Paleobiogeography

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Carnivores from the Late Pliocene site ofV celáre 2 are described and their taxonomy is discussed. The carnivore assemblage includes nine specimens of the families Felidae ( Homotherium crenatidens ), Ursidae ( Ursus minimus ), and Ailuridae ( Parailurus sp.). The scimitar-toothed cat and ursid are common representatives of the Pliocene European fauna, whereas the lesser panda is probably a new species of Parailurus , which differs from both Pliocene species, P. anglicus and P. hungaricus. As a part of a more or less uniform Pliocene carnivore fauna of the Northern Hemisphere, theV celáre 2 assemblage represents a forest and (or) open grassland environment.

This Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Lochkovian (413.6 Ma) to the Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma).  The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).  An additional map showing the disposition of the three major early Devonian faunal provinces (Malvinokaffric, Appalachian, and Rhenish-Bohemian; Cocks & Torsvik, 2002; Figure 9.) has also been included.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 65  Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 66  Late Devonian (early Famennian, 370.3 Ma) Tournasian Supersequence Boundary 
Map 67  Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 68  Middle Devonian (Givetian,388.2 Ma) Frasnian Supersequence Boundary
Map 69  Middle Devonian (Eifelian, 394.3 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 70  Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 71  Early Devonian (Pragian, 409.1 Ma) Emsian Supersequence Boundary
Map 72  Early Devonian (Lochkovian, 413.6 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Extra Map – Early Devonian Biogeography

This atlas contains an “extra” map that shows the geographic distribution of three imp0ortant early Devonian biogeographic provinces: The Appalachian Province, the Rhenish-Bpohmeian Province, and the Malvino-Kaffric Province.  The Appalachian and Rhenish-Bohemian provinces were populated by warm-water brachiopod faunas the occupied the subtropics. Though they inhabited the same latitudinal zones, they were separated by the Caledonian-Acadian mountain ranges.  It is interesting to note that Appalachian faunas appear both in the Applachina Basin of the eastern U.S. and also in northern South America (Colombia and the Amazon Basin).  Similarly, the Rhenish-Bohemian faunas are found in Northern Africa, Arabia, Central Europe, and eastern Avalonia (northern France, Belgium, and southern England). The less diverse Malvino-Kaffirc province occupied cooler latitudes closer to the South Pole.

The geographic distribution of these distinct, early Devonian faunal provices provides an important clue regarding the relative positions of Laurentia (North America), Baltic and Gondwana.  Eastern North America was adjacent to northern South America (Venezuela & Colombia) and England and Central Europe were separated by a narrow ocean from northern Africa. The South Pole was located in the vicinity of southern Brazil.

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, The Late Paleozoic, Maps 65-72, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.33 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

A set of seven atlases has been compiled for each of the principal climatic variables: Temperature (Scotese and Moore, 2014a), Atmospheric Pressure and Winds (Scotese and Moore, 2014b),  Rainfall and Runoff (Scotese and Moore, 2014c), Ocean Currents and Salinity (Scotese & Moore, 2014d), Upwelling (Scotese and Moore, 2014e), Anoxia (Scotese, 2014b), and Lithologic Indicators of Climate (Scotese, Boucot and Xu, 2014).  These atlases show the FOAM simulation results for all 18 time intervals (Figure 1).

(More discussion about the maps in this folio in the near future.)

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 54, Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.47 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

This "flipbook", which illustrates the plate tectonic development of the continents and ocean basins during the past 750 million years, was assembled to commemorate the scientific career of Professor Rob van der Voo.  The flipbook consists of 34 plate tectonic reconstructions that map the past location of subduction zones (barbed lines), mid-ocean ridges, (dashed lines), and collision zones (marked x's). The tectonic reconstructions are based on the global plate tectonic model developed by the PALEOMAP Project. 
The latitudinal orientation of the continents is derived largely from paleomagnetic data collected by Professor van der Voo (xref).  Hot spots tracks and sea floor spreading isochrons (Seton et al., 2012) were used to constrain the longitudinal position of the continents back to  ~200 million years.  Plate tectonic reconstructions older than 200 million years are necessarily more speculative and have been derived by combining diverse lines of evidence from the tectonic histories of the continents (e.g., timing of continent-continent collisions or ages of rifting), the distribution of paleoclimatic indicators (i.e coals, tillites, salt deposits, and bauxites, see Boucot et al., 2013), and in some case, the biogeographic affinities of fossil faunas and floras.
Though a diverse data has been used to produce these reconstructions, this data, itself, is not  enough.  So much time has passed and so little direct evidence is preserved that guidance must also be sought from the "Rules of Plate Tectonics".
Plates do not move randomly but evolve in a manner that is consistent with the forces that drive them.  The principal driving forces are: slab pull, ridge push and trench rollback.  These forces shape the plates and provide important insights into how plate boundaries will evolve.  Simply said, plates will only move if they are pulled by a subducting slab or pushed by the forces exerted by a mature ridge system. The evolving plate boundaries have been drawn to follow this maxim.  It is also important to note that plate tectonics is a "catastrophic" system.  Though "slow and steady" is the general rule, once every hundred million years or so, a major plate tectonic reorganization occurs. These "plate tectonic catastrophes" most often occur when mid-ocean ridges are subducted or when major continents collide. (For a more complete listing of the "Rules of Plate Tectonics", the reader is referred to XXXXXX.
The first "continental drift" flipbook was pushed as an undergraduate research project (Scotese, 1974; 1975abc). Subsequent editions have followed (1976ab; 1978; 1979; 1980;  1990, 1991, 1997, 2004). A more complete description of the data and information that is used to produce the flipbooks can be found in Scotese (2004).  These maps could not have been produced without the GPlates plate modelling software and the tectonic data sets published by Dietmar Müller and his team at Earthbytes.
Special thanks to Maggie Geiger, and Robert and Jonathan Scotese for their help assembling this flipbook.

Time Scale
The age given next to each map represents age in millions of years.  The corresponding geological ages (Ogg et al., 2008)  are:
0    Modern World
20 Ma  Early Miocene
40 Ma  late Middle Eocene
60 Ma  Paleocene
80 Ma  Late Cretaceous - Campanian
100 Ma  Early Cretaceous - late Albian
120 Ma  Early Cretaceous - early Aptian
140 Ma  Early Cretaceous - Berriasian
160 Ma  Late Jurassic - Oxfordian
180 Ma  Early Jurassic - Toarcian
200 Ma  Triassic/Jurassic boundary
220 Ma  Late Triassic - Carnian
240 Ma  Middle Triassic - Anisian
260 Ma  Middle Permian - Capitanian
280 Ma  Early Permian - Artinskian
300 Ma  Late Pennsylvanian
320 Ma  Late Mississippian
340 Ma  Middle Mississippian
360 Ma  Devono-Carboniferous
380 Ma  Late Devonian - Frasnian
400 Ma  Early Devonian - Emsian
420 Ma  Late Silurian - Ludlow
440 Ma  Early Silurian - Llandovery
460 Ma  Middle Ordovician
480 Ma  Early Ordovician
500 Ma  Late Cambrian
520 Ma  Middle Cambrian
540 Ma  Cambrian-Precambrian
560 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Ediacaran
600 Ma  Neoporterozoic - m. Ediacaran
630 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
660 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
690 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Cryogenian
720 Ma  m. Cryogenian
750 Ma  m. Cryogenian


References Cited

Ogg, J., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, 177 p.
Scotese, C.R. 1974. First Flip Book Images (from 35mm film from PLATO System), Unpublished.
Scotese, C.R., and Baker, D.W., 1975a. Continental drift reconstructions and animation, Journal of Geological Education, 23: 167-171.
Scotese, C.R., 1975b.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1stedition.Chicago, Illinois. (single page version

Scotese, C.R., 1975c.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1st edition. Chicago, Illinois. (double page version)
Scotese, C.R., 1976a. Continental
Drift “Flip Book”,  edition 1.5, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois. ResearchGate  Academia
Scotese, C.R., 1976b. A continental drift “flip book", Computers & Geosciences, 2:113-116.
Scotese, C.R., and Ziegler, A.M., 1978. Paleozoic continental drift reconstructions and animation, American Geophysical Union, 1978 Spring Annual Meeting, Eos, v. 59. Issue 4, p. 263.
Scotese, C.R., 1979. Continental Drift (flip book), 2nd edition.
Scotese, C.R., Snelson, S.S., and Ross, W.C., 1980. A computer animation of continental drift, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 32: suppl. III, 61-70.
Scotese, C.R., 1990. Atlas of Phanerozoic Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Progress 01-1090a, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 57 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1991. Continental Drift Flip Book, 4th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, TX, 49 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1997.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 7th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 80 pp.

Scotese, 2004.
Seton et al., 2012.
Van der Voo,  R., 1993. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys, and Iapetus Oceans, Cambridge University Press, 411 p.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 86, Middle Cambrian, (520 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 81 – 88, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL, https://www.academia.edu/16785571/Atlas_of_Cambrian_and_Early_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the one used by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2014.10 This Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Berriasian (143 Ma) to the late Albian (101.8 Ma).  The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).
Also numeric time values are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).  For several stages there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (supersequence boundary) during that time interval.

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 23  Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 24  Early Cretaceous (middle Albian, 106 Ma)
Map 25  Early Cretaceous (early Albian, 110 Ma)  Albian Supersequence Boundary and Transgressive System Tract
Map 26  Early Cretaceous (late Aptian, 115.2 Ma)
Map 27  Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 28  Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 127.5 Ma)
Map 29  Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian, 132 Ma)
Map 30  Early Cretaceous (Valanginian, 137 Ma) Barremian-Hauterivian Supersequence boundary and Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 31  Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 23-31, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2014.07 This Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Early Miocene (Auquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) to the Present-day.  The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Ogg, Ogg & Gradstein (2008).

For Maps 3, 5 and 7, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change, in meters, relative to present-day sea level. 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 01  Modern World (Holocene, 0.0 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 02  Last Glacial Maximum (Pleistocene, 21,000 years ago) Anthropocene Supersequence Boundary 
Map 03  Plio-Pleistocene, (Gelasian & Piacenzian, 2.588 Ma Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 04  Latest Miocene (Messinian Event, 6.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 05  Middle/Late Miocene, (Serravallian and Tortonian, 10.5 Ma) Messinian Supersequence Boundary & Tortonian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 06  Middle Miocene (Langhian, 14.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 07  Early Miocene (Aquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) Serravallian Supersequence Boundary, Aquitanian Maximum Flooding Surface

This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 1-7, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.



References Cited

Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.

Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions,  Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2014.11 This Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Hettangian (198 Ma) to the Jurassic/Cretaceoous Boundary (145.5 Ma).  The maps are from volume 3 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 32  Jurassic/Cretaceous Boundary (145.5 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 33  Late Jurassic (Tithonian, 148.2 Ma) Highstand Systems Track 
Map 34  Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, 153.2) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 35  Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 36  Middle Jurassic (Callovian, 164.5 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 37  Middle Jurassic (Bajocian & Bathonian, 169.7 Ma) Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 38  Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, 173.2 Ma) Bathonian-Bajocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 39  Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma) Toarcian Supersequence Boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 40  Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian, 186.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 41  Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, 193 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 42  Early Jurassic (Hettangian, 198 Ma) Pliensbachian Supersequence Boundary


This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 3, The Jurassic and Triassic, Maps 32-42, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.53 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Belemnites (order Belemnitida), a very successful group of
Mesozoic cephalopods, provide an important clue for understanding Mesozoic marine ecosystems and the origin of modern cephalopods. Following current hypotheses, belemnites originated in the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian, 201.6–197 Ma) with very small forms. Accord- ing to this view their paleobiogeographic distribution was restricted to northern Europe until the Pliensbachian (190–183 Ma). The fossil record is, however, biased by the fact that all the previous studies on belemnites focused on Europe. Here we report two belemnite taxa from the Hettangian of Japan: a new species of the Sinobelemnitidae and a large taxon of the suborder Belemnitina. The Sinobelemnitidae, which may be included in the future in a new suborder, have also been recorded from the Triassic of China, specimens so far poorly under- stood. The presence of a very large rostrum attributed to the Belemni- tina suggests in addition that a diverse belemnite fauna evolved earlier than previously thought. Our new findings therefore (1) extend the origin of the belemnites back by ~33 m.y. into the Triassic, (2) suggest that this group did not necessarily originate in northern Europe, and (3) imply that belemnites survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, one of the five big mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic. Since belem- nites provided a considerable amount of food as prey, the origination of belemnites is probably an important event also for the evolution of their predators, such as marine reptiles and sharks.

2014.12 This Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) to the end of the Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma).  The maps are from volumes 3 and 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 43  Late Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 44  Late Triassic (Norian, 210 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface 
Map 45  Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 46  Middle Triassic (Ladinian, 232.9 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 47  Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 48  Early Triassic (Induan & Olenekian, 248.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Track
Map 49  Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma) Norian Supersequence Boundary
Map 50  Late Permian (Lopingian, 255.7 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 51  late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 52  Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps, maps 43 - 48 from Volume 3 of the PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS (Jurassic and Triassic) and maps 49 – 52 from Volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Late Paleozoic), Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 82, Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 81 – 88, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL, https://www.academia.edu/16785571/Atlas_of_Cambrian_and_Early_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the one used by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2014.09 This Atlas of Late Cretaceous Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Cenomanian (96.6 Ma) to the K/T Boundary(65.5 Ma).  The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).  For several time intervals there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (sequence boundary) during that stage.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 16  K/T Boundary (latest Maastrichtian, 65.5 Ma)
Map 17  Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma) 
Map 18  Late Cretaceous  (Late Campanian, 73.8 Ma) 
Map 19  Late Cretaceous  (Early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 20  Late Cretaceous (Santonian  & Coniacian, 86 Ma)
Map 21  Mid Cretaceous  (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 22  Mid Cretaceous  (Cenomanian, 96.6 Ma)

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 16 ╨ 22, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2014.08 This Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Paleocene (60.6 Ma) to the Late Oligocene (25.7 Ma).  The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Ogg, Ogg & Gradstein (2008).

For Maps 8, 10, 12, and 15, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change (m) relative to present-day sea level. 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 08  Late Oligocene (Chattian, 25.7 Ma Ma) Aquitanian Superseqeunce Boundary & Late Oligocene Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 09  Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface 
Map 10  Late Eocene, (Priabonian, 35.6 Ma) Rupelian Supersequence Boundary & Priabonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 11  late Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 38.8 Ma) Bartonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 12  early Middle Eocene, (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma) Lutetian Maximum Flooding Surface & Lutetian Supersequence Boundary
Map 13  Early Eocene (Ypresian, 52.2 Ma) Ypresian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 14  Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (PETM, Thanetian/Ypresian Boundary, 55.8 Ma) PETM Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 15  Paleocene (Danian & Thanetian, 60.6 Ma) Paleocene Maximum Flooding Surface & Danian Supersequence Boundary

This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 8-15, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.



References Cited

Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.

Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions,  Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 57, Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian 301.2 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

This "flipbook", which illustrates the plate tectonic development of the continents and ocean basins during the past 750 million years, was assembled to commemorate the scientific career of Professor Rob van der Voo.  The flipbook consists of 34 plate tectonic reconstructions that map the past location of subduction zones (barbed lines), mid-ocean ridges, (dashed lines), and collision zones (marked x's). The tectonic reconstructions are based on the global plate tectonic model developed by the PALEOMAP Project. 
The latitudinal orientation of the continents is derived largely from paleomagnetic data collected by Professor van der Voo (xref).  Hot spots tracks and sea floor spreading isochrons (Seton et al., 2012) were used to constrain the longitudinal position of the continents back to  ~200 million years.  Plate tectonic reconstructions older than 200 million years are necessarily more speculative and have been derived by combining diverse lines of evidence from the tectonic histories of the continents (e.g., timing of continent-continent collisions or ages of rifting), the distribution of paleoclimatic indicators (i.e coals, tillites, salt deposits, and bauxites, see Boucot et al., 2013), and in some case, the biogeographic affinities of fossil faunas and floras.
Though a diverse data has been used to produce these reconstructions, this data, itself, is not  enough.  So much time has passed and so little direct evidence is preserved that guidance must also be sought from the "Rules of Plate Tectonics".
Plates do not move randomly but evolve in a manner that is consistent with the forces that drive them.  The principal driving forces are: slab pull, ridge push and trench rollback.  These forces shape the plates and provide important insights into how plate boundaries will evolve.  Simply said, plates will only move if they are pulled by a subducting slab or pushed by the forces exerted by a mature ridge system. The evolving plate boundaries have been drawn to follow this maxim.  It is also important to note that plate tectonics is a "catastrophic" system.  Though "slow and steady" is the general rule, once every hundred million years or so, a major plate tectonic reorganization occurs. These "plate tectonic catastrophes" most often occur when mid-ocean ridges are subducted or when major continents collide. (For a more complete listing of the "Rules of Plate Tectonics", the reader is referred to XXXXXX.
The first "continental drift" flipbook was pushed as an undergraduate research project (Scotese, 1974; 1975abc). Subsequent editions have followed (1976ab; 1978; 1979; 1980;  1990, 1991, 1997, 2004). A more complete description of the data and information that is used to produce the flipbooks can be found in Scotese (2004).  These maps could not have been produced without the GPlates plate modelling software and the tectonic data sets published by Dietmar Müller and his team at Earthbytes.
Special thanks to Maggie Geiger, and Robert and Jonathan Scotese for their help assembling this flipbook.

Time Scale
The age given next to each map represents age in millions of years.  The corresponding geological ages (Ogg et al., 2008)  are:
0    Modern World
20 Ma  Early Miocene
40 Ma  late Middle Eocene
60 Ma  Paleocene
80 Ma  Late Cretaceous - Campanian
100 Ma  Early Cretaceous - late Albian
120 Ma  Early Cretaceous - early Aptian
140 Ma  Early Cretaceous - Berriasian
160 Ma  Late Jurassic - Oxfordian
180 Ma  Early Jurassic - Toarcian
200 Ma  Triassic/Jurassic boundary
220 Ma  Late Triassic - Carnian
240 Ma  Middle Triassic - Anisian
260 Ma  Middle Permian - Capitanian
280 Ma  Early Permian - Artinskian
300 Ma  Late Pennsylvanian
320 Ma  Late Mississippian
340 Ma  Middle Mississippian
360 Ma  Devono-Carboniferous
380 Ma  Late Devonian - Frasnian
400 Ma  Early Devonian - Emsian
420 Ma  Late Silurian - Ludlow
440 Ma  Early Silurian - Llandovery
460 Ma  Middle Ordovician
480 Ma  Early Ordovician
500 Ma  Late Cambrian
520 Ma  Middle Cambrian
540 Ma  Cambrian-Precambrian
560 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Ediacaran
600 Ma  Neoporterozoic - m. Ediacaran
630 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
660 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
690 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Cryogenian
720 Ma  m. Cryogenian
750 Ma  m. Cryogenian


References Cited

Ogg, J., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, 177 p.
Scotese, C.R. 1974. First Flip Book Images (from 35mm film from PLATO System), Unpublished.
Scotese, C.R., and Baker, D.W., 1975a. Continental drift reconstructions and animation, Journal of Geological Education, 23: 167-171.
Scotese, C.R., 1975b.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1stedition.Chicago, Illinois. (single page version

Scotese, C.R., 1975c.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1st edition. Chicago, Illinois. (double page version)
Scotese, C.R., 1976a. Continental
Drift “Flip Book”,  edition 1.5, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois. ResearchGate  Academia
Scotese, C.R., 1976b. A continental drift “flip book", Computers & Geosciences, 2:113-116.
Scotese, C.R., and Ziegler, A.M., 1978. Paleozoic continental drift reconstructions and animation, American Geophysical Union, 1978 Spring Annual Meeting, Eos, v. 59. Issue 4, p. 263.
Scotese, C.R., 1979. Continental Drift (flip book), 2nd edition.
Scotese, C.R., Snelson, S.S., and Ross, W.C., 1980. A computer animation of continental drift, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 32: suppl. III, 61-70.
Scotese, C.R., 1990. Atlas of Phanerozoic Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Progress 01-1090a, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 57 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1991. Continental Drift Flip Book, 4th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, TX, 49 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1997.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 7th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 80 pp.

Scotese, 2004.
Seton et al., 2012.
Van der Voo,  R., 1993. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys, and Iapetus Oceans, Cambridge University Press, 411 p.

This "flipbook", which illustrates the plate tectonic development of the continents and ocean basins during the past 750 million years, was assembled to commemorate the scientific career of Professor Rob van der Voo.  The flipbook consists of 34 plate tectonic reconstructions that map the past location of subduction zones (barbed lines), mid-ocean ridges, (dashed lines), and collision zones (marked x's). The tectonic reconstructions are based on the global plate tectonic model developed by the PALEOMAP Project. 
The latitudinal orientation of the continents is derived largely from paleomagnetic data collected by Professor van der Voo (xref).  Hot spots tracks and sea floor spreading isochrons (Seton et al., 2012) were used to constrain the longitudinal position of the continents back to  ~200 million years.  Plate tectonic reconstructions older than 200 million years are necessarily more speculative and have been derived by combining diverse lines of evidence from the tectonic histories of the continents (e.g., timing of continent-continent collisions or ages of rifting), the distribution of paleoclimatic indicators (i.e coals, tillites, salt deposits, and bauxites, see Boucot et al., 2013), and in some case, the biogeographic affinities of fossil faunas and floras.
Though a diverse data has been used to produce these reconstructions, this data, itself, is not  enough.  So much time has passed and so little direct evidence is preserved that guidance must also be sought from the "Rules of Plate Tectonics".
Plates do not move randomly but evolve in a manner that is consistent with the forces that drive them.  The principal driving forces are: slab pull, ridge push and trench rollback.  These forces shape the plates and provide important insights into how plate boundaries will evolve.  Simply said, plates will only move if they are pulled by a subducting slab or pushed by the forces exerted by a mature ridge system. The evolving plate boundaries have been drawn to follow this maxim.  It is also important to note that plate tectonics is a "catastrophic" system.  Though "slow and steady" is the general rule, once every hundred million years or so, a major plate tectonic reorganization occurs. These "plate tectonic catastrophes" most often occur when mid-ocean ridges are subducted or when major continents collide. (For a more complete listing of the "Rules of Plate Tectonics", the reader is referred to XXXXXX.
The first "continental drift" flipbook was pushed as an undergraduate research project (Scotese, 1974; 1975abc). Subsequent editions have followed (1976ab; 1978; 1979; 1980;  1990, 1991, 1997, 2004). A more complete description of the data and information that is used to produce the flipbooks can be found in Scotese (2004).  These maps could not have been produced without the GPlates plate modelling software and the tectonic data sets published by Dietmar Müller and his team at Earthbytes.
Special thanks to Maggie Geiger, and Robert and Jonathan Scotese for their help assembling this flipbook.

Time Scale
The age given next to each map represents age in millions of years.  The corresponding geological ages (Ogg et al., 2008)  are:
0    Modern World
20 Ma  Early Miocene
40 Ma  late Middle Eocene
60 Ma  Paleocene
80 Ma  Late Cretaceous - Campanian
100 Ma  Early Cretaceous - late Albian
120 Ma  Early Cretaceous - early Aptian
140 Ma  Early Cretaceous - Berriasian
160 Ma  Late Jurassic - Oxfordian
180 Ma  Early Jurassic - Toarcian
200 Ma  Triassic/Jurassic boundary
220 Ma  Late Triassic - Carnian
240 Ma  Middle Triassic - Anisian
260 Ma  Middle Permian - Capitanian
280 Ma  Early Permian - Artinskian
300 Ma  Late Pennsylvanian
320 Ma  Late Mississippian
340 Ma  Middle Mississippian
360 Ma  Devono-Carboniferous
380 Ma  Late Devonian - Frasnian
400 Ma  Early Devonian - Emsian
420 Ma  Late Silurian - Ludlow
440 Ma  Early Silurian - Llandovery
460 Ma  Middle Ordovician
480 Ma  Early Ordovician
500 Ma  Late Cambrian
520 Ma  Middle Cambrian
540 Ma  Cambrian-Precambrian
560 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Ediacaran
600 Ma  Neoporterozoic - m. Ediacaran
630 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
660 Ma  Neoproterozoic - e. Ediacaran
690 Ma  Neoproterozoic - lt. Cryogenian
720 Ma  m. Cryogenian
750 Ma  m. Cryogenian


References Cited

Ogg, J., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, 177 p.
Scotese, C.R. 1974. First Flip Book Images (from 35mm film from PLATO System), Unpublished.
Scotese, C.R., and Baker, D.W., 1975a. Continental drift reconstructions and animation, Journal of Geological Education, 23: 167-171.
Scotese, C.R., 1975b.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1stedition.Chicago, Illinois. (single page version

Scotese, C.R., 1975c.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 1st edition. Chicago, Illinois. (double page version)
Scotese, C.R., 1976a. Continental
Drift “Flip Book”,  edition 1.5, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois. ResearchGate  Academia
Scotese, C.R., 1976b. A continental drift “flip book", Computers & Geosciences, 2:113-116.
Scotese, C.R., and Ziegler, A.M., 1978. Paleozoic continental drift reconstructions and animation, American Geophysical Union, 1978 Spring Annual Meeting, Eos, v. 59. Issue 4, p. 263.
Scotese, C.R., 1979. Continental Drift (flip book), 2nd edition.
Scotese, C.R., Snelson, S.S., and Ross, W.C., 1980. A computer animation of continental drift, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 32: suppl. III, 61-70.
Scotese, C.R., 1990. Atlas of Phanerozoic Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Progress 01-1090a, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 57 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1991. Continental Drift Flip Book, 4th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, TX, 49 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 1997.  Continental Drift Flip Book, 7th edition, PALEOMAP Project, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 80 pp.

Scotese, 2004.
Seton et al., 2012.
Van der Voo,  R., 1993. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys, and Iapetus Oceans, Cambridge University Press, 411 p.

Therizinosaurians are among the most poorly understood dinosaurs. Their unusual morphology and fragmentary fossil record has precluded a synthetic understanding of the group since their remains were first discovered over 60 years ago. Although the clade was recently substantiated as a monophyletic group of maniraptoran theropods, little foundational work has been conducted at the species level. A recent plethora of therizinosaurian discoveries – including the most complete primitive and derived members recovered to date – permits an alpha taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the clade. The phylogenetic analysis presented is the most comprehensive yet conducted for Therizinosauria, and provides a foundation for scrutinizing previous definitions of Therizinosauria, Therizinosauroidea and Therizinosauridae. Here, support is provided for the maintenance of all three taxa; however, Therizinosauria is redefined and Falcarius is excluded from Therizinosauroidea. In addition, the previously described therizinosauroids, Beipiaosaurus, Enigmosaurus, Suzhousaurus, Segnosaurus and Therizinosaurus, are rediagnosed and photodocumented. In contrast to other analyses, the ingroup topology recovered in this study suggests intermediate (therizinosauroid) status for Neimongosaurus, Erliansaurus and Enigmosaurus (based on relatively primitive pelvic morphology), despite the derived forelimb anatomy evident in the former two taxa. Here, the largebodied taxa Nothronychus and Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus are recovered as therizinosaurids. This discrepancy indicates a relatively complex pattern of mosaic evolution, which may ultimately be found to correlate with body-size trends in the clade. This work also reviews the chronostratigraphic and biogeographic distribution of therizinosaurian taxa and putatively referred elements and finds no compelling evidence of the clade outside of Asia and North America, nor for the referral of therizinosaurian materials from Kazakhstan to cf. Neimongosaurus. Time calibration of ingroup relationships indicates a pre-Turonian dispersal event is needed to account for the presence of therizinosaurids in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; this conclusion supports previous hypotheses of a Laurasian faunal interchange event during the Albian.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 79 Late Ordovician (Caradoc, 456 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL. https://www.academia.edu/16744278/Atlas_of_Silurian_and_Middle-Late_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps
Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the one used by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

The older continental part of Southeast Asia is a composite of four tectonic blocks (Sibumasu, Manabor, Indochina and South China Blocks) which have had independent pre-Triassic histories.
Carboniferous sediments on these blocks are predominantly shallow marine with subordinate epicontinental and continental deposits. The Carboniferous of the Sibumasu Block consists of continental margin deposits including extensive glacial-marine diamictites. Shallow marine elastics (with reefal limestones) and abundant volcanics are the main Carboniferous deposits on the Manabor Block which is interpreted as a possible Island Arc during the Carboniferous. The central part of the Indochina Block was emergent throughout the Carboniferous and was bordered by epicontinental and shallow marine deposits.
Carboniferous faunas of Southeast Asia are predominantly of Eurasian aspect but genera typical of Australian and North American provinces also occur indicating connections between these and Southeast Asia at certain times.
Stratigraphical and palaeomagnetic evidence suggests that the Sibumasu Block was adjacent to Gondwana throughout the Carboniferous. The relative positions of the Manabor and Indochina Blocks are however uncertain.

2013.52 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Ci enci a en el Año Pol ar I nt ernaci onal Li bro de resúm enes del I V Si m posi o Lat i noam eri cano sobre I nvest i gaci ones Ant árt i cas y VI I Reuni ón Chi l ena de I nvest i gaci ón Ant árt i ca Val paraí so, Chi l e 3 al 5 de sept i em bre de 2008

– We compare theropod footprints with elongate metatarsal prints from central Italy with known autopod structures in major theropod groups, in order to more accurately define the trackmaker attribution. Our work, using morphometric analysis, shows the considerable potential of explorative methods such as PCA (principal component analysis) and cluster analysis when describing important characters for a given taxonomic group (body and ichnofossils) and identifying important anatomical regions. Moreover, the results of the analysis suggest that the putative trackmaker is likely a member of Ornithomimosauria, with significant affinities in the posterior autopod structure with the genus Struthiomimus. The fundamental importance of integrating both osteological and ichnological data, when investigating locomotor and behavioural hypotheses, is highlighted. This approach could also contribute positively to the complex cognitive process of trackmaker identification and be favourable for the attainment of a more natural definition of ichnotaxa.

SE Asia comprises a collage of continental terranes derived directly or indirectly from the India–Australian margin of eastern Gondwana. The Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic evolution of
the region involved the rifting and separation of three elongate continental slivers from eastern Gondwana and the successive opening and closure of three ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys,
Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. The Sukhothai Island Arc System, including the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi terranes, is identified between the Sibumasu and Indochina–East
Malaya terranes in SE Asia and was formed by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, Nan–Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo sutures represent the closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented to the west by the Changning–Menglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and Bentong–Raub suture zones. The West Sumatra and West Burma blocks rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian, and together with South China formed a composite terrane ‘Cathaysialand’ in the Permian. They were translated westwards to their positions outboard of the Sibumasu Terrane by strike-slip tectonics in the Late Permian–Early Triassic at the zone of convergence between the Meso-Tethys and Palaeo Pacific plates. SW Borneo is tentatively identified as possibly being the missing ‘Argoland’ that separated from NW Australia in the Jurassic. Palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic illustrating the tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of SE Asia are presented.

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.
Plate Tectonic Reconstruction (Map N)
The plate tectonic reconstruction (Map N) is based on the global plate tectonic model developed by the PALEOMAP Project. The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions illustrates the plate tectonic development of the Earth during the last 540 million years (Table 1).  The plate tectonic reconstruction illustrates the location of active plate boundaries and the changing extent of both oceanic and continental plates. Color-coded tectonic features include: mid ocean ridges (double red lines), continental rifts (dashed red lines), subduction zones (blue lines), continental volcanic arcs (light blue lines), collision zones (purple lines), ancient collision zones (dashed purple lines), and strike-slip faults (green lines).

The Paleozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and McKerrow, 1990; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008.  The Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and Sager, 1988; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008.  For an in-depth discussion of the data, methods, and rational used to produce the plate tectonic reconstructions see, “The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions”,  (Scotese, 2014a).

Paleogeographic Maps (Maps A, B, C, D, & E)
Once the global plate tectonic framework has been established, paleogeographic maps can be digitally created that represent the ancient distribution of highlands, lowlands, shallow seas, and deep ocean basins. This is done by modeling the changes in topography and bathymetry caused by tectonic and erosional processes that have occurred over time. To produce a paleogeographic map of an ancient time, young tectonic features, such as recent uplifts or volcanic eruptions, must be removed or reduced in size, whereas older tectonic features, such as ancient mountain ranges, must be restored to their former extent. As an example, ocean floor which subsides as it cools and moves away from a spreading ridge must be "unsubsided" or restored to its former depths (Stein and Stein, 1992).
The paleogeographic maps in this map folio (Maps A ,B, C, D, & E) use digital paleotopographic and paleobathymetric information to represent the surface of the Earth and the shape and depth of the ocean basins. Each map is composed of over 6 million grid cells that capture digital elevation information at a 10 km x 10 km geographic resolution and 40 meter vertical resolution. This quantitative, paleo- digital elevation model, or paleoDEM, allows us to visualize and analyze the changing surface of the Earth through time using standard GIS tsoftware(ESRI 3D Analyst, Spatial Analyst), 3D modeling, and computer animation techniques.
The process of building a paleoDEM  (Scotese, 2002) begins with digital topographic and bathymetric data sets of the modern world (land & oceans, (Smith and Sandwell, 1997); Antarctica, the BEDMAP Project (Lythe and Vaughan, 2000); and the Arctic, (Jakobsson et al., 2004). These topographic and bathymetric data sets have been combined into a global data set with 6-minute resolution. In the next step, the individual grid cells (latitude, longitude) have been rotated back to their paleopositions using the global plate tectonic model of the PALEOMAP Project. The resulting map is a reconstruction of present-day bathymetry and topography in a paleolatitudal and paleolongitudal framework – not very interesting or informative, but a starting point.
In the next processing steps (Scotese, 2002), the modern digital elevation and bathymetric values are corrected to take into account the complex effects of thermal subsidence of the ocean floor (Stein and Stein, 1992), glacial rebound (Peltier, 2004), tectonic and volcanic activity, and erosion. The result is a “revised” global paleotopographic and paleobathymetric surface, or paleoDEM for a specific geological time interval.  The paleoDEM represents the “best guess” bathymetric and topographic surface for that time interval. To complete the 3D paleogeographic model the new topographic surface is digitally “flooded” by raising or lowering sea level according to the estimates from various eustatic sea level curves (Haq et al., 1987; Haq and Schutter, 2009; Ross and Ross, 1985; Miller et al., 2005).  We have found that eustatic sealevel changes that are about 50% of the values published by Haq et al. (1987), produce the best match between predicted continental flooding and the geological evidence of ancient shallow seas.
On Map A, each digital elevation interval from -10,000 meters below sea level to +10,000 meters above sea level has been given a unique color.  Deep oceans (oceanic crust) are dark blue.  Mid-ocean ridges are medium blue. The shallow shelves and the flooded portions of the continents (epieric seas) are shades of light blue.  Coastal regions and continental areas near sea level are dark green; low-lying inland areas are green.  Plateaus and the foothills of mountains are tan, and mountainous regions are brown.  The highest peaks in the mountains are shaded white.
On Map B, the environmental categories have been reduced to 12 intervals based on elevation. White = mountain tops > 6000m; brown = mountains, 6000m - 1500m;  tan = highlands, 1500m - 1000m; light brown = low plateaus and foothills, 1000m - 800m; yellow green = flatlands, 800m – 200m; green = lowlands, 200m – 0m;  sky blue = near shore & shallow shelves, 0 to -40 m;  light blue = shallow seas, -40m to -120m depth; and royal blue = deep shelf, -120m to -200m; blue = slope and rise, -200m to -1200m; medium blue = bathyal and mid ocean ridges, -1200m to -2600; dark blue = deep ocean, -2600 to -4400m; ocean trenchs = darkest blue, -4400m to -10,000m.
On Map D, all color has been removed and the paleotopography and paleobathymetry is represented by shaded relief (western light source).  The flat areas of the ocean basins are regions where the ocean floor that has been subducted, hence there is no modern bathymetry to reconstruct. On Map E, a modern geological map of the world has been draped on the continents (see Table 1 for Legend).
Two versions for the paleoDEMS are available as supplementary material. A low-resolution paleoDEM with a grid cell size of 111 km x 111 km (one square degree), suitable for climate simulations, and regional version with a resolution of 10 km x 10 km, suitable for geomorphological analysis.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 51, late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.45 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

The Middle Jurassic flora of Sardinia has been studied, and 24 taxa (19 genera) belonging to horsetails, ferns (Phlebopteris, Hausmannia, Coniopteris, Todites, Cladophlebis), seed ferns (Sagenopteris, Ptilozamites), cycadophytes (Nilssonia, Pterophyllum, Cycadeospermum, Ptilophyllum, Williamsonia, Weltrichia, Taeniopteris), ginkgophytes (Czekanowskia), conifers (Geinitzia, Brachyphyllum, Elatocladus) and seeds (Carpolithes), have been identified.  The flora of Sardinia is the southernmost of all Middle Jurassic European floras.  The coeval European and North African floral assemblages (112 genera) are present in a wide variety of environments and different palaeogeographic positions, which is reflected in a wide variety of taxa. A comparison between the coeval floras of Middle Jurassic age reveals a higher degree of dissimilarity than similarity between the various assemblages, which is in disagreement with the general picture of the homogeneity in the Jurassic floras given by previous authors.

In this paper, we describe a non-marine mollusk fauna deriving from late middle Miocene (late Serravallian; Sarmatian) deposits of western Serbia. The assemblage encompasses a diverse land snail fauna with twenty-four species, along with four species of freshwater pulmonate gastropods and one bivalve species. While the aquatic snails are ubiquitous elements in Europe during the middle Miocene, the terrestrial gastropod fauna, consisting of both common and rare species, offers the first comprehensive insight into land snail diversity on the Balkan Peninsula during that time and permits conclusions on regional biogeography. The fauna shows high affinities to the middle Miocene faunas of central Europe and shares only few elements with western and eastern European and Anatolian assemblages. Ecologically, the freshwater mollusks point to a standing or slowing moving, probably highly vegetated, lacustrine environment. The land snails indicate the presence of humid forests around Lake Vračević, which is in line with current climatic reconstruction for the Sarmatian of southeastern Europe. ?Vertigo vracevicensis Neubauer & Harzhauser sp. nov. and Pisidium mionicense Neubauer, Harzhauser & Mandic sp. nov. are introduced as new species. Discus costatus (Gottschick, 1911) is shown to be a junior objective synonym of Discus solarioides (Sandberger, 1872). •

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 76 Early Silurian early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL. https://www.academia.edu/16744278/Atlas_of_Silurian_and_Middle-Late_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps
Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.43 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.51 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.31 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

A revision of the currently available mandibular and dental material of bears from the Late Villányian locality Villány 3 (Hungary) is provided. The presence of 2 bear species, Ursus cf. gr. etruscus and Ursus ex. gr. minimus-thibetanus, is proved in this locality. In its morphometric features, the latter is not supposed to be an autochthonous descendent of U. minimus but represents an independent migration event from Asia. Based on the critical revision/review of published material/data referred to black bears, the only positive record of their representatives in the Pleistocene of Europe is now available in the Late Villányian and since the Early Toringian.

May, A. (2008): Corals (Anthozoa, Tabulata and Rugosa) and chaetetids (Porifera) from the Devonian of the Semara area (Morocco) at the Museo Geominero (Madrid, Spain), and their biogeographic significance. - Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre, 30: 1-12, pl. 1-2; Rabat.

Abstract. The paper describes the three tabulate coral species Caliapora robusta (Pradáčová, 1938), Pachyfavosites tumulosus Janet, 1965 and Thamnopora major (Radugin, 1938), the rugose coral Phillipsastrea ex gr. irregularis (Webster & Fenton in Fenton & Fenton, 1924) and the chaetetid Rhaphidopora crinalis (Schlüter, 1880). The specimens are described for the first time from Givetian and probably Frasnian strata of Semara area (Morocco, former Spanish Sahara). The material is stored in the Museo Geominero in Madrid. The tabulate corals and the chaetetid demonstrate close biogeographic relationships to Central and Eastern Europe as well as to Western Siberia. Thefauna does not show any special influence of the Eastern Americas Realm. 

Key words: Anthozoa, biogeography, Devonian, tabulate corals, Morocco, West Sahara palaeogeographic province  Coraux (Anthozoa, Tabulata et Rugosa) et chaetétides (Porifera) du Dévonien de la région de Smara (Maroc) déposés au Museo  Geominero (Madrid) et leur signification biogéographique.  Résumé. L´article décrit trois espèces de coraux tabulés : Caliapora robusta (Pradáčová, 1938), Pachyfavosites tumulosus Janet, 1965, et Thamnopora major (Radugin, 1938), le corail rugueux Phillipsastrea ex gr. irregularis (Webster & Fenton in Fenton & Fenton, 1924)  ainsi que le chaetétide Rhaphidopora crinalis (Schlüter, 1880). Les spécimens, entreposés au Museo Geominero de Madrid, proviennent  des couches givétiennes et probablement frasniennes de différents gisements de la région de Smara (Maroc, ancien Sahara espagnol), d’où  elles sont décrites pour la première fois. Les coraux tabulés et le chaetétide prouvent l’existence de relations biogéographiques proches  entre l´Europe centrale et orientale mais aussi avec l’Ouest de la Sibérie. La faune ne présente pas de relations particulières avec celle du  Domaine Est-Américain. 

Mots clés: Anthozoa, biogéographie, Dévonien, coraux tabulés, Maroc, Province paléogéographique du Sahara Occidental

2013.55 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.50 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Until now dinosaur tracks from Switzerland were only known
from Triassic and Late Jurassic strata. We report here for the first
time the occurrence of ornithopod tracks from the Schrattenkalk
Formation (Late Aptian) from the Swiss Central Alps. The locality
is situated in an abandoned quarry on the shore of Lake
Lucerne close to the village of Beckenried.
The steeply inclined surface has more than 50 tracks ( in three
trackways) of ornithopod dinosaurs that are attributed to iguanodontids.
Three trackways can be followed for distances of 25 to
35 m. The lengths of the footprints (mean: 30 cm) point to animals
ranging in size of from 4 to 6 m, with estimated hip heights between
1.8 and 2 m (hip height 6 FL) and 1.4 to 1.7 m (hip height 5
FL). One of the trackways shows two succesive manus impressions,
indicating facultative quadrupedal gait.
The track bearing layer consists of shallow water micrites with
traces of emersion, and it is overlain by bioclastic grainstones.
Previously the Upper Schrattenkalk Member in the Helvetic
realm was thought to have formed on a large shelf far away from
any continents. The present discovery will shed new light on the
paleogeographic position of the Helvetic nappes.