Periphery

Recently among numerous concerns over the European and partly American economies the danger of deflation is rather frequently mentioned. The scholars cite the Japanese economy which has been suffering from deflation for the last two decades despite the large investments in economy and the government's efforts to increase inflation. Similarly, notwithstanding many trillions of dollars, euro, pounds and yen that were invested in economies over the past few years, the inflation in the Western countries still remains low.
On the whole, there are reasons to maintain that European countries suffer from ‘the Japanese disease’, and this disease can progress or even become chronic. The USA, although to a lesser extent, has the signs of the disease as well.
As a result, the financial infusions can become permanent, as it happened in Japan. The present paper defines the reasons of the problem, explains the irregularity of the inflation-deflation processes in the world and also gives some forecasts.

State Forestry is regarded by political ecologists as a coercive tool deployed by state authorities to nationalize, control and order the forest as a resource within the territory of a nation. The consequence of this is civilizing local people and subjecting them to the grip of the state. Much of this literature comes from the global South. However, in the iconic Białowieża Forest in eastern Poland, touted as Europe's last primeval forest for its old oaks and woodland bison, state foresters altered the prominence of their nationalistic and nationalizing history in three surprising ways: 1) they downplayed their historical role in nationalizing the periphery in the 1920s when the area was split between a national park and a forest belonging to the newly formed Polish state (the Second Polish Republic); 2) they created new allegiances with the Belarusian-identified local population, and 3) they referenced neighbouring Belarus' preferential management of forests within the adjacent Belovezshkaya National Park. This article weaves together insights from political ecology, post-socialist studies and environmental history in an ethnographic account of Polish state foresters in interaction with biologists, conservationists and "local" people in the fight to expand the Polish Białowieża National Park from 1990-2013. Foresters downplayed the forest's significance for the nation, at least rhetorically, because conservationists viewed and promoted the forest as having national, European and global heritage. Yet the globalized cosmopolitics of conservationists enabled, or perhaps even forced, foresters to frame their concerns in a language of local and ethnic minority rights and community participation. The transcendence of ethnic and cultural differences by foresters over nearly ninety years of existence marks an important and novel component of the post-socialist period.

La foresterie domaniale est considérée par les «political ecologists» comme un outil coercitif déployés par les autorités de l'État de nationaliser, de contrôler et d'ordonner la forêt sur le territoire d'une nation. La conséquence de contrôle par l'État est la civilisation des populations locales et en les soumettant à la poignée de l'État. Une grande partie de cette littérature vient du Sud. Toutefois, dans la forêt de Białowieża dans l'est de la Pologne, présentée comme dernière forêt primitive d'Europe pour ses vieux chênes et les bisons des bois, les forestiers de l'État modifier l'importance de leur histoire nationalistes et la nationalisation de trois façons surprenantes: 1) il a minimisé leurs actions passées dans les années 1920s, lorsque la zone a été divisée entre un parc national et une forêt appartenant à la nouvelle Deuxième République de Pologne; 2) ils ont créé de nouvelles allégeances avec la population locale du Bélarus, et 3) ils ont regardé à travers la frontière pour comprendre la gestion des forêts de Biélorussie et leurs parcs. Cet article tisse idées de l'écologie politique, les études post-socialistes et de l'histoire de l'environnement dans la lutte pour élargir le parc national polonais Białowieża 1990-2013. Les forestiers ont reconnu la valeur de la conservation internationale de la forêt, et pas seulement sa valeur économique. Ils ont soutenu les droits des minorités locales et ethniques et la participation communautaire. La transcendance des différences ethniques et culturelles par les forestiers sur près de 90 années d'existence marque un élément important et nouveau de la période post-socialiste.

Los parques forestales estatales son considerados por los especialistas en política ecológica como una herramienta coercitiva implementada por las autoridades estatales para nacionalizar, controlar y ordenar la masa forestal como recurso dentro de un territorio o una nación. La consecuencia de esto es civilizar a la población local y someterla al control del estado. Gran parte de la literatura al respecto proviene del Sur global. Sin embargo, en el icónico bosque Białowieża en el este de Polonia, considerado como el último bosque primitivo por sus viejos robles y sus bisontes europeos los silvicultores estatales alteraron la prominencia de su historia nacionalista y nacionalizadora de tres maneras sorprendentes: 1) minimizaron su papel histórico al nacionalizar la periferia en la década de 1920 cuando el área se dividió entre un parque nacional y un bosque perteneciente al estado polaco recién formado (la Segunda República polaca); 2) crearon nuevas alianzas con la población local que se identificaba como bielorrusa, y 3) la relacionaron con la gestión preferencial de los bosques de la vecina Bielorrusia en el Parque Nacional adyacente Belovezshkaya. En este artículo se entrelazan puntos de vista de la ecología política, estudios sobre el post-socialismo e historia del medio ambiente en un informe etnográfico de los silvicultores estatales polacos en la interacción con los biólogos, conservacionistas y personas "locales" en la lucha para ampliar el Parque Nacional de Białowieża polaco entre 1990 y 2013. Los silvicultores minimizaron la importancia del bosque para la nación, al menos retóricamente, porque los conservacionistas percibieron y promovieron el bosque como patrimonio nacional, europeo y mundial. Sin embargo, la cosmopolítica globalizada de los conservacionistas permitió, o tal vez incluso forzó a los silvicultores a enmarcar sus inquietudes en un lenguaje de derechos de las minorías étnicas y locales y la participación comunitaria. La trascendencia de las diferencias étnicas y culturales por los silvicultores durante casi noventa años de existencia marca un componente importante y novedoso del período post-socialista.

In the present paper, on the basis of the theory of production principles and production revolutions, we reveal the interrelation between K-waves and major technological breakthroughs in history and make forecasts about features of the sixth Kondratieff wave in the light of the Cybernetic Revolution that, from our point of view, started in the 1950s. We assume that the sixth K-wave in the 2030s and 2040s will merge with the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution (which we call a phase of self-regulating systems). This period will be characterized by the breakthrough in medical technologies which will be capable to combine many other technologies into a single complex of MANBRIC-technologies (med-bio-nano-robo-info-cognitive technologies). The article offers some forecasts concerning the development of these technologies.

В настоящей статье на базе теории принципов производства и производственных революций мы показываем взаимосвязь между К-волнами и крупнейшими технологическими переворотами в истории, а также делаем прогнозы об особенностях шестой К-волны в свете идущей с 1950-х годов кибернетической революции. Мы предполагаем, что шестая кондратьевская волна в 2030–2040-х годах сольется с завершающей фазой кибернетической революции (которую мы назвали фазой самоуправляемых систем). Этот период будет характеризоваться  прорывом  в  медицинских  технологиях,  которые  смогут  объединить  вокруг  себя  много
других  технологий  и  в  целом  составят  комплекс  МБНРИК-технологий  (медико-био-нано-робото-инфокогнитивных  технологий).  В  статье  даются  некоторые  прогнозы  о  развитии  данных  технологий. Исследование выполнено при поддержке РГНФ (проект № 14-02-00330).

In the present paper, on the basis of the theory of production principles and production revolutions we reveal the interrelation between K-waves and major technological breakthroughs in history and make forecasts about features of the sixth Kondratieff wave in the light of the Cybernetic Revolution that, from our point of view, started in the 1950s. We assume that the sixth K-wave in the 2030s and 2040s will merge with the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution (which we call a phase of self-regulating systems). This period will be characterized by the breakthrough in medical technologies which will be capable to combine many other technologies into a single complex of MBNRIC-technologies (med-bio-nano-robo-info-cognitive technologies). The article offers some forecasts concerning the development of these technologies.

In the present paper, on the basis of the theory of production principles and production revolutions, we reveal the interrelation between K-waves and major technological breakthroughs in history and make some predictions about features of the sixth Kondratieff wave in the light of the Cybernetic Revolution which, we think, started in the 1950s. We assume that the sixth K-wave in the 2030s and 2040s will merge with the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution (which we call the phase of self-regulating systems). This period will be characterized by breakthroughs in medical technologies which will manage to combine many other technologies into a single complex of MBNRIC-technologies (med-bio-nano-robo-info-cognitive technologies). The article offers some predictions concerning the development of these technologies.

Mercato Saraceno, a small town in Romagna, lived a time of intense architectural activity during the fascist era. Arnaldo Mussolini, the little brother of Benito and director of the most influential Italian newspaper at that time, chose to build a private studio in the place of origin of his wife, Augusta Bondanini. Here, he greeted politicians of that period and also a lot of intellectuals, raising Mercato Saraceno to the honours of the chronicle.
In those years, many buildings of public utility were built with the purpose of constructing a new image of this little peripheral context. Interesting examples are the local Casa del Fascio designed by the architect Ugo Dolcini, the Casa del Balilla of the Roman Cesare Valle, the “Augusta Mussolini” Kindergarten by Pietro Reciputi from Cesena, as well as the “Sandro Italico Mussolini” Old Age Home of the same architect. A lot of interventions on the built heritage are also completed, one for all the enlargement of the local hospital, but also the restoration of the Palazzo Comunale, damaged by an earthquake at the end of the 1910s.
Thus, the paper aim at focusing on the different way the reinforced concrete was used in some of these important works for Mercato Saraceno during the Fascist Era. The purpose is to verify how and how much the context influenced the technical choices.

The danger of deflation has been rather frequently mentioned recently among numerous concerns over the European and partly American economies. Analysts cite the Japanese economy which has been suffering from deflation for the last two decades despite the large investments in economy and the govern-ment's efforts to increase inflation. Similarly, notwithstanding many trillions of dollars, euros, pounds and yen that were invested in economies over the past few years, the inflation in the Western countries still remains low.
On the whole, there are reasons to maintain that European countries suffer from ‘the Japanese disease’, and this disease can progress or even become chronic. The USA, albeit to a lesser extent, has signs of the disease as well. As a result, the financial infusions can become permanent, as it happened in Japan. The present paper defines reasons of the problem, explains the irregularity of the inflation-deflation processes in the world and also offers some forecasts on this basis that the crisis-depressive phase of development in the global economy will continue for a relatively long time. Based on our analysis of available resources and the theory of long cycles, we suppose that the new crisis will begin in 2018–2019. We also suppose that in the next 5–10 years, the global economy will continue being in the crisis-depression phase with rather sluggish and weak rises. The paper also offers some forecasts for the forthcoming sixth Kondratieff wave (2020 – the 2060/70s), identifies its possible technological basis and discusses possible consequences of the forthcoming technological transformations.

This article presents possible answers, and their respective probabilities, to the question, ‘What are the consequences of the present global crisis in the proximate future of the World System?’ It also attempts to describe the basic characteristics of the forthcoming ‘Epoch of New Coalitions’ and to forecast certain future conditions. Among the problems analyzed in this paper are the following: What does the weakening of the economic role of the USA as the World System centre mean? Will there be a leader in the future World System? Will the deficit of global governance and world fragmentation continue to worsen? How can national sovereignty be transformed?

This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavored to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.