Pacific Archaeology

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Materialising Ancestral Madang documents the emergence of pottery production processes and exchange networks along the northeast coast of New Guinea during the last millennium before the present. This dynamic period in the Pacific’s human past involved important fluctuations to people’s mobility, social interaction, and technological organisation. It therefore remains crucial to understanding and historicising the expansive maritime subsistence trading networks that famously characterised the coast in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This book investigates these transformations by exploring the archaeology of Madang District; the heart of the Madang exchange network that revolved around the production and distribution of distinctive red-slipped pots. Potsherds of this style have been previously found spanning a 200 km radius, reaching Karkar Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, and even the New Guinea Highlands. By combining archaeological survey, excavation, craft ethnography, and archaeometric analyses, the volume systematically delineates the production groups that were working within this broader community of practice. The study shows that pre-colonial potters made use of a range of local raw materials and were free to improvise with their forming and decorating techniques but learned and reproduced similar technological sequences over the past 500–600 years. It is likely that social restrictions permitted only potters from a small number of clans to produce ceramics and that the finished vessels were then distributed both informally within the local area and strategically during extensive trade voyages along the northeast coast of New Guinea. These results therefore cast light on an important but previously obscured aspect of Pacific culture history and provide a model for how craft production and exchange processes have manifested and co-modified across the generations

The conference at Gotland University assembled over 200 Pacific Islands scholars, scientists, students and enthusiasts in the island city of Visby in the middle of the Baltic Sea. Like its predecessors, this conference stimulated to new discussions on the Pacific past, present and future. The conference was co-chaired by Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Gotland University and Christopher Stevenson, The Easter Island Foundation. The VII International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific was the first of its kind to be held in Europe and therefore the ideas of the world of the Pacific expands to a global scale.
This volume contains 6 chapters with 40 papers on updated Pacific research in the fields of archaeology and anthropology. Chapter 1-3 focus on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) research, Chapter  4 on Eastern Polynesia and the question on Pacific-American contacts, Chapter 5 on the Western Pacific and Chapter 6 include Miscellaneous Papers.  The main themes at the conference were migration, identity, and cultural heritage. The keynote speech by Professor John Flenley at the Geography Department of Massey University, New Zealand focused on these issues from a paleobotanical perspective that clearly showed how man changes the environment when arriving into untouched Island landscapes. With this as a starting point and background, the discussion continued into cultural complexity and questions on identity...
We hope this collection of papers prove to be a unique and useful contribution to future research in the Pacific area.

● NZ HERITAGE BOOK AWARD 2019
● Two KA PALAPALA PO'OKELA AWARDS 2019
● STORYLINES NOTABLE BOOK AWARD 2019
● Best of 2019 - Radio New Zealand National: 'absolutely one of the best books I have ever read'
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AUTHOR WEBSITE: https://authors.org.nz/author/andrewcrowe/
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Holdaway and Fanning have demonstrated that the scatters of stone artefacts that drape much of the Australian landscape are not necessarily undifferentiated and undatable. With careful consideration of the geoarchaeological context, these assemblages can be analysed and interpreted in useful ways.

In the tropical Pacific, climate change has been implicated as a causal variable in the development of a variety of social processes, including resource scarcity, cultural diversification, changes in spatial organization, and conflict. Hypotheses concerning the effects of climatic variability on cultural change can be better evaluated once links between environmental processes and subsistence patterns are established. Here we present data on approximately 1500 years of shellfish exploitation at the Fatu-ma-Futi site, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. We generate an Agent Based Model to test hypotheses regarding resource exploitation and the effects of climate change on near-shore marine fauna. To date, little archaeological data regarding prehistoric marine resource use in Samoa is available, demonstrating the need for more field research. Integrating models generated from foraging theory and agent based computer simulations provides a new technique for modeling social and ecological processes in complex environments.

Dans le dossier Leenhardt conservé aux archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, on trouve quelques pages détachées d’un journal intime, accompagnées d’une lettre signée : Marius Archambault – l’un des premiers archéologues amateurs de Nouvelle-Calédonie et du Pacifique. En explorant la raison justifiant la présence de ces notes au sein des archives Leenhardt, ce qui peut apparaître comme une anecdote s’avère comme le fil conducteur qui révèle la trame complexe des relations personnelles, intellectuelles et institutionnelles tissées entre le pasteur et la discipline archéologique alors naissante en Calédonie et dans la région. Le rôle de Jeanne Leenhardt, son épouse, à travers sa propre histoire personnelle, s’y montre fondamental. Les connections entre le couple Leenhardt et le développement de l’archéologie dans le Pacifique s’étendent au-delà du monde francophone et de la Calédonie, de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1950. Dans cette contribution, je m’attarderai sur les circonstances de la rencontre entre Marius Archambault et le couple Leenhardt au tout début du XXe siècle, ainsi que sur le soutien essentiel qu’ils offrirent à ses travaux. Le contexte intellectuel sera exposé, mais aussi l’importance des histoires biographiques des protagonistes. De plus, j’explorerai la continuité de l’intérêt porté par Maurice Leenhardt aux questions d’archéologie en Nouvelle-Calédonie et dans le Pacifique, tout autant que le rôle actif qu’il pris dans la réalisation d’une archéologie professionnelle océaniste.

(Maurice - and Jeanne - Leenhardt and the archaeology of New Caledonia: connecting the dots) In the Leenhardt file that is kept by the Archives of New Caledonia, one can find a few pages detached from a diary, accompanied by a letter signed: Marius Archambault - one of the early amateur archaeologists active in New Caledonia and the Pacific. An exploration of the reasons justifying the presence of these notes within the Leenhardt’s archives reveals the complex web of personal, intellectual and institutional relationships woven between the pastor and the archaeological discipline then emerging in New Caledonia and the region. The role of Jeanne Leenhardt, his wife, through her own personal history, is fundamental. The connections between the Leenhardts and the development of archaeology in the Pacific extend beyond the French-speaking world and New Caledonia, from the end of the 19th century to the 1950s. In this contribution, I focus on the circumstances of the encounter between Marius Archambault and the Leenhardts at the very beginning of the 20th century, as well as the essential support they offered to his work. The intellectual background is exposed, but also the importance of the biographical histories of the protagonists. In addition, I explore the continuity of Maurice Leenhardt's interest in archaeological issues throughout New Caledonia and the Pacific, as well as the active role he took in the development of professional archaeology in Oceania.

Although here in DuPage we are very far from the Pacific, this class will help you become literate with regards to the cultures and histories of Pacific island societies. Each person living in the Pacific is part of an ongoing story of movement, settlement, and adaptation to island environments that has produced remarkable histories of cultural accomplishment and political struggle. Although relatively small in population, the Pacific islands span one-third of the globe, encompass about one fourth of the world’s languages, and include some of its most unique ecological zones. The Pacific has been an object of western world interest and fantasy since the earliest days of exploration, and continues to generate all kinds of exotic images, whether of paradise, of “disappearing” cultures, or threatened ecologies.

In this course, we will be concerned both with the experience of indigenous communities and with representations of the Pacific generated inside and outside the region. Pacific prehistory of travel began with Pleistocene movement of Homo sapiens sapiens, continued with Lapita colonization which gave way to the far-flung voyages of Polynesian navigators. Pacific indigenous settlement was then followed by waves of European explorers, missionaries, and colonizers. These movements have produced dramatic, and often tragic, stories of cultural encounter and transformation. The experience of Pacific communities, past and present, has much to teach us about living in communities that contend with global flows of people, culture, and capital. Today island travelers continue to move through national capitals and metropolitan centers from Honolulu to Los Angeles and Auckland, fashioning new forms and identities that extend the boundaries of the Pacific.

Within Micronesia, the southern Mariana archipelago stands
out for the quantity and variety of its rock art, images painted and incised
on the dark walls of caves and rock shelters. The small images colored red, brown, black and white have attracted scholarly and popular attention for decades. Most archaeological accounts of these sites take the historical narrative form, about events in the Chamorro past. This approach to the archaeological record serves an important function, affirming the legitimacy of Chamorro identity. Anthropological archaeologists have a different purpose and “identity”: explaining cultural variability, locally and globally, as scientists. Both approaches generate stories but the anthropological framework involves stories that are subject to empirical test, while the structure of culture histories precludes direct falsification and encourages ad hoc accommodation, or complete ignoring, of inconsistent findings. Both approaches co-exist but have different implications for understanding prehistoric rock art in small scale, non-literate societies generally.

The possibility that Polynesian seafarers made landfall and interacted with the native people of the New World before Columbus has been the topic of academic discussion for well over a century, although American archaeologists have considered the idea verboten since the 1970s. Fresh discoveries made with the aid of new technologies along with re-evaluation of longstanding but often-ignored evidence provide a stronger case than ever before for multiple prehistoric Polynesian landfalls. This book reviews the debate, evaluates theoretical trends that have discouraged consideration of trans-oceanic contacts, summarizes the historic evidence and supplements it with recent archaeological, linguistic, botanical, and physical anthropological findings. Written by leading experts in their fields, this is a must-have volume for archaeologists, historians, anthropologists and anyone else interested in the remarkable long-distance voyages made by Polynesians. The combined evidence is used to arg...

Recent genomic analyses show that the earliest peoples reaching Remote Oceania – associated with Austronesian-speaking Lapita culture – were almost completely East Asian, without detectable Papuan ancestry. Yet Papuan-related genetic ancestry is found across present-day Pacific populations, indicating that peoples from Near Oceania have played a significant – but largely unknown – ancestral role. Here, new genome-wide data from 19 South Pacific individuals provide direct evidence of a so-far undescribed Papuan expansion into Remote Oceania starting ~2,500 years before present, far earlier than previously estimated and supporting a model from historical linguistics. New genome-wide data from 27 contemporary ni-Vanuatu demonstrate a subsequent and almost complete replacement of Lapita-Austronesian by Near Oceanian ancestry. Despite this massive demographic change, incoming Papuan languages did not replace Austronesian languages. Population replacement with language continuity is extremely rare – if not unprecedented – in human history. Our analyses show that rather than one large-scale event, the process was incremental and complex, with repeated migrations and sex-biased admixture with peoples from the Bismarck Archipelago.

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2019. The Rapanui Manuscript E Reveals Secrets: The Real Bilingual Key to the Rongorongo has been Found. The paper. 6 pages.

The original was first delivered by Sergei V. Rjabchikov as the paper “The Rapanui Manuscript E Reveals Secrets: The Real Bilingual Key to the Rongorongo has been Found” on the scientific session of the Sergei Rjabchikov Foundation – Research Centre for Studies of Ancient Civilisations and Cultures in Krasnodar on February 6, 2019.

Keywords: Easter Island, Rapanui, Rapa Nui, Rapanui, Polynesia, rongorongo, script, writing, Manuscript E, hieroglyphic script

Between c. AD 1400–1900, Yapese islanders in western Micronesia travelled to the Palauan archipelago to carve large circular or ovoid-shaped disks. Often referred to as ‘stone money’, they were made from a speleothem flowstone variety of limestone that formed by calcite precipitation along cave walls. These disks were an engineering marvel, and their transport to Yap by watercraft, more than 400 km away, makes them the heaviest objects ever moved over open-ocean by traditional Pacific Islanders. Thousands of pieces were brought to Yap pre- and post-European contact, and were (and still are) highly prized as important exchange valuables and symbols of cultural tradition. One of the most fundamental questions regarding stone money is how and where it originated, given that Yap has no native sources of limestone. Palau and Yap are part of an intra-oceanic island-arc-trench system that separates the Pacific and Philippine plates. Yap is unusual in that it is mainly composed of metamorphic, not volcanic rocks. Yap also lacks uplifted limestone terrains common in the neighbouring archipelagos (e.g. Palau and the Marianas). To address these questions, we examined the occurrence of rare, small, and lichen-covered outcrops of calcitic marble (metamorphosed limestone) on Yap. While there are no definitive records of Yapese stone money being produced from marble, this study documents an attempt to carve a disk from this material. We suggest that the white colour, crystalline texture, and shiny lustre of marble may have initially inspired the Yapese to seek similar material elsewhere. The discovery of abundant flowstone with similar composition and appearance on Palau, may have been the impetus for why this exchange system began. Even though the surface of most stone money on Yap is now darkened due to weathering, this would not have diminished its overall value, which is based on numerous other variables such as its pedigree, and not on visual appearance.

New-Caledonian archaeology mainly started to focus on the last millennium of the pre-European chronology with the creation of the Archaeology Department of New Caledonia, in the early 1990’s. A series of fieldworks specifically investigating what has been labelled « the traditional Kanak cultural complex » were put in place. A set of data and preliminary analyses mainly looking at the northern half of Grande Terre has progressively been constituted. Building on these studies, spatial analyses and comparisons of archaeological and ethnographical data were realised in order to define the territorial system and spatial occupation patterns of pre-contacts Kanak societies in this region of New Caledonia. This article synthesizes the main results of these studies.

The archaeological analysis of the Leone Village site was conducted to keep a road revetment project, for the Federal Highway Administration (“FHA”), in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (“NHPA”), as amended. The Act requires all federally funded projects to record and mitigate damage to historic sites, usually greater than fifty (50) years of age. The American Samoa Historic Preservation Office (“ASHPO”) requires that construction crews follow both the mandates of the NHPA, the American Samoa Coastal Management Act of 1990 (“ASCMA”), and adhere to the provisions of the American Samoa Project Notification and Review System (“PNRS”), which further protects historic sites.

Although the FHA employed a proficient archaeologist, the late David Kennedy, to survey for prehistoric sites, Kennedy did not find the prehistoric site at Leone, a town on the southwest coast of Tutuila Island in American Samoa. During a subsequent PNRS survey, in May of 2012, ASHPO archaeologists identified the site. To fulfill the requirements of the NHPA, ASHPO archaeologists completed Phase I, II, and III mitigation activities at the locale. Assisting the ASHPO was an archaeology crew from the American Samoa Power Authority (“ASPA”) and volunteers primarily from Leone village. These methodologies comprised the clearance of vegetation, pedestrian surveys, the mitigation of shovel-test pits, and excavation of square-meter units. 

Archaeologists retrieved an array of artifacts including Polynesian plainware ceramic sherds, adzes, adze pre-forms, debitage, fire-cracked rocks, scrapers, and blades. The use of ceramics at Leone and two other sites indicate ceramic utilization was more widespread than previously recorded in archaeological literature. This study serves to highlight the need for additional surveys in western Tutuila Island and along Polynesian shorelines.

This paper describes osteometric dimensions and anatomical features of the Polynesian dog of New Zealand (kuri) and phenotype reconstruction is made using regression formulae. Compared to other prehistoric dog populations, kuri were found to exhibit low to moderate levels of morphological variation. Studies of ancient dog remains have tended to focus on the metric variation found in cranial remains, and post-cranial elements are not reported. It is suggested that a holistic approach, incorporating anatomical and osteometric data from cranial and appendicular remains, will provide better archaeological data on which to base population comparisons.

Angle-hafted bone tattoo combs are found on many Pacific islands
occupied by people speaking languages of the Oceanic sub-group of
the Austronesian linguistic family, with the most elaborate bone tattoo
tools restricted to Polynesia. A critical problem in understanding
the development of an Oceanic tattooing tradition based on hafted
bone combs is their conspicuous absence from nearly all early sites
in the region. Did tattooing with bone combs arrive in the Pacific
with early Neolithic dispersals around 3,000 years ago, or was it an
innovation that developed in West Polynesia that was later diffused
to other parts of the Pacific? AMS dating and traceological examination
of four bone combs from a site in Tonga indicate they are the
oldest multi-toothed tattooing implements in the Pacific and confirm
the existence of the angle-hafted bone comb technology in Polynesia

2,700 years ago. The basic tattooing toolkit represented by narrow
bone combs from the TO.1 site appear to have been remarkably stable
over millennia and we suggest that the angle-hafted bone comb
probably dispersed from West Polynesia to other parts of Oceania.

On 28 November 1520, Ferdinand Magellan and his depleted fleet of ships, with fair weather, sailed around the tip of South America in what would be the world’s first successful circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan’s main objective was to find a westward route to the Moluccas or ‘Spice Islands’ on the equator and claim their wealth for the Spanish Crown. However, instead of reaching the Moluccas first, Magellan landed on Guam in the northwest Pacific at 12
N on 6 March 1521, passing only two uninhabited islands along the way. Three questions arise: first, why did he have such fair weather on leaving the Straits in a region notorious for severe conditions? Second, why did Magellan sail so far north of the Moluccas, which he knew to lay at the equator, especially considering that the crew was suffering from severe malnutrition, dehydration and scurvy? Third, how did the fleet sail more than 15,000 kilometres without sighting any of the thousands of islands scattered throughout the Pacific? We postulate that the answers to these questions are linked. Using computer simulations, the authors examine the extent to which oceanographic conditions, a possible El Nino event and decisions made by Magellan helped structure one of the world’s most famous voyages.

What does being an archaeologist mean to Indigenous persons? How and why do some become archaeologists? What has led them down a path to what some in their communities have labeled a colonialist venture? What were are the challenges they have faced, and the motivations that have allowed them to succeed? How have they managed to balance traditional values and worldview with Western modes of inquiry? And how are their contributions broadening the scope of archaeology? Indigenous archaeologists have the often awkward role of trying to serves as spokespeople both for their home community and for the scientific community of archaeologists. This volume tells the stories—in their own words-- of 36 indigenous archaeologists from six continents, how they became archaeologists, and how their dual role affects their relationships with their community and their professional colleagues.

The involvement of Christian missionaries in the development of Pacific archaeology often remains on the fringes of the discipline's history. This paper aims to contribute to this area of research by exploring the ideas, methods and legacy of one missionary theorist: Reverend William Ellis (1794–1872). Through an exploration of Ellis's work in Polynesia, specific focus will be directed to the ways in which he read interpretations of Pacific prehistory in material culture, linguistics, oral traditions and island landscapes. Ellis's theories attracted interest from eminent individuals such as Charles Darwin and John Dunmore Lang, creating a complex network of knowledge exchange between missionaries, Pacific Islanders and armchair ethnographers. The involvement of missionaries in early ethnology arguably forms an integral part of the foundations of Pacific archaeology. Investigating and analysing the content and context of work by those such as Ellis has value for understanding the development of the discipline.

Archaeologist Joel Klenck conducted an archaeological survey for prehistoric and historic properties covering approximately 60.12 acres (24.32 hectares) above the current village of Ofu, on the western coast of Ofu Island, Manu’a Archipelago, for the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (“NHPA”), as amended. The project resulted in the identification and recordation of seven (7) historic sites, AS-13-050 to AS-13-056, comprising two hundred and seven (207) historic features, 661 lithic tools or pieces of debitage, 9 coral tools, 32 bones of a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), 4 molluscs representing three species, and 1 metal casing from a bullet. These features, particularly the slope terraces, were occupied during pre-contact periods and afterwards. The survey featured both pedestrian research and ground penetrating radar allowing a surficial and stratigraphic analyses of each locale.

In June and July, 2011, a historical archaeology project was initiated to explore everyday life in and around the early Christian Missions on Erromango and Tanna, Tafea, Vanuatu (Figure 1). The goal was to survey historic landscapes in order to gain important cultural information about the interaction of Presbyterian missionaries from Scotland, Canada, and New Zealand with the native peoples of Tanna and Erromango between 1839 and the early 1900s (Table 1). During approximately seven weeks of fieldwork, 64 archaeological features were documented in five different historical mission sites and the surrounding landscapes, two on Erromango and three on Tanna (Figure 2). This report summarizes the preliminary findings of this research, and points to the future potential of work on historical archaeology in Vanuatu."

The publications by Storey et al. (2007, 2008a, 2008b) describing the discovery and radiocarbon dating of pre-Columbian chicken remains from the archaeological site of El Arenal-1 in south central Chile reinvigorated longstanding debates about the presence of prehistoric domestic chickens in the Americas. Some have questioned the validity of the link between prehistoric Polynesian voyagers and the pre-Columbian chickens of El Arenal-1, requesting more details to verify the dates and the likely origin of the introduction. In this paper we provide an expanded account regarding the dating of the chicken remains from the site of El Arenal-1 in order to reaffirm their authenticity. Their prehistoric age established, we focus attention on a critical reanalysis of arguments surrounding the source of the first introductions of chickens to the Americas. These include historic accounts and hypotheses developed as a result of comparative morphology. Particular attention is focused on assessing the utility of evidence from the study of physical
characteristics of both black-boned, black-meat chickens and the phenotypic traits of the Araucana (Gallus inauris) breed to support pre-Columbian introductions. As a result, we reinforce the previous hypothesis that a pre-Columbian introduction of chickens from Polynesia is the most parsimonious explanation for the available evidence.

In an effort to document the density and distribution of prehistoric chicken (Gallus gallus) remains across Oceania, this paper presents the analysis of reported faunal remains from over 500 individual archaeological and natural sites from across the Pacific. We examined the presence and absence of chicken in secure prehistoric contexts and factors which may account for this, including human choice, taphonomy, the influence of other animals on extinction events, differential access to resources, and purposeful extirpation. This research highlights the need for full study of the large percentage (18%) of Pacific avifauna collections which have yet to be analysed, to clarify the range and importance of chicken in prehistory.

Archaeologist Joel Klenck conducted an archaeological survey for prehistoric and historic properties covering approximately 50 acres, in and around Luatele or Judds Crater, on Ta’u Island, for the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (“NHPA”), as amended. The project resulted in the identification and recordation of twenty-four (24) historic sites comprising one hundred and one (101) archaeological features and one natural feature that associates with a Samoan legend. A National Register Nomination will be submitted for five (5) sites: AS-11-100 to AS-11-104, representing Features 001 to 017, consisting of three (3) tia seu lupe (pigeon-catching mounds), four (4) oval boulder mounds, and platforms, rock walls, and terraces associated with Solo Tagata or “line of people,” precontact features on the rim of Judds Crater.

The power struggle between the children of the first and second marriage of the former Vunivalu of Bau played right into the agenda of external parties to weaken the Fijian traditional system when armed soldiers and police interfered with the traditional installation in Bau island on the morning of June 8th, 2018.

This unlawful event has once again raised a continuous concern about a calculated move for ethnic cleansing of the indigenous identity under the mask of the ''united name'' Fijians for all citizens in the current 2013 constitution instead of the previous name, Fiji islanders in the 1997 constitution.

This is a follow-on concern from related incidents including the removal of indigenous Fijians population figures from the latest 2018 Fiji Census Population Report.

For any people living in the tropical or subtropical regions of our planet, the coconut tree is an invaluable source of vitality. The ​ niyok, or coconut in Chamorro, is sustenance for most Pacific islanders. It is the tree of life. The very first peoples to come to the Marianas some three thousand years ago brought the ​ Niyok with them on their outrigger canoes. Since then, the plant has housed and nourished our people through drought, famine and war. On Guahan today, the local community has neglected the ​ niyok​ '​ s uses and a nasty invasive species has threatened its survival. Using the multidisciplinary lens of cultural ecology and indigenous story telling, this article will first examine the role of ​ niyok ​ in the Chamorro peoples​ ' ​ initial settlement of the remote western pacific archipelago. There is a wide breadth of indigenous knowledge surrounding the innumerable uses of ​ niyok ​ that has enabled the survival and progress of Chamorro people. Celebrating this knowledge is the second goal of this research endeavor, which will also show how efforts to perpetuate our culture and sustain our resources are acts of self-determination. Much like what is needed to realize decolonization, protecting our vital resources requires an immense educational campaign and achievable action plans at the community level. The final goal of this article is to critique the current response to Guahan​ '​ s rhino beetle 1 infestation and to provide solutions that will protect the ​ niyok ​ for the island​ '​ s future generations.

The Pacific region consists of a multitude of island communities in a vast Ocean. The people and material culture on the various islands and island groups are not homogenous despite the close relationships demonstrated by archaeological, linguistic and ethno-historical research. Monuments have generally been interpreted to be tied to ideology and power and often have an extended biography with use and re-use phases. They could be considered both as part of, and active in, shaping and re-shaping the natural and ideological landscape of groups of people. Monuments, especially the ones that have been interpreted as ceremonial sites, have often been used in the discussion of prehistoric migration and interaction of people in the Pacific region but they also play an important role in current Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) and issues related to World Heritage nominations and community involvements. This volume presents case studies from across the Pacific focusing on the relationship of monuments and people to chronology, ideology, re-use, biography and CHM in a local, regional and global perspective.