Peruvian Coastal Current

The Admonitio Generalis, an edict of Charlemagne promulgated in
789, is the formal manifestation of the will for an educational and
ecclesiastical reform, which indicated, among others, that the Car-
olingian Empire would “romanize” its ecclesiastical chants in a stan-
dardized manner. But why engage on such a cultural shift? what
where its implications, and what was the role of Pope Gregory I in
the birth of "Gregorian Chant"? These are questions this work dis-
cusses taking as main reference Susan Rankin’s article "Carolingian
Music" (refer to the Bibliography section for more details).

A partir de 1840 las costas del Pacífico Sur fueron testigo de un espectacular cicloproductivo orientado a la extracción de guano fósil para fertilizar las agotadas tierraseuropeas. Hoy en día este crucial período de la historia latinoamericana está ausenteen la bibliografía chilena, fomentándose el olvido del pasado peruano de las regionesanexadas a Chile con la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883). Proponemos analizar loscambios en el patrón de asentamiento durante este ciclo productivo, durante el cualse fundaron poblados y puertos que articularon la explotación del fertilizante a lo largode la costa del Desierto de Atacama en la región de Tarapacá, Norte de Chile,sacando a la luz procesos históricos que se mantienen bajo un velo de olvido.

The roles o f i h e El rVi% ohenomenon. a ccssoiion o f uowellin~. and of . . ". humonfishing in limiringpopulorions o/Peiuuion guano birds (Gummy cormorant Phalacrocoran bougainviiiii, Peruuian booby Sulv varicgata, and Peiuoian brown pelican Pelccanus accidentalis thagur) were intiesrigorcd using historical records ond the scicnrifc lilernrure. In n o r n d years, the combinedpopulorions ojrlie lhrce species showed on 18% incrcose per year. El Nin'or occurred oi approximalelyfiae-pnr inzervnlsondcausedapopulorion decrease o,fl7% and35% desertion of nesting oreas. In sewre El N i i m o! npproximaicly 12-ycor inieruals, [here w s a mean decrease 0/47% ondcomplere nesri~~gjnilare. El Niios mried in seteriry nnd a possiblr explanorion is prermied. In non-El Nrio years, commerciolfishing did not d i r e a h conirol bird popularions rhrvugh srarooriort giodiilis or drowning in nerr Increased commercial fishing apporenily led to decreased nesring suecms: the grenrcr rhe quanriry qifish landed, ibc lower !he percoirnge inereose of rhe birdpopu/o!ion rho[ yenr. Shorr-liwii, hheauilv-fi5hed smcies such as anchoucio ore in eonsionr . . danger qfpopulorion collnpse during years of occasional, unpredicroble rcproduciiaejoilure. Birdpopulations could be maintained as bu//ers ro prevent terminnlly-de.vesrriiciiac orerfishing by humans. 227 Bid Co,i$mu. 0W&3207!83/0026-0227ISO3~00 0 Applied Scicncc Publirhcrr Lrd, England, 1983. Printed in GieaL Britain