PVC production

A simplified technique for prediction of pressure distribution, velocity profiles, torque, and power requirements for the calendering of power-law fluids is presented. The technique assumes isothermal conditions, is based on the lubrication approximation and Gaskell's analysis, and uses melt flow index as the only temperature-dependent resin parameter for the prediction. The predictions are found to compare favorably with those made by Vlachopoulos and Hrymak for rigid PVC.

Failure of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) pipes and fittings may be related to many factors, such as, design, installation, abuse and/or manufacturing. A successful failure investigation may require detailed analysis of all these factors to determine the primary cause of failure. This paper will review current techniques that use aggressive chemicals to qualitatively assess the quality of the PVC pipe or fitting. The paper will also review a technique that utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This technique can accurately determine the temperature at which the part was manufactured. It is also able to determine the percent gelation of the PVC material, which is directly related to the mechanical properties of the part.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is currently one of the most produced and used plastic materials, although its' development has been far from straightforward. This paper describes how this material, from its early commercial production on until recently, has been subject to various criticisms concerning health and environmental hazards, but despite and thanks to these criticisms became deeply entrenched in society. Hughes' systems approach proves useful to understand this history; various ways of how the PVC industry has been dealing with reverse salients are revealed. However, to understand these processes, the systems approach has to be broadened with a network-oriented perspective. Outside influences on the system have to be accounted for, as well as negotiation processes between different (sub) systems. Finally, the PVC history suggests that the dynamics of the inter-system relations might be used for de-entrenchment strategies, by addressing higher system levels or overlapping systems, or by stimulating the entrenchment of alternative (sub) systems.

El siguiente trabajo presentado ante la Universidad Nacional San Martin de la Argentina (UNSAM) – Instituto Petroquímico Argentino (IPA), para optar el Título de ESPECIALISTA EN INDUSTRIA PETROQUIMICA, muestra la viabilidad técnico-económica de la instalación de una planta de producción de Policloruro de Vinilo (PVC) en la Región Arequipa, localizada a 1,000 km al sur de Lima – Perú.
El Estado Peruano desde el año 2006 viene dando el Marco Legal y normativo para promover la Industria Petroquímica en el Perú (Ley Nro. 29163 de Promoción de la Petroquímica) a partir del Gas Natural de Camisea.
Inicialmente por cercanía al ducto de Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) que trae el GN desde Camisea a la costa de Lima (Melchorita), se plantearon proyectos petroquímicos como el de Nitratos del Perú (grupos mineros Sigdo Koppers – Brescia US$ 850 MM en ciudad de Pisco – Ica a +/-100 km), CF Industries (Marcona-Ica US$ 2,000 MM, urea y amoniaco para fertilizantes), ORICA que planteo relocalizarse de Ica a Ilo.
Todos estos proyectos quedaron de lado por la Concesión otorgada (2008) para la construcción del Gasoducto Sur Andino de KUNTUR el mismo que requería demanda de GN al final del ducto en Arequipa – Ilo; y por la dación de la Ley Nro. 29690 que promueve y determina que la petroquímica del Etano solo podrá instalarse en el Sur del Perú (2011) y que obligatoriamente se deberá separar el etano del gas de Camisea para abastecer un cracker y obtener etileno para el Polo Petroquímico Descentralizado del Sur.
La decisión política de llevar la Petroquímica al Sur adoptada por el Presidente A. García (Julio 2006 – Julio 2011) se basó en qué; si bien la zona sur del Perú es la zona más excluida, postergada y de menor desarrollo; esta cuenta con infraestructura portuaria, vías de comunicación, energía, universidades, aeropuertos y otros.
Con la dación de la Ley Nro. 29970 de Afianzamiento de la Seguridad Energética y Desarrollo del Polo Petroquímico en el Sur del Perú (2013) y Resolución Suprema Nro. 005-2013-EF, que permitió que PROINVERSION convocara y adjudicara la construcción del Gasoducto Sur Peruano (GSP) conformado por Odebrecht – Enagas – Graña Montero.
Creciendo a un CAGR del 5.0%, se espera que el mercado mundial de PVC llegue a US$ 79.11 mil millones para el 2020 debido al aumento del gasto en construcción e infraestructura en los mercados emergentes de Asia Pacífico. Y América Latina siga siendo un factor clave para la demanda global de PVC.
Se viene desarrollando desde muchos años atrás los estudios para la instalación de un cracker de etileno de 1000 kta, y aquí para tal capacidad instalada se propone se produciría 840.4 kta de etileno para producir polietilenos y 159.6 kta de etileno para producir 350 kta de PVC, en una planta cercana a un proyecto minero que tiene como subproducto salmuera, materia prima requerida para instalar una Planta Cloro álcali, para producir PVC.
Se presenta el estudio económico para la instalación de una PLANTA CLORO ÁLCALI de 204,000 TMA, una planta de producción de VCM y PVC ambas con una capacidad de 350,000 TMA; este proyecto requerirá de una inversión de 1,001 millones de dólares.
El proyecto es rentable de acuerdo a la evaluación económica, a una tasa de interés del 12% el VAN es de 205.29 millones de dólares y un TIR de 13.77% demostrando la rentabilidad del proyecto sumado a un tiempo de recuperación de la inversión de 5.29 años.

Egepen Deceuninck marka, kapı ve pencere sistemleri dekorasyona uyumlu modelleri ve ses, ısı, rüzgar, hava yalıtımı özellikleri ile tasarlanan ürünlerdir. Egepen PVC kapı ve pencere sistemlerine ek olarak cam balkon uygulamaları ile her mevsim ısı ve ses yalıtımı koşulları ile huzurlu bir iç mekan atmosferinin yaratıldığı cam balkon uygulamaları gerçekleştirilir. PVC kapı ve cam sistemleri için sunulan geniş renk seçenekleri ile dekorasyona uyumlu uygulamaların yapılması sağlanır. Egepen Deceuninck pencere ve kapı sistemleri, iç ve dış cam bölümlerinden kolay temizlenebilme, kilit sistemi özellikleri ile güvenlik unsurlarını sağlama koşullarını desteklerler. Egepen Deceuninck kapı ve pencere sistem çeşitleri, Legend PVC pencere özellikleri, Vertex cam balkon sistemi özellikleri, Legend PVC kapı özellikleri, Zen Uno cam balkon özellikleri, sürme sisitem özellikleri, Zendow PVC sistem özellikleri, hakkında bilgiler, alt başlıklardan öğrenilirler. Egepen Deceuninck Kapı Ve Pencere Sistem Çeşitleri Egepen Deceuninck kapı, pencere sistem türleri şu şekilde sıralanırlar: • Legend PVC pencere sistemi, • Vertex cam balkon sistemi, • Legend PVC kapı sistemi, • Zen Uno cam balkon sistemi, • PVC sürme kapı ve pencere sistemleri, • Zendow PVC kapı ve pencere sistemleri, Egepen Deceuninck kapı ve pencere sistem türleri içerisinde yer alırlar. Egepen pencere ve kapı sistemleri modelleri olarak sunulan ürünler ile yüksek yalıtım koşulları, geniş yelpazede renk seçim olanakları, uzun ömürlü kullanım koşulları sağlanır. Kapı ve pencerelere yönelik PVC sistemler, kolay temizlenebilme ve doğa dostu materyalden üretim sayesinde doğa dostu kullanım koşullarını destekleme özelliğine sahiptirler. Özellikle cam balkon sistemlerinde yer alan gizli su tahliye kanalları ile yağmur suyuna yönelik iç mekan koruması sağlanır. Tahliye kanallarına ek olarak, modellere uygulanan kilit sistemleri ile güvenlikten emin olunarak vakit geçirilen iç mekanlar yaratılır. Egepen Legend PVC Pencere Özellikleri Egepen legend PVC pencere nitelikleri şu şekilde sıralanırlar: • Isı yalıtımı, su tahliyesi ve ses yalıtımı sağlama özelliği, • 80 mm oturma genişliğine sahip olma özelliği, • 6 odacıklı PVC doğrama tasarımı özelliği, • EN 12608-1 profil standartlarına uygun üretim özelliği, • 24, 30, 36, 44 ve 52 mm ölçülerinde cam uygulanabilme özelliği, • Kolay temizlenebilme, doğa dostu ve uzun ömürlü kullanım özelliği, • Geniş renk seçeneğini sahip olma ve dekorasyona uyumlu tasarım ile uygulanma özelliği, Egepen Deceuninck Legend PVC pencere sistemi özellikleri olarak sıralanırlar. Legend PVC pencere, 80 mm oturma genişliği ve 6 odalı profil tasarımı sayesinde yüksek yalıtım özellikleri sağlama avantajını oluşturur. Pencere bölümlerinin iç ve dış bölümlerden kolay temizliği sağlanıp, açılım özellikleri ile fonksiyonel kullanım koşullarından yararlanılır.

A knowledge of the complete flow curve, or rheogram, of a PVC formulation depicting the variation of the melt viscosity over industrially relevant ranges of shear rate and temperature is essential in the design of polymer-processing equipment, process optimization, and troubleshooting. These data are generated on sophisticated rheometers that are beyond the financial and technical means of most PVC processors. The only flow parameter that can be readily measured on an inexpensive apparatus is the melt flow index of the resin-mix. In the present work, a method has been proposed to estimate the rheograms of a PVC formulation at temperatures relevant to its processing conditions with the use of a master curve, knowing the melt flow index and glass-transition temperature of the formulation. A master curve that coalesces rheograms of different PVC formulations at various temperatures has been generated and proposed as a tool for estimating the flow curve.

The cooperation of around 200 countries agreed on climate with goal of keeping global warming below 2°C in the
COP21 known as 2015 Paris Climate Conference held in Paris in year 2015. Many conditions were imparted on developing
countries like India to reduce emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO). Therefore use of renewable energy has become great option
to reduce CO emission with zero harm to development. Renewable energy is becoming more important for today’s world because
the non-renewable energy sources we use are going to be exhausted in near future. Solar vehicles are the step towards
conserving conventional energy sources. The use of electric energy which is stored in battery during and after charging from
solar panels is the key principle of solar vehicle. This idea will help in saving our fuels from being terminated as well as
controlling global warming. This paper gives a review over this technology. Functionality, efficiency, key principles, advantages,
disadvantages and challenges of Solar Electric Vehicle are discussed in this paper.

This paper describes an approach for formulation of approximate, generalized field data based mathematical model (FDBM) for the process of PVC pipe manufacturing at some industries. The present work is aimed at establishing mathematical relationship between the responses and inputs at the operation of PVC pipe manufacturing process using single screw extruder. For this purpose various small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries are visited. The operation of PVC pipe extrusion is studied. The study is focused on an extrusion line starting from its electric motor, extruder hopper, barrel, extruder screw up to the extruder die. First of all the various dependent variables in form of responses and the independent variables in the form of inputs are decided. The categorization of these variables are made in terms of pi terms viz. П1 П2 П3 as independent and ПD1, ПD2, ПD3, ПD4 as dependent variables. Then the field observations are taken and accordingly data collection process is completed. After this step, an approximate, generalized field data based mathematical models are developed. This work presents an approach to check the reliability of models, which is executed by comparing error frequency graphs of various mathematical models formed. After that the influence of the various independent pi terms in the models are studied by analyzing the indices of the various pi terms. Through the technique of sensitivity analysis, the change in the value of a dependent pi term caused due to an introduced change in the value of independent individual pi term is evaluated. The ultimate objective of this work is not merely developing the mathematical models but to find out the best set of independent variables, which will result in maximization or minimization of the objective functions. This is achieved by applying the technique of optimization. Thus the objects of these models are tested to optimize the inputs required for satisfying the various responses. The comparative analysis is made of the outputs of the network with observed data and the data calculated from the mathematical models. This modeling and simulation approach enables entrepreneur of small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries to get system wide view obtained by deliberately making local changes in their manufacturing system. They can predict its impact on performance of their machines. With the help of the models, one can find a method to improve the productivity of the industry. The results obtained from experiments are also analyzed by the development of different polynomial mathematical models and its related graphs. Recommendations with respect to improvement in the current operation are suggested and future changes are proposed.

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PVC represents an important part of the cable market in Europe. It is the most widely used polymer in power and telecommunication cables, thanks to its advantages in terms of better cost / performance, sustainability and recyclability, which translates into technical and functional benefits of safety for end-users and consumers. The presentation describes the case study of Cable Group Italy and its attempts to create new cables better in terms of smoke emission and smoke acidity.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) consisting of poly (vinyl chloride) complexed with MnSO4 have been synthesized by solution casting method. The ionic conductivity, dielectric response of the SPE system is studied within the frequency range 100 Hz – 2 MHz. The electrical conductivity was evaluated from ac impedance spectroscopy studies in the temperature range 303-363 K and the conductivity was found to increase with increasing temperature. The maximum ionic conductivity value 1.36 x10-4 S/cm has been observed for 5 mol% at 363 K using impedance spectroscopy technique. Dielectric relaxation studies of the polymer electrolyte have been undertaken and the results are discussed. It is observed that magnitude of dielectric permittivity is high in the lower frequency region due to electrode polarization (EP) effect.

ABSTRACT The use of natural additives, with low toxicity and good compatibility, for PVC is becoming increasingly attractive. In this study, soybean oil additives were prepared by air oxidation reactions and blending with PVC. The oxidation reaction produced a significant increase in the number of hydroxyl groups in soybean oil; however, this kind of reaction results in the formation of a heterogeneous structure due to free radical reactions in the medium. The oxidized soybean oil improved the compatibility with PVC due to an increase in the number of polar groups, such as hydroxyls, and thus a reduction in the amount of atactic polymer was observed. Furthermore, an increase in the molecular weight of the oxidized oil, as well as large amounts of polar groups contributes to reducing the migration of oil in the PVC. Regarding the crystallinity of PVC, the use of pure and oxidized soybean oil causes small changes in the crystalline phase of the polymer. Oxidized soybean oil has great potential for usage as a secondary plasticizer for PVC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42102.