Participant Observation

Background: The organizational context in which healthcare is delivered is thought to play an important role in mediating the use of knowledge in practice. Additionally, a number of potentially modifiable contextual factors have been shown to make an organizational context more amenable to change. However, understanding of how these factors operate to influence organizational context and knowledge use remains limited. In particular, research to understand knowledge translation in the long-term care setting is scarce. Further research is therefore required to provide robust explanations of the characteristics of organizational context in relation to knowledge use. Aim: To develop a robust explanation of the way organizational context mediates the use of knowledge in practice in long-term care facilities. Design: This is longitudinal, in-depth qualitative case study research using exploratory and interpretive methods to explore the role of organizational context in influencing knowledge translation. The study will be conducted in two phases. In phase one, comprehensive case studies will be conducted in three facilities. Following data analysis and proposition development, phase two will continue with focused case studies to elaborate emerging themes and theory. Study sites will be purposively selected. In both phases, data will be collected using a variety of approaches, including non-participant observation, key informant interviews, family perspectives, focus groups, and documentary evidence (including, but not limited to, policies, notices, and photographs of physical resources). Data analysis will comprise an iterative process of identifying convergent evidence within each case study and then examining and comparing the evidence across multiple case studies to draw conclusions from the study as a whole. Additionally, findings that emerge through this project will be compared and considered alongside those that are emerging from project one. In this way, pattern matching based on explanation building will be used to frame the analysis and develop an explanation of organizational context and knowledge use over time. An improved understanding of the contextual factors that mediate knowledge use will inform future development and testing of interventions to enhance knowledge use, with the ultimate aim of improving the outcomes for residents in long-term care settings.

This is an article about the difficulties of doing ethnography in relatively enclosed and secretive communities, based on my experience of trying to launch an ethnographic study of Hollywood. I consider (separately) the problems of doing participant observation in ‘inside’ locations, and the problems of gaining access to industry insiders for interviews. In response to the problem of doing participant observation, I propose the practice of what I call ‘interface ethnography’, attending events in which the closed institution presents itself to ‘the public’. In response to the problem of gaining access to insiders for interviews, I discuss the important role of the interviewee’s ‘interest’, whether practical or intellectual, in the project.

This paper presents descriptive use of laptops as a lecturer and students engage in curricula activities over one hour of instruction. Lave and Wenger's (1991) theory of situated learning (SL) is used to contextualise laptop use in teaching and learning, inside the undergraduate business classroom. We examine how laptops are used to support teaching and learning practice and influence the curricula process, as laptops are introduced into instruction. Interpretive ethnography and participant observation capture lecturer and student descriptive narrative as they use laptops. Analysis is presented in time order and documents lecturer / student laptop use inside the undergraduate classroom.

Antropologi oom-ringissä. Aistihavainto kenttätyössä – Pöysä, Jyrki, Helmi Järviluoma & Sinikka Vakimo (toim./eds.) 2010: Vaeltavat metodit. Joensuu: Finnish Folklore Society.

[On Perception in Participant Observation in Wandering methods].

Artikkelissa Antropologi oom-ringissä esitän metodologisia huomioita aistihavainnosta osallistuvassa havainnoinnissa pohjoismaisen tingaineiston havainnonfenomenologisen kuvauksen avulla. Esitän poleemista kritiikkiä realistisen etnografisen representaation konventioille pysyen kuitenkin uskollisena sille sekä osallistuvan havainnoinnin menetelmälle, jossa tietoa kerätään fyysisesti läsnäollen ja ihmisruumiin kaikkia aisteja käyttäen ja johon etnografinen kuvaus pohjimmiltaan perustuu. Esitän kriittisiä huomioita geertziläisiä tekstin ja lukemisen metaforia kohtaan aineistona tai kulttuurina, tai ainakin sen kaikkein etäännyttävimpiin ja kartesiolaisimpiin tulkintoihin. Luonnostelen muissakin artikkeleissani hyödyntämääni etnografista lukutapaa, jossa huomioitaisiin aiempaa eksplisiittisemmin ja analyyttisemmin kentän kanssa jaetut aistikokemukset ja pohdin tällaisen tutkimuksen asettamia eettisiä ehtoja etäännyttämisen tavoille. Teoreettisina johtopäätöksinä esitän, että tingyhteisö järjestyy keskeisesti juuri kuvaamiani aistikokemuksia jakamalla eikä niinkään vaikkapa hierarkioihin ja normeihin tukeutuen. Etnografisen kuvauksen tasolla tämä artikkeli tuo yhden uuden aspektin, joka muista enemmän puheeseen ja organisoitumiseen keskittyvistä tingartikkeleistani puuttuu, nimittäin ensimmäisessä artikkelissa kuvattujen puhepiirien toistuvat pitkälti ei-verbaaliset rituaaliset vaiheet, joilla on suhteellisesta lyhyydestään huolimatta tärkeä yhteisöä ylläpitävä merkitys. Rakenteen kannalta on merkittävää muun muassa artikkelissa kuvaamani liminaali tutkijan positio kentän ja tutkijayhteisön välissä. Kuvauksen omakohtainen ote, jollaista toisinaan kutsutaan autoetnografiseksi, mahdollisti tingyhteisön tarkastelemisen muita artikkeleita sisemmältä kehältä. Positioni ja menetelmäni mahdollisti hyvin intiimien aineistojen tavoittamisen niin saunan lauteilta kuin kasvokkain ja rinnakkain tingyhteisöä koossapitävissä puhepiireissä. Jaetut ruumiilliset arjen ylittävät aistikokemukset, jotka yhteisössä koettiin usein yliluonnollisina, ja yksityisemmältä tuntuvat häpeän tunteet tuntuivat loitontavan minua tutkijayhteisöstä, mutta lopulta ne osoittautuivat metodologisesti hyödyllisiksi.

This paper examines the role of accounting in management-labour relations within the context of contemporary moves to re-conceptualise and reorganise manufacturing processes. We explore how new manufacturing and accounting discourses are received by employees, and how their (more or less accommodating) responses to such initiatives shape the trajectory of their introduction. So doing we show why a more adequate understanding of accounting's presence and significance in the workplace does not simply require a little more attention to the politics of the production process but, rather, its positioning at the centre of analysis. We develop our argument by drawing on material collected from an intensive and longitudinal case study of a manufacturing plant of a large multinational company based upon participant observation and extensive interviews. We show how, following shifts in market conditions and company ownership, pressures to enhance productivity and improve profits led to several attempts by senior management at the plant to introduce change initiatives in production methods, management style, and accounting techniques. We demonstrate how shopfloor workers interpreted these initiatives as intensifying labour by reducing head count, leading them to resist these initiatives over a period of 13 years. We argue that during this period the rhetoric of corporate governance was mediated by workers' ability to create a space through which their own interests were defined, articulated and brought to bear on the discourses and rationalities advanced by senior management in support of 'new' accounting (and management) techniques. By appreciating the presence and significance of labour in the politics of production, additional ways of accounting for the rise and demise of 'new' or 'excellent' accounting techniques are contemplated. #

Trata-se de um estudo de caso único com o objetivo de refletir sobre o trabalho multiprofissional com grupo de diabéticos na implementação do Serviço de Medicina Preventiva-SEMPRE. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de consulta a documentação interna e de observação direta e participante realizada pelo pesquisador durante as atividades realizadas com adultos e crianças diabéticas. A reflexão ocorreu de acordo com a formação inicial de um grupo: encaminhamento, seleção e grupamento. Esta forma de trabalho permitiu maior eficiência e menor custo-efetividade nos programas educativos, sendo necessário o investimento na educação continuada da equipe multiprofissional. Para tanto, é preciso desencadear o processo de cooperação interna e a disponibilização do saber de cada elemento da equipe de saúde.

There are many evidences in the literature that the use self-managing teams has positive impacts on several dimensions of team effectiveness. Agile methods, supported by the Agile Manifesto, defend the use of self-managing teams in software development in substitution ...

Previous research has considered how exploratory market learning processes moderate market and technological uncertainty in radical product development. Scholars argue that new product development (NPD) teams may increase the chances of success of radically new projects by acquiring, assimilating and implementing new information from market feedback. However, research has not tackled how information is assimilated by the NPD team and to what extent the process of information implementation occurs. In this article, we begin to fill the need for such research by investigating the interaction between internal team values (beliefs and possibly ideology) and external market feedback / information in radical projects. Via the lens of a 2-year longitudinal participant-observation study, we suggest that information assimilation is not automatic, but rather influenced in interesting ways by internal team values. The findings imply that shared team values act as a selective assimilation mechanism determining whether a development team will act on user feedback. Furthermore, the type of information (e.g., functional vs. conceptual feedback) processed by the development team acts as a moderating factor on the relationship between the team values and information processing. Free Keywords radical products, market feedback, team values, new product development, technological uncertainty, market learning Availability The ERIM Report Series is distributed through the following platforms:

CSCL environment. The teachers' patterns of online interactions were analyzed through social network analysis and the interaction analysis model (IAM). Findings: Our findings indicate that the teachers formed a socially cohesive community and participated rather actively, ...

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how business enterprises in Uganda manage their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and projects. Design/methodology/approach – The investigations focused on a limited number of management facets. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the researchers collected data through both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. These included semi-structured interviews with managers of selected enterprises, as well as non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. Findings – The findings show unbalanced engagement in CSR for business managers in Uganda. Managers are largely motivated towards CSR by external factors such as attracting and retaining customers, enhancing reputation and operational efficiencies to achieve competitive advantage, rather than internal factors such as CSR policies, employee welfare and CSR reporting. Another significant finding is that the responsibility to initiate, administer, and m...

This paper describes an empirical study, which addresses the aspect of well being amongst members of the software development teams. The question of interest is whether an agile methodology has any distinct effect on the well being of the software developers. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilised, including the participative observation, focus group interviews, close-ended questionnaires and simple statistical tests such as Spearman Correlation and Mann-Whitney test. Initial results showed that an agile methodology (XP) has a positive effect on the level of enthusiasm of the software developers in the most dynamic project. To understand why XP can increase enthusiasm, results are interpreted with references to cognitive, affective and managerial properties of the practices studied. This result needs further investigation on the individual effects of each practice on the wellbeing and attitudes of Software Engineering (SE) teams.

Context: Networks are seen as important vehicles for educators' professional development because they provide opportunities for educators to develop their teaching and leadership capacities and establish forums for educator resistance. Networks that also function as intermediary organizations provide spaces in which educators and network leaders can bridge and buffer the external demands of accountability policies. Focus of Study: This article considers how the Internationals Network for Public Schools (Internationals Network) contends with the often incompatible external demands of current accountability policies, and the internal professional and pedagogical practices of their schools. First, this article explores the challenges that the International schools encounter as they negotiate commitments to inquiry-based learning and local decision making in the context of top-down mandates. Second, it discusses the history, practices, and internal challenges of the network. Finally, it provides examples of how the network acts as a bridge and buffer for the schools as it negotiates current external accountability pressures. Setting: The International High Schools serve a population of recently arrived immigrant youth from over 90 countries, who speak over 50 languages and come from socioeconomic backgrounds that qualify most for free lunch. The International High Schools constitute a network of nine public high schools throughout New York City and one newly opened school in Oakland, California. The term network is used here to refer to both the nonprofit intermediary organization, Internationals Network, and the community of Internationals educators across schools. Research Design: This case study engages approach to the anthropology of policy that involves exploring policies through various sites to understand how the discourses, provisions, and technologies of education policies are encountered, experienced, and negotiated by different members of a community. This article is based on par-

No Brasil, as organizações do terceiro setor têm intensificado sua atuação buscando ocupar as lacunas existentes na articulação dos esforços dos atores de outros setores no campo da inserção profissional de pessoas com deficiência (PcD). Entretanto, percebem-se ainda características assistencialistas e pontuais nas ações empreendidas por estas organizações. Frente a este contexto, o presente artigo objetiva discutir a contribuição dessas organizações no processo de inserção profissional de pessoas com deficiência. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso, utilizando-se observação participante e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A instituição objeto de estudo foi a Associação Amigos Metroviários Excepcionais (AME), uma organização não governamental sem fins lucrativos localizada na cidade de São Paulo que executa, entre outras ações, assessoria e consultoria para contratação de PcD. Como conclusão do estudo, destaca-se a relevância da atuação das organizações do terceiro setor na inserção profissional de pessoas com deficiência, pois, além de lutar pelos interesses dessa parcela da população, desempenha um papel prático e objetivo tanto para as empresas, quanto para o Estado e para a sociedade em geral, como evidenciam as atividades realizadas pela AME.

Background Clinical moral case deliberation consists of the systematic reflection on a concrete moral case by health care professionals. This paper presents the study of a 4-year moral deliberation project. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to: (a) describe the practice and the theoretical background of moral deliberation, (b) describe the moral deliberation project, (c) present the outcomes of the evaluation of the moral case deliberation sessions, and (d) present the implementation process. Methods The implementation process is both monitored and supported by an interactive responsive evaluation design with: (a) in-depth interviews, (b) Maastricht evaluation questionnaires, (c) evaluation survey, and (d) ethnographic participant observation. In accordance with the theory of responsive evaluation, researchers acted both as evaluators and moderators (i.e. ethicists). Results Both qualitative and quantitative results showed that the moral case deliberations, the role of the ethics facilitator, and the train-the-facilitator program were regarded as useful and were evaluated as (very) positive. Health care professionals reported that they improved their moral competencies (i.e. knowledge, attitude and skills). However, the new trained facilitators lacked a clear organisational structure and felt overburdened with the implementation process. The paper ends with both practical and research suggestions for future moral deliberation projects.

The purpose of this paper is threefold: to shed empirical light on the nature and dynamics of the antiabortion movement, to extend or refine the theory of status movements or symbolic crusades, and to thereby contribute to our understanding of the genre of movements t h a t seek disinterested reform. Three propositions central to the status politics/symbolic crusade thesis are examined: first, that "disinterested" reform movements or moral crusades are the outgrowth of conflict between the divergent lifestyles of antithetical cultural groups; second, that participants in such movements are status discontents seeking to defend the prestige of their lifestyle; and third, that the orientation and activity of such movements are primarily symbolic rather than instrumental. Data are derived from telephone interviews with leaders of the antiabortion movement, from participant observation, and from a variety of documents and secondary sources. The findings provide only partial support for the status politics/symbolic crusade thesis. It is concluded that disinterested reform movements, such as the antiabortion movement, can be best understood not so much as attempts to recoup lost prestige or status but as collective action aimed at controlling the nature and production of eulture. Aggregates of individuals frequently defend their economic or civil rights by forming social movements, not a particularly surprising event.1 Somewhat more puzzling, however, are those social movements that arise among individuals who have seemingly little or nothing to lose by the persistence of the behaviors or social patterns they seek to outlaw or reform. Examples of such "disinterested" collective action are legion, ranging from the temperance movement to the McCarthyite purges of the 1950s to the recent crusades against pornography, homosexuals, and evolutionary theory.

Objective: To understand and describe the meaning of medications for patients. Methods: A metasynthesis of three different, yet complementary qualitative research studies, was conducted by two researchers. The first study was a phenomenological study of patients' medication experiences that used unstructured interviews. The second study was an ethnographic study of pharmaceutical care practice, which included participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups with patients of pharmaceutical care. The third was a phenomenological study of the chronic illness experience of medically uninsured individuals in the United States and included an explicit aim to understand the medication experience within that context. The two researchers who conducted these three qualitative studies that examined the medication experience performed the meta-synthesis. The process began with the researchers reviewing the themes of the medication experience for each study. The researchers then aggregated the themes to identify the overlapping and similar themes of the medication experience and which themes are sub-themes within another theme versus a unique theme of the medication experience. The researchers then used the analytic technique, ''free imaginative variation'' to determine the essential, structural themes of the medication experience. Results: The meaning of medica-tions for patients was captured as four themes of the medication experience: a meaningful encounter; bodily effects; unremitting nature; and exerting control. The medication experience is an individual's subjective experience of taking a medication in his daily life. It begins as an encounter with a medication. It is an encounter that is given meaning before it occurs. The experience may include positive or negative bodily effects. The unremitting nature of a chronic medication often causes an individual to question the need for the medication. Subsequently, the individual may exert control by altering the way he takes the medication and often in part because of the gained expertise with the medication in his own body. Conclusion: The medication experience is a practice concept that serves to understand patients' experiences and to understand an individual patient's medication experience and medicationtaking behaviors in order to meet his or her medicationrelated needs.

This research examines how urban adolescents of color who are placed at risk of academic and social failure interpret and respond to noble and ignoble purposes constructed in media texts. Drawing from New Literacy Studies, which provide impetuses for educators and researchers to explore youth’s literacy practices and media engagements as they occur and evolve in alternative teaching/learning contexts, this study uses participant observations, semi-structured interviews, and participant journals to determine youth’s conceptions of purposes. These interpretive methods provide data sets that show how this particular group of youth are, or are not, responsive to noble and ignoble purposes. A Stanford Center on Adolescence 2008 Youth Purpose Research Award funded this research.

In this paper, an ethnobotany curriculum is used as a case example of one approach to incorporating the insights and needs of the local community into the curriculum development process. This curriculum development was carried out in the "Kiriwong Community" in Nakornsrithammarat Province, Southern Thailand. The ethnobotany curriculum was developed after conducting ethnographic research to better understand how villagers might learn to gain the benefits from plants and what knowledge and skills were required to prepare their student to live well in their community. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interview. Developing the ethnobotany curriculum, I incorporated the basic information gained from studying the Kiriwong villagers' needs and (a) their usage of plants into the study of ethnobotany, (b) sustainable natural resource management principles, (c) rural philosophy for education, and (d) constructivist theory to obtain an ethnobotany curriculum. It is my belief that by creating science curricula the take advantage of these local resources it will be possible to assist students to both develop understandings about content and about the nature of science that are in the government's science standards and to learn sciences in their own context. They can apply such knowledge and skills in their current and future situations and lifestyles. Ethnobotany curriculum, rural schools, the needs of the local community, science curriculum development, Thailand

Yoga is sometimes interpreted as a goal-oriented medical therapy and evidence from biomedical research indicates that it can be useful in a broad range of health conditions. Yoga, however, can also be pursued as an open-ended (contemplative) practice. Drawing on participant observation-based research with yoga practitioners at two hospitals in Pondicherry, India and in Fukui, Japan, I explore how yoga practitioners in these settings are invited to move without anticipating an outcome. While educating their attention, they learn to experience the world without judgment and cultivate attitudes such as contentment and non-violence. Taking cues from ancient yogic scriptures, and from phenomenological studies with perception, yoga is considered here as a skill of moving attentively. In contrast to the biomedical focus on prescribing formulaic poses to achieve specific health outcomes, I show that wellbeing with yoga involves becoming aware of different possibilities for being alive.

As meaning is an essential component of occupation, this phenomenological study investigated the meaning behind the activities in a day program for 10 staff members and 10 consumers with moderate to severe developmental disabilities who required assistance to engage in occupation. Methods included interviews with staff members and consumers, and participant observation sessions with consumers. Thematic analysis demonstrated that when the consumers actively engaged in activities and interacted with the staff members in specific ways, both parties found the activities meaningful. The themes were reflective of co-occupation and the importance of a good person-environmentoccupation fit.

There appears to be generally a broad consensus that the multidimensional nature and complexity underlying the critical problems of Africa such as poverty, food insecurity and disease urge for integrated and holistic views and approaches to deal with the challenges successfully. Innovation systems approaches are promising, but in practice they require new mindsets and competences for systemic thinking, institutional interfaces and partnerships. Often curriculum review is seen as a solution to such new demands, but in reality, even before considering curriculum review, it is critical that universities deal with the basic elements of changing mindsets, and building a new vision and new skills for training and research amongst the academic staff. This paper is based on a 'personal mastery/soft skills experiment towards reorienting mindsets and building complementary skills among university lecturers for holistic and interactive learning; and impact oriented research and consultancy. The initiative was conducted with 26 lecturers from three agriculture related Faculties of Makerere University over a period of two years. Overall enhancement it enhanced personal and professional development profiles of the lecturers which resulted in more interactive teaching, a move towards action research, and more marketable development consultants and facilitators. Specifically, the assessment brought out the following outcomes: enhanced self-awareness and taking action to develop their full potentials; the abilities to influence change in the university system through feedback; taking initiative to work in team and promote peer-learning; facilitation skills for interactive learning and collective action processes; overcoming fear to try out new things as reflective practitioners; communication for problem solving -negotiation, conflict resolution; and thinking beyond disciplinary boundaries to influence development impact through action research and process consultancy.

The aims of the present paper are to describe the experiences of patients and staff regarding smoking and violence in locked inpatient settings, and to stimulate debate about the role of nicotine withdrawal in contributing to those experiences.

The importance of the nurse/patient relationship is a central concept for psychiatric nursing. The present research provides a model of the nursing process identifying aspects of the nurse/patient relationship that influence treatment compliance. Five expert nurses and 15 patients participated in the study. Data collection included participant observation, field notes, memos, demographic questionnaires, interviews with the nurses post observation, and a secondary literature review. The grounded theory investigation identified a substantive theory, Getting It, Together, as the basic social process. The core category of the theory is knowing, and subcategories are socializing, normalizing, and clelebrating.

본 연구는 내용중심적인 측면이나 매체중심적인 논의에서 벗어나, 공동체미디어 실천의 존재론적인 조건인 구체적인/물리적인 삶의 공간 속에 공동체미디어 실천을 포지셔닝 하고, 장기간의 참여관찰과 심층인터뷰를 중심으로 한 현장연구를 통해 공동체미디어 실천을 공동체의 형성이라는 관점에서 다각적으로 고찰해 보고자 시도하였다. 연구 결과, 참여자들은 공동체미디어 실천을 계기로 또는 공동체미디어 실천 과정을 경유하면서 공동체적 감수성을 환기하게 되는 정서적 변화를 경험하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 연구과정에서 공동체미디어 실천의 범주를 확장시켜 다각도에서 살펴볼 필요가 있음을 파악하게 되었고, 공동체적 삶을 엮어내는 플랫폼으로서 공동체미디어의 가능성/잠재성도 발견할 수 있었다.
공동체미디어 실천은 추상적인 인식 차원으로서의 공동체가 아니라 구체적인 삶의 공간으로서 의 공동체와 맞닿아 있다. 즉 공동체미디어의 정체성은 공동체와 공동체미디어의 관계 속에서 참여자들이 만들어내는 생성적 커뮤니케이션 과정의 잠정적 산물이다. 본 논문은 공동체미디어 ‘창신동라디오 <덤>’의 사례를 통해, 공동체미디어 실천 현장의 다이나믹을 포착하여 공동체미디어가 가진 다양한 정체성과 다채로운 스펙트럼을 조망하려는 시도를 한 연구로 의미를 부여할 수 있을 것이다.

This study attempts to locate the media practices of community  members within the concrete milieu of local community Chngshin-dong, and then to make sense of what the community media practices mean for them in their everyday lives. Drawing upon the thick data collected from a year-and-a half-long participant observation and in-depth interviews in the field, researchers came up with such key findings as follows. First, community residents -who participate in community media production and consumption as well as other community activities and social events- went through changes in terms of emotions/feelings/affect and experience a new sense of community and belonging. Second, the identity of community media seemed to depend on the outcome of formative communication processes between the community and the community media. This study is an attempt to look into the interwoven dynamics in the field of community media production/consumption and articulate them with other communal activities. It maps out the complex contours and spectrum of community
media within the specific context of quotidian lives of the community residents.

Together with the call for a "green" society and the quest for well-being, the development of public action to prevent dependency make for a good context in which to revive an old idea: the therapeutic value of gardening, or gardening as therapy. What, then, do activists who advocate turning horticulture into a legitimate, professionally therapeutic practice, and to cultivate it within healthcare institutions, recommend? Proving the therapeutic virtues of gardening are the reality they must deal with, either choosing to highlight them or to avoid them. But they must also convince the medical profession, and their ambivalence is precisely what is at stake in that test.

An upper-division methods course taught in Spring 2019 at the University of Toronto. In partnership with the Kensington Market Research Project at the U of T Ethnography Lab, teams of undergraduate students produced 6 ethnographic podcast episodes based on their own original research in a neighboring community of Toronto.

Focus groups have received little attention from sociologists, although they are a commonly used qualitative technique in market research. The data collected in focus group sessions typically consist of tape-recorded group discussions among four to ten participants who share their thoughts and experiences on a set of topics selected by the researcher. We present a brief description of dimensions along which focus groups vary in their format and relate these dimensions to an example from our own focus groups, where the topic is how people think about the causes and prevention of heart attacks. We compare focus groups to informant interviews and participant observation, and we describe their application, either as a self-contained data collection strategy, or in conjunction with other qualitative and quantitative methods. We conclude with a discussion of the value of focus groups in triangulating data collection from several different methods.

Die geschichtsdidaktische Auseinandersetzung zur Nutzung digitaler Medien wurde in den letzten Jahren im deutschsprachigen Raum durchaus intensiver betrieben als so manch anderes Thema. Gleichzeitig gilt in der Geschichtsdidaktik mit dem Schulbuch immer noch ein traditionelles Medium als das „Leitmedium des Geschichtsunterrichts“, zumindest im deutschsprachigen Raum: „Obwohl wir empirisch nur relativ wenig darüber wissen, gilt das Schulbuch trotz eines rasanten medialen Wandels nach wie vor als Leitmedium des Geschichtsunterrichts“, führte Holger Thünemann im Jahr 2018 aus. Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang – wie in dem eben angeführten Zitat – stets auf ein „empirisches Defizit“ hingewiesen. So konstatierte Jörn Rüsen schon 2005: „Es gibt so gut wie keine empirische Untersuchung über den praktischen Gebrauch von Schulbüchern.“ Folgerichtig wurde auch darauf hingewiesen, dass man die Vorstellung vom Schulbuch als Leitmedium „im Blick auf die wenigen Ergebnisse der Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsforschung relativieren muss.“ In einer kürzlich von Katharina Litten vorgelegten qualitativen Interviewstudie jedenfalls, in der auch die Verwendung des Schulbuchs verhandelt wurde, wird in diesem Sinne als Fazit gezogen, dass die „zentrale Rolle des Schulbuchs im Rahmen der Vorbereitung [von Unterricht], wie sie für die Fächer Mathematik und Englisch festgestellt wurde, [...] für das Fach Geschichte in der vorliegenden Studie nicht repliziert werden“ könne. Christoph Pallaske geht jedenfalls davon aus, dass der „Medienwandel an den Schulen kommt“ und stellt in diesem Zusammenhang die Frage, ob sich das Schulbuch „auf der Roten Liste analoger Arten“ befindet.
Im Zusammenhang mit der immer stärker werdenden Dominanz digitaler Medien in der Gesellschaft, und möglicherweise auch in der Schule, stellt nicht nur die umfassende Beantwortung der Frage der konkreten Verwendung und der tatsächlichen Dominanz des Schulbuchs im Unterricht ein immer noch weitgehend uneingelöstes Desiderat der geschichtsdidaktischen Forschung dar. Auch die Frage nach der Verwendung von Medien generell – traditionellen wie digitalen – scheint lohnend, um zu eruieren, inwieweit die prognostizierte digitale Revolution bereits in den Geschichtsunterricht Eingang gefunden hat.
In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus teilnehmenden Beobachtungen im Geschichtsunterricht vorgestellt.
Folgende Forschungsfragen werden adressiert:
1. Welche traditionellen und neue/digitalen Medien werden im Geschichtsunterricht mit welcher zeitlichen Intensität angewendet?
2. Gibt es Hinweise in den Daten, dass neue/digitale Medien das traditionell als Leitmedium des Geschichtsunterrichts bezeichnete Schulbuch inzwischen abgelöst oder dessen Bedeutung geschwächt haben? Ist der prognostizierte Medienwandel in diesem Sinne im Geschichtsunterricht in Österreich angekommen?

Les approches méthodologiques féministes préconisent les méthodes permettant de rejeter la séparation entre chercheuses et les observé.e.s, de cette façon la recherche ne se fait pas sur, mais bien avec et pour les femmes. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous avons opté pour une démarche interactive afin d’étudier une mobilisation urbaine menée par des femmes du Centre d’éducation et d’action des femmes de Montréal (CÉAF). L’observation participante a été le principal mode de collecte de données employé pour mener cette étude portant sur l’élargissement du droit à la ville des femmes (Fenster, 2005). Dans cette communication, nous réalisons un retour critique d’expérience portant sur les logiques de collaboration et des rapports de pouvoir. Nous aborderons quelques éléments caractéristiques des méthodologies féministes pour ensuite exposer  deux enjeux éthiques qui nous ont animés tout au long de notre processus de recherche soit l’acte de parler pour les autres (Alcoff, 1992 ;  Bilge, 2013) et la position insider ou outsider des chercheur.e.s (Dwyer et Buckle, 2009). Bien que cette méthodologie comporte plusieurs risques notamment liés à l’influence induite par la présence de la chercheuse dans les activités observées, cette approche a eu de nombreux bénéfices pour l’accomplissement de notre recherche, pour l’évolution de l’organisation partenaire et pour l’avancement général des connaissances.

There is broad support worldwide for the concept of sustainable development and the integration of its three pillars: economic development, environmental protection and social development. Nevertheless, previous research shows substantial difficulties associated with fully incorporating and operationalising social sustainability features in various sectors. The present article aims to explore further the reasons why incorporation of social sustainability aspects appears to

As a result of cheaper, accessible, and user-friendly technologies, there is an increasing volume of videos created by children, yet these works often lack excellence. Strong pedagogical practice is important to nurture excellence in video production, but there is scant literature in this area. In this paper, I examine best practices through a case study of three outstanding, diverse Canadian new media/video art programs at the middle and secondary levels in which students consistently gained recognition. I specifically looked at background information on each school, the structure and pedagogical approaches of the programs, and the strengths of each program. Although I found that the three programs had different focuses, curricula, and teaching styles, the programs shared a project/content driven, student-centered curricula, combined with collaboration, and community outreach. The most significant of my findings was a focus on artistic and creative practices as opposed to technological ones to foster outstanding school video programs.

demonstrated that stereotypes associated with particular types of car influenced judgements of culpability in a road accident report. This study explores whether stereotypes influence judgements of the speed of different vehicles. In Experiment 1, participants observed films of a BMW 3 Series and VW Polo being driven at 20, 40 and 60 mph. Accuracy of speed estimates was high and no effect of stereotyping was observed. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 when the stereotype of a 'typical' BMW or Polo driver was instantiated prior to viewing the films and despite participants predicting that the speed of the BMW would be substantially higher than the Polo. In Experiment 3, speed estimates were made unexpectedly a day after viewing the films. In accordance with the stereotype, the BMW was now judged as being driven significantly faster than the Polo at the same actual speed. Consistent with findings from person perception, these results suggest that when unambiguous countervailing information is present, stereotypical influences are minimised or overwhelmed, but much stronger effects occur when access to critical information is impaired or ambiguous. The implications of these findings for witness estimates of vehicle speed are discussed.

In this study the patients&#39; perspective of &#39;fitting in&#39; was gained through participant observation and interviews. Eleven patients&#39; stories confirmed that while hospitalisation can alleviate the suffering caused by illness, it may cause distress. In order to minimise this threat to self patients adjust to hospital life. They are supported by family, friends and health professionals in interpreting the social rules of the ward by conforming to, circumventing and challenging them.

This paper identifies the building of community during an ethnographic study of an intergenerational art education program in Harlem, New York City. The study examined intergenerational interactions between seniors and teenagers during their participation in an afterschool art program. Seniors were chosen from a list of 100 persons registered for Meals-on-Wheels, and teenagers chosen were primarily from the same neighborhood. The research described, analyzed, and interpreted interactions between the young students and older participants during the programs three components: oral history, art making, and social service. All activities contributed to the formation of relationships between teens and seniors. Collecting oral histories and making art works intensified the exchange of personal history and culture, reduced age-related stereotypes, and empowered young and older participants. Intergenerational exchanges during art making provided a relaxed, unintimidating setting, and art tr...