Peruvian Coastal Current

En el marco del proceso de litoralización económica vivido durante el siglo XIX y tomando el sur andino, en este caso las zonas costeras del Perú y Bolivia, como área de estudio, en el artículo presente se trata de destacar las estrategias de distintos actores políticos y económicos (Estado, empresas de capital internacional, intermediarios locales) para con el guano. A través del estudio de documentación ejecutiva, legislación y los libros de cuentas de la empresa inglesa Gibbs Crawley Co., la acción de la cual fue central para la explotación guanera inicial, se concluye afirmando el peso específico del guano para la formación de polos económicos de importancia en las costas de ambos países que progresivamente diezmaron el calibre de la recaudación interior (para la hacienda, sobre todo peruana) o replanificaron los proyectos nacionales (viéndose un giro hacia los orientes bolivianos), pero en todo caso dieron paso al asentamiento de la frontera económica capitalista en regiones otrora desérticas.

Les écoulements atmosphériques et océaniques sont habituellement séparés en une partie lente, proche de l'équilibre géostrophique, et une partie rapide qui interagissent faiblement. Les instabilités agéostrophiques procurent néanmoins un mécanisme capable de coupler les mouvements équilibrés et non-équilibrés. L'étude de tels mécanismes dans cette thèse est d'abord effectuée par des études systématiques de stabilité linéaire dans le modèle de l'eau peu profonde. L'instabilité de Rossby-Kelvin (RK), issue du couplage barocline d'une onde de Rossby (équilibrée) et d'une onde de Kelvin ou de Poincaré (non-équilibrées), est mise en évidence dans un canal. Ces résultats sont étendus à un anneau en géométrie cylindrique et montrent que dans les configurations proches des dispositifs expérimentaux il peut y avoir une compétition entre l'instabilité RK et l'instabilité barocline classique. Les instabilités des courants côtiers, caractérisés par la présenc...

In spring 2006 and 2007, northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) shelf waters were ∼1.5°C below average throughout the ∼250 m deep shelf and the salinity-dependent winter stratification was anomalously weak due to above (below) average surface (bottom) salinities. Spring 2007 and 2008 temperatures were also ∼−1.5°C below average, but the anomalies were confined to the upper 100 m due to moderate salt stratification. Shelf temperatures in these 2 years were among the lowest observed since the early 1970s, thus interrupting an approximately 30-year warming trend. We examined winter cooling processes using historical conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles and mooring data from hydrographic station GAK1. The 2006 and 2007 cooling was associated with anomalously strong atmospheric heat loss in November 2006 and March 2007 and belowaverage fall runoff, which weakened winter stratification and allowed the late cooling to penetrate throughout the water column. In 2007 and 2008, early winter cooling was weak, fall runoff large, and stratification moderate at 100 m so that spring temperature anomalies were trapped to the upper 100 m. Analysis of the 40 year GAK1 CTD record indicates that winter averaged air-sea heat flux and salinity stratification anomalies explain 81% of the variation in deep (100-250 m) GOA temperatures. Although the timing and magnitude of winter runoff influences the shelf temperature distribution, temperature anomalies are a consequence of three-dimensional circulation and mixing processes. These involve the complex, but poorly understood, interplay among the air-sea heat flux; the ocean heat flux convergences; the stabilizing influence of runoff; and the destabilizing effects of cooling, vertical mixing, and the wind-driven cross-shelf buoyancy flux.

Water column temperatures on the shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska have increased more than 0.8°C and vertical density stratification has increased since 1970 near Seward, Alaska throughout the 250 m depth. This high latitude marine system has low water temperatures, high rates of precipitation, glacial melting, high wind speeds and high rates of biological productivity. A more than 300 km alongshore shift (locally westward) of isotherms is suggested. The observations are consistent with a conceptual ocean-atmosphere circulation model that employs coastal freshwater discharge, glacial ablation and wind forcing. Positive regional feedback mechanisms accelerate the discharge and poleward heat flux, leading to even higher temperatures, increased ocean stratification and increased storminess. This warming and ocean freshening will have significant impacts on the atmosphere and marine ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific, Bering Sea, Arctic Ocean and quite possibly global ocean circulation.

Fungi include a vast group of eukaryotic organisms able to colonise different natural, anthropised and extreme environments, including marine areas contaminated by metals. The present study aims to give a first multidisciplinary characterisation of marine bottom sediments contaminated by metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn), originating in the water leakage from an abandoned Fe-Cu sulphide mine (Libiola, northwestern Italy), and evaluate how the chemical and physical parameters of water and sediments may affect the benthic fungal communities. Our preliminary results showed the high mycodiversity of the marine sediments studied (13 genera and 23 species of marine fungi isolated), and the great physiological adaptability that this mycobiota evolved in reaction to the effects of the ecotoxic bottom sediment contamination, and associated changes in the seawater parameters.

Field observations in the Jouetsu-Ogata Coast, Niigata, Japan facing the Japan Sea in winter 1999 showed clearly that wind has a great influence on the generation of coastal currents in the coastal sea. Based on the observational findings, three-dimensional model for wave and wind-induced coastal currents was developed. The model applicability was confirmed with the simulation of coastal current and observational results. Intensive investigation of the effects of wind and waves on coastal currents made clear that the wind affects coastal current generation and development in the offshore region and the wave effect is important in the nearshore region including surf zone. The influence of a large-scale structure on coastal topography changes as well as coastal current system was also investigated by the numerical experiment on the parallel contour coast.

Fungi include a vast group of eukaryotic organisms able to colonise different natural, anthropised and extreme environments, including marine areas contaminated by metals. The present study aims to give a first multidisciplinary characterisation of marine bottom sediments contaminated by metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn), originating in the water leakage from an abandoned Fe-Cu sulphide mine (Libiola, northwestern Italy), and evaluate how the chemical and physical parameters of water and sediments may affect the benthic fungal communities. Our preliminary results showed the high mycodiversity of the marine sediments studied (13 genera and 23 species of marine fungi isolated), and the great physiological adaptability that this mycobiota evolved in reaction to the effects of the ecotoxic bottom sediment contamination, and associated changes in the seawater parameters.

The freshwater-influenced region of the Patos Lagoon discharge to the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS) is a region of complex fluid dynamics. Seasoning and synoptic variable winds and coastal current conditions create an alternating flow pattern. The aim of this paper was to investigate the occurrence of persistent coherent structures in this environment. A numerical approach was chosen to describe the main hydrodynamic features of the region during a climatological year. The open-source finite-element code Telemac-Mascaret was applied to the three-dimensional domain. In addition the two-equation k-epsilon model described the turbulence mechanisms. The presence of persistent high-turbulent structures was identified within the study area. These occur as a strong curvilinear disturbance characterized by higher turbulent production and dissipation rates, which increase local mixture. As a result, upward circulation flow was observed, which may be due to irregularities in bottom topograph...

Algún día no más te van a hacer pasar un Susto grande, los chinos. Mira que son vengativos ... y comen hasta ratones" (Guillermo Kuenenkampf del cuento "Historia Amarilla"). RESUMEN La identidad de los chinos construida por los escritores, sobre todo de aquellos vinculados a la generación del 38, es el tema del presente artículo. Ambientada en el Norte Grande de Chile, la literatura comprometida con las luchas obreras, construyó una imagen de la población oriental francamente estereotipada y racista.

This paper presents a brief history of the island of Mona from the fields of geology and archeology to dimension space and the social actors involved, and the various activities that took effect in the second half of the XIX century to exploit its natural resources with the participation of government officials, scientists, entrepreneurs and workers with a clear purpose: to diversify production activities in response to the weakness of the economic model and the cyclical crises presented on the island before the sugar and coffee price shocks in the international market. Peru's successful experience with the exploitation and commercialization of guano in the European markets, generated many legends in Puerto Rico about the economic potential that could contain the islands of Mona and Monito, which in the best case would remain in the collective imagination as a utopia in the search and the implementation of economic development in Puerto Rico.

, these Creoles engineered their own "cultural revolution" in the colonies. 9 Rehr's initiatives continued to bear fruit in this context. His successors perpetuated Rehr's meteorological observations. This climate record allowed the Peruvian-born physician Hipólito Unanue (1755-1833) to recognize immediately that the hot Lima summer of 1791 was extremely anomalous. A few years later, he tied those observations to similar anomalies in 1701, 1720, and 1728. This was a major discovery for environmental science, as we now know this periodic recurrence as the El Niño phenomenon. 10 9. The study of this revolution and its ties to Spain has exploded in recent years. Besides ref. in previous note, see Joaquín F. Quintanilla, Naturalistas para una corte ilustrada

En este trabajo se hace una breve historia de la isla de Mona desde los ámbitos de la geología y la arqueología para dimensionar el espacio, los actores sociales involucrados y las distintas actividades efectuadas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX para aprovechar sus recursos naturales. La participación de autoridades de gobierno, científicos, empresarios y trabajadores tuvo un claro propósito: diversificar las actividades productivas en respuesta a la debilidad del modelo económico y a las crisis cíclicas que se vivían por los altibajos en los precios del azúcar y el café en el mercado internacional. La experiencia exitosa del Perú con la explotación y comercialización del guano en los mercados europeos generó en Puerto Rico múltiples leyendas sobre el potencial económico de las islas de Mona y Monito, que en el mejor de los casos permanecería en el imaginario colectivo como una utopía en la búsqueda del desarrollo económico.

The exploitation of guano was one of the first important economic activities in Chile and Bolivia during the 19th century. Although its development was brief and less successful than the guano industry in neighbouring Peru, it laid the foundation of a state business system based on the granting of franchises to private companies, regulation of the maritime trade and modernisation of the extractive process to improve the exploitation of mineral resources.
Caleta Robles, a guano production centre between 1862 and 1883, succeeded the exploitation of other guano deposits on the Mejillones peninsula coast from the 1840s. It represents a highly relevant coastal archaeological site illustrating the early development of the mining industry in the north of Chile.
The preliminary results of the investigations conducted on this site have created an understanding of the spatial distribution of the different functional areas relating to the different phases of the production process and their adaptation to suit the peculiar topographical conditions of the site.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03090728.2016.1156460

En este trabajo se hace una breve historia de la isla de Mona desde los ámbitos de la geología y la arqueología para dimensionar el espacio, los actores sociales involucrados y las distintas actividades efectuadas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX para aprovechar sus recursos naturales. La participación de autoridades de gobierno, científicos, empresarios y trabajadores tuvo un claro propósito: diversificar las actividades productivas en respuesta a la debilidad del modelo económico y a las crisis cíclicas que se vivían por los altibajos en los precios del azúcar y el café en el mercado internacional. La experiencia exitosa del Perú con la explotación y comercialización del guano en los mercados europeos generó en Puerto Rico múltiples leyendas sobre el potencial económico de las islas de Mona y Monito, que en el mejor de los casos permanecería en el imaginario colectivo como una utopía en la búsqueda del desarrollo económico.

The roles o f i h e El rVi% ohenomenon. a ccssoiion o f uowellin~. and of . . ". humonfishing in limiringpopulorions o/Peiuuion guano birds (Gummy cormorant Phalacrocoran bougainviiiii, Peruuian booby Sulv varicgata, and Peiuoian brown pelican Pelccanus accidentalis thagur) were intiesrigorcd using historical records ond the scicnrifc lilernrure. In n o r n d years, the combinedpopulorions ojrlie lhrce species showed on 18% incrcose per year. El Nin'or occurred oi approximalelyfiae-pnr inzervnlsondcausedapopulorion decrease o,fl7% and35% desertion of nesting oreas. In sewre El N i i m o! npproximaicly 12-ycor inieruals, [here w s a mean decrease 0/47% ondcomplere nesri~~gjnilare. El Niios mried in seteriry nnd a possiblr explanorion is prermied. In non-El Nrio years, commerciolfishing did not d i r e a h conirol bird popularions rhrvugh srarooriort giodiilis or drowning in nerr Increased commercial fishing apporenily led to decreased nesring suecms: the grenrcr rhe quanriry qifish landed, ibc lower !he percoirnge inereose of rhe birdpopu/o!ion rho[ yenr. Shorr-liwii, hheauilv-fi5hed smcies such as anchoucio ore in eonsionr . . danger qfpopulorion collnpse during years of occasional, unpredicroble rcproduciiaejoilure. Birdpopulations could be maintained as bu//ers ro prevent terminnlly-de.vesrriiciiac orerfishing by humans. 227 Bid Co,i$mu. 0W&3207!83/0026-0227ISO3~00 0 Applied Scicncc Publirhcrr Lrd, England, 1983. Printed in GieaL Britain

Seabirds as offshore wildlife resources have largely been unstudied by wildlife managers until recently. Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) in South- ern California Bight (SCB) have received special at- tention in the past under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Special consideration is given to species with endangered status in commercial fishery manage- ment plans mandated by the Fisheries

La explosiva transformación demográfica experimentada en Tarapacá desde la década de 1970, asociada inicialmente al desarrollo sectorial del comercio y los servicios derivados, y potenciada en los ochenta con el resurgimiento de la actividad minera, no constituye una excepción en el proceso de poblamiento experimentado por la región desde inicios del ciclo colonial.

A partir de 1840 las costas del Pacífico Sur fueron testigo de un espectacular cicloproductivo orientado a la extracción de guano fósil para fertilizar las agotadas tierraseuropeas. Hoy en día este crucial período de la historia latinoamericana está ausenteen la bibliografía chilena, fomentándose el olvido del pasado peruano de las regionesanexadas a Chile con la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883). Proponemos analizar loscambios en el patrón de asentamiento durante este ciclo productivo, durante el cualse fundaron poblados y puertos que articularon la explotación del fertilizante a lo largode la costa del Desierto de Atacama en la región de Tarapacá, Norte de Chile,sacando a la luz procesos históricos que se mantienen bajo un velo de olvido.

The roles o f i h e El rVi% ohenomenon. a ccssoiion o f uowellin~. and of . . ". humonfishing in limiringpopulorions o/Peiuuion guano birds (Gummy cormorant Phalacrocoran bougainviiiii, Peruuian booby Sulv varicgata, and Peiuoian brown pelican Pelccanus accidentalis thagur) were intiesrigorcd using historical records ond the scicnrifc lilernrure. In n o r n d years, the combinedpopulorions ojrlie lhrce species showed on 18% incrcose per year. El Nin'or occurred oi approximalelyfiae-pnr inzervnlsondcausedapopulorion decrease o,fl7% and35% desertion of nesting oreas. In sewre El N i i m o! npproximaicly 12-ycor inieruals, [here w s a mean decrease 0/47% ondcomplere nesri~~gjnilare. El Niios mried in seteriry nnd a possiblr explanorion is prermied. In non-El Nrio years, commerciolfishing did not d i r e a h conirol bird popularions rhrvugh srarooriort giodiilis or drowning in nerr Increased commercial fishing apporenily led to decreased nesring suecms: the grenrcr rhe quanriry qifish landed, ibc lower !he percoirnge inereose of rhe birdpopu/o!ion rho[ yenr. Shorr-liwii, hheauilv-fi5hed smcies such as anchoucio ore in eonsionr . . danger qfpopulorion collnpse during years of occasional, unpredicroble rcproduciiaejoilure. Birdpopulations could be maintained as bu//ers ro prevent terminnlly-de.vesrriiciiac orerfishing by humans. 227 Bid Co,i$mu. 0W&3207!83/0026-0227ISO3~00 0 Applied Scicncc Publirhcrr Lrd, England, 1983. Printed in GieaL Britain