the highest levels of concentration in feed and products are for Na and Si; in general, trace elements concentrate in heavier factions and residues and especially in the coke as a product or as deposited on calaysts; following the balance, heavy metals concentrate in the coke deposit on FCC catalyst in range of 53% for V to 83% for As; heavy metals concentrate in the gasoline hydrotreating catalyst in range of 7% for Ni to 87% for V.

Oil components are made up of different chemical compositions and when imposed into the air, water and soil, can cause variety of environmental effects. Yearly, a lot of people living around refineries in Iran suffer from different hazardous diseases caused by leaking out oil from refineries. Oil components usually penetrate throughout the refineries complex because of fracturing, outdated establishments and possibly not taking enough precautions to apply the refining system. Since some of these oozing out components are easily vaporized, the people neighboring on these areas are inevitably exposed to hazardous pollution through breathing such vapors. Therefore, they would suffer from breathing, skin, cancer and blood diseases. Another part of components are taken far from cities and poured into rivers or infiltrated into the ground water layers and some other part of leaked oil penetrates into the soil particles and pollutes them. At present, studying the effects of oil components leaked out from Iran refineries into air, soil and surface and ground water have been considered.

Ventilation air methane is low concentration methane (below 1 vol. %) emitted from an underground coal mine. High ventilation air volumes circulated through the mine, ensure that the methane remains at a safe concentration. In 2016, the Australian Government reported fugitive emissions of methane from underground coal mines at approximately 19.0 million tonnes (CO 2-equivalent) which was about 4.0% of Australia's national greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, an optimised process of heat recovery from a fluidised-bed VAM abatement reactor, to produce power and cooling was studied. For a ventilation flow rate of 20 m 3 /s, the minimum methane concentration for a direct gas turbine was 0.45 vol. % at a reactor temperature of 630°C and compressor pressure of 1.5 bar. An indirect gas turbine process operated with a minimum methane concentration was 0.4 vol. % at a reactor temperature of 630°C, compressor pressure of 4.0 bar and turbine flow rate of 2.2 kg/s.

Ethylene is one of the most important product in chemical industry, then it is required to produce ethylene in large quantity. The ethane-ethylene separation is achieved by high pressure cryogenic distillation in a rectification column. In this paper, an ethane-ethylene rectification column was investigated. At first, the parameters of the column were described, then with two process simulation software – UniSim Design and CHEMCAD –was used to simulate the model of the column. The purpose of the separation was to reach as much ethylene as possible in the overhead product. Therefore during the parametric examination, the aim was to achieve the greatest – even maximum – quantity and quality of the ethylene in the overhead product. In order to this goal, the influencing effects of the modification of reflux ratio and pressure was evaluated. In addition, changes in the column’s internal design (tray construction) was observed. Furthermore, this study examined the behavior of the system ...

This study assesses whether the deployment of CO 2 capture technologies in the European industrial sector would result in significant changes in the emissions of air pollutants (NO x , SO 2 , PM, and NH 3) in the short term. The industrial sectors investigated were: cement, petroleum refineries, and iron and steel. The analysis included onsite emissions and changes associated with grid electricity consumption due to CO 2 capture. Post-combustion capture using monoethanolamine (MEA) was considered for the cement sector and petroleum refineries, and Top Gas Recycling Blast Furnace (TGRBF) with vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) for the iron and steel sector. The results show that when all three industrial sectors in the EU-27 are fully equipped with CO 2 capture, industrial SO 2 emissions in the EU-27 may decrease by 40-70% whereas NH 3 emissions may increase by 120-520% (equivalent to 2-8% of total European emissions). The large increase in NH 3 emissions is due to the degradation of MEA. Cement and petroleum refineries account for nearly all these changes. The results also show limited impact (within ±10% of EU-27 industrial emissions) on NO x and PM emissions. Emission changes due to electricity import/export are found to be equally important as onsite emission changes. For the iron and steel sector, the changes in National Emissions Ceilings Directive (NECD) emissions are found to be limited for the selected CO 2 capture technique under conservative assumptions. However, the changes in the NECD emissions could vary largely depending on how the steel mill will adapt and operate their coke oven batteries that supply the coke to the blast furnace (BF).

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Thermal power plant has led to significant degradation of ambient air quality due to the release of air pollutants from the combustion of fuel. Raichur Thermal Power Station uses coal as a fuel to produce electricity. The present study was carried out to assess the ambient air quality levels in respect of suspended particulate matter (SPM), SO2 and NOx in certain areas of Raichur Thermal Power Station, Raichur. The study was carried out for a period 45 days. The ambient air quality was monitored at three places in and around RTPS to give the representative data. The monitoring was done for 24hours for every 10days. Similarly stack monitoring was carried out for all the 8 units of RTPS with an interval of 10 days. The pollution control equipment used at RTPS was Electrostatic Precipitator. The performance study of this equipment was carried out. It was found to operating well with an efficiency of 99.8% and more. The dispersion of particulate matter follows the annual predominant wind direction of an area. Therefore, to identify any possible cause and effect relationship between pollutant levels and climate changes, meteorological parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also monitored simultaneously during the sampling period of air pollutants. Maximal concentration of SPM are found in the sensitive area i.e., Hospital region due to the wind patterns and the concentration gradually diminished with increase in distance due to transportation, deposition and dispersion of particles. Also the concentrations of the sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen were not meeting the standards for any of the stacks.

Iran ranks as the fifth largest producer of crude oil in the world. Therefore, the country has the potential to play an important role in the global petroleum products market. Surprisingly, Iran cannot satisfy the domestic demand for transportation fuels, forcing the country to import gasoline and diesel fuel. To investigate this problem, this study applies a novel dynamic two-stage slacks-based measure framework to evaluate the efficiency of the petroleum refining industry in Iran. Using data from Iranian refineries for the period 2011e2015, in the first stage, the model decomposes the efficiency of refineries into operational and profitability subunits. In the second stage, the overall efficiency scores are computed. Unlike previous studies considering byproducts like emissions as undesirable outputs, the current model incorporates mazut as an unprofitable output. The empirical results reveal low efficiency among Iranian refineries and indicate a significant negative relationship between the overall efficiency scores and amount of mazut produced in refineries. Scrupulous analysis shows that an inappropriate production pattern and lack of advanced conversion units in refineries contribute greatly to the low performance of the Iranian refining sector. These findings can be used to improve current refining industry as a step toward energy sustainability in Iran.

The paper compares the results obtained by applying three calculation methodologies for the height of the chimney of a hazardous waste installation. Thermal waste treatment processes are a feasible option after recovery (collection, sorting, recycling) and prior to controlled disposal. Monitoring data at a hazardous waste incineration plant made it possible to calculate three heights of the incinerator emission network. The incineration plant is thus operated in such a way that the emissions of the harmful substances of the chimney are in conformity with the VLE values transposed into the national legislation by Law no. 278/2013 regarding industrial emissions, Annex 6. Three methodologies are used to determine the height of the chimney: according to the Technical Instructions for Air Quality Control-"TA Luft", according to "Arrêté du 25/01/91 relatif aux incinération de résidus urbains" and according to "RS 814.318." 142.1 Ordonnance sur la l'air (Opair) ".