PVC

To reduce the potential of flame and smoke propagation in air plenum cavities, plenum rated communication cable must meet stringent standards established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). These standards are based on NFPA 262. Although no single small-scale lab test has proven to be a predictor of NFPA 262, laboratory tests can provide guidance in developing successful formulations and insight into the mechanism of flame and smoke control.

Coating and lamination are the finish process designed to add or improve specific properties of fabric and it depends on the polymer used and its recipe and also nature of substrate. The polymers used for coating comes in various nature from rigid to flexible according to the requirement. In this project work the polymers used were Thermoplastic polyurethane and poly vinyl chloride and were applied on polyester fabric by hot melt extrusion. Results were investigated for tear strength, Abrasion resistance and flexural rigidity keeping in mind fabrics application. Results suggest that TPU have more tear strength than PVC, also TPU is more abrasion resistant than PVC and more data are shown in the work.

The aim of this paper is to encourage understanding and preservation of twentieth and twenty-first century fashion. It considers the use of plastics by three influential designers of modern and contemporary Western fashion and the challenge of preserving both the plastics and the designers’ intent. Focussing on pieces from The Costume
Institute (The Metropolitan Museum, New York) by three influential fashion designers, Elsa Schiaparelli, Beth Levine and Rei Kawakubo, the paper explores the challenges of conserving their work in its design, material and construction. Each designer responded differently
to the then newly available plastic polymeric materials used to create their visionary designs. Instrumental analysis, using micro-FTIR, Py-GC/MS and EGA-MS, helped to identify the plastics and to predict longer-term changes. Concerns about ephemerality and temporality are shared by both innovative fashion and conservation.
Disconnection between preserving the designs, in the form of museum artefacts, and each designer’s intent, as manifested in the original relationships and processes used to materialise that intent, is examined to understand whether and how ‘designer intent’ can be preserved or represented. The works of Schiaparelli, Levine and
Kawakubo provide comparative case studies to explore the challenges of conservation and representation and to inform the development of a theory of ‘fashion conservation’.

A simplified technique for prediction of pressure distribution, velocity profiles, torque, and power requirements for the calendering of power-law fluids is presented. The technique assumes isothermal conditions, is based on the lubrication approximation and Gaskell's analysis, and uses melt flow index as the only temperature-dependent resin parameter for the prediction. The predictions are found to compare favorably with those made by Vlachopoulos and Hrymak for rigid PVC.

The morphology, orientation and mechanical studies of solvent cast poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) /poly (styrene) (PS) blend films were carried out for various concentrations and draw ratios. Samples of pure PVC, PS and its blends were prepared using standard solution casting method.

Dalam bidang olahraga tertentu material tradisional tetap bertahan dan hanya sedikit mengalami perubahan material, topik-topik yang dibahas mencakup teknik percetakan-polimer yang revolusioner. Busur panah mengalami berbagai macam perkembangan. Maka perancangan sedang diteliti menggunakan PVC sebagai bahan material utamanya dan resin juga bambu sebagai pelengkap. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bow weight, draw weight dan draw length pada busur panah pada yang memenuhi standard panahan. Nilainya bow weightnya 24,44 lbs, 34,16 lbs, 29,11 lbs, 19,59 lbs . Sementara nilai draw lenght sepanjang 25,6 inci, 26,2 inci , 26,8 inci, 26,6 inci. Nilai draw lengthnya 26,89 lbs,32,02 lbs, 37,57 lbs, 21,54 lbs. 

Kata kunci: bow, busur panah, pvc, resin, bambu.

— Mechanical and thermo-analytical analysis carried out on the composites. In order to determine the relationships between structure and properties of composite, it is necessary to carry out different measurements. The tests were: tensile test, hardness test, thermal conductivity SEM, DSC and DMA. The results showed that the mixtures were inhomogeneous. The tensile and hardness test resulted that the composite has stronger structure and an increase in the strength values. From the thermo-analytical analysis the corn cob additive effect in the composite structure can be observed. The result of the DMA shows that the additive works as inactive filler, and does not change the glass transition temperature of the rigid PVC foam.

The goal of the paper is to
investigate mechanical properties of hot air welded
PVC plastics for different process parameter .Hot
air welding technique is considered to be the most
significant development in metal joining during
last decade. In the present work an effort has been
made to join the PVC plastics by hot air welding
technique the effects of critical process parameters
on mechanical properties i.e. tensile and impact
strength of hot air welded PVC plastics have been
studied. Three process parameters i.e. Mass flow
rate of hot air, current and weld speed were taken
as process variables are varied at two levels as
higher level and lower level. Higher tensile
strength can be achieved at higher current and
also study the hard plastics PVC material
properties for better impact and tensile strength.

Rigid PVC formulations containing two different stabilizer systems (tin and Ca/Zn) and TMPTMA as a crosslinking agent were treated with ionizing radiation (gamma and electron beam) at different doses and irradiation atmospheres. The objective was to increase thermal and mechanical properties of this material. Polyene formation was followed through the yellowing index (YI), the extent of crosslinking by gel percentage, thermal resistance by Vicat temperature and the mechanical properties by DMA. Both formulations became colored with irradiation, especially with gamma as a result of a longer treatment time; the gel formation and the Vicat temperature were also higher for gamma treated samples, suggesting that values were enhanced by oxidation. However, DMA elastic modulus traces were almost similar for both treatments. The main difference observed for Ca/Zn samples compared with traditional tin samples was the lower ability of the former system in protecting the material against processing conditions.

The covalent immobilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA) onto the surface of NH 2 -poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes was studied. PGA was chosen because it plays a relevant role in the pharmaceutical industry, catalyzing the production of an important intermediate for the industrial production of semisynthetic penicillin and cephalosporine. Because PVC has no functional groups in its structure, in this work, we focused on the functionalization of PVC with primary amine functional groups for the covalent immobilization of PGA. This goal was achieved through an aminoalkylation process of the surface of the PVC membranes with ethylene diamine followed by activation with glutaraldehyde to finally immobilize the enzyme. Different factors affecting the modification and activation processes were studied, and their impacts on the catalytic activity of the immobilized PGA were followed. The functionalized membranes were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to verify the modification process. In addition, the changes resulting from the modification in physical characteristics, such as surface roughness, water uptake, and mechanical properties, were monitored. V C 2011

Electrospinning is a unique technology that can produce nano-woven fibrous structures with fiber diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to microns. In this work the novel application of this technique as a coating process was investigated and presented. Thus, the electrospun polymer nanofiber coating of PVC was successfully deposited on aluminum, steel and brass. The coated samples were then tested to assess the corrosion properties and the characteristics of the coated surfaces in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphologies and the microstructures of the nanofiber coatings are characterized and assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal degradation analysis (TGA). The nanofiber coatings were of diameters from 80 to 100 nm and lengths from 3 to 5 μm and were compact and entangled with each other. This new promising success of the electrospinning process for coating is believed to have a big impact on corrosion and maintenance cost savings in the various industries.

A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) of polyurethane (PU) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been obtained by prepolymer method and characterised by FTIR; morphological features were examined by SEM–EDS. It has been found that PVC spherical aggregates are dispersed in the PU matrix, but Cl atoms location indicates partial miscibility of both polymers at the interphase which is probably due to hydrogen bonding and/or dipole–dipole interactions. The PVC component influences the phase behaviour of PU’s hard segments, as evidenced by DSC results. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) reveals a complex, multi-step decomposition process with the main mass loss at 503–693 K, while the DTG maxima are located between 540 and 602 K.

The paper reports an experiment to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using local (from Gunung Kidul) and imported (from Taiwan) CaCO3. The laboratory test shows that PVC produced using Taiwanese CaCO3 is superior over that using local CaCO3 in terms of its flexibity. Hence, it is not recommended to use local CaCO3 producing PVC-based products that requires high flexibility such as water pipe, cable isolator. On the other hand, the local PVC may be used to produce, for instance, blinds and compressor.

Novel lightweight and highly thermal insulative aerogel-doped poly(vinyl chloride)-coated fabric composites were prepared on woven fabrics made of polyester fibres using knife coating method, and their performances were compared with neat composite. The composites were prepared by incorporating a commercial aerogel to a ‘green’ poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol. The effect of aerogel-content, thermal insulating property, thermal degradation, surface characteristics, tensile and physical properties of the composites were investigated. Results revealed that aerogel could reduce thermal conductivity, density and hydrophilicity of the composites dramatically without significant decrease in other properties. Experimental results showed that thermal insulation properties were enhanced by ∼26% (from 205 to 152 mW/m-K), density decreased by ∼17% (from 1.132 to 0.941 g/cm3) and hydrophobicity increased by 16.4% (from 76.02 to 88.67 ± 1.48°) with respect to the unmodified coated fabric. An...

The dielectric permittivity and losses of PVC stabilized with cadmium laurate were measured in the temperature range 300-400 K and frequency range 1 kHz-1 MHz. The relaxation behaviour was found to obey the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. The observed activation energy was 1.1 eV which is in fair agreement with that of the a-relaxation in the literature. The arelaxation peak was found to be due to both C-C1 and -0 O C groups. A plasticization effect of the polymer was observed.

A 3C-2D PIV technique was applied to investigate the
swirling flow generated by an axial plus tangential type swirl
generator. This work is focused on the near-exit region of an
isothermal swirling jet to characterize the effect of swirl on the flow
field and to identify the large coherent structures both in unconfined
and confined conditions for geometrical swirl number, Sg = 4.6.
Effects of the Reynolds number on the flow structure were also
studied. The experimental results show significant effects of the
confinement on the mean velocity fields and its fluctuations. The size
of the recirculation zone was significantly enlarged upon confinement
compared to the free swirling jet. Increasing in the Reynolds number
further enhanced the recirculation zone. The frequency characteristics
have been measured with a capacitive microphone which indicates
the presence of periodic oscillation related to the existence of
precessing vortex core, PVC. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the
jet velocity field was carried out, enabling the identification of
coherent structures. The time coefficients of the first two most
energetic POD modes were used to reconstruct the phase-averaged
velocity field of the oscillatory motion in the swirling flow. The
instantaneous minima of negative swirl strength values calculated
from the instantaneous velocity field revealed the presence of two
helical structures located in the inner and outer shear layers and this
structure fade out at an axial location of approximately z/D = 1.5 for
unconfined case and z/D = 1.2 for confined case. By phase averaging
the instantaneous swirling strength maps, the 3D helical vortex
structure was reconstructed.

Thermal stabilizers such as lead, a toxic heavy metal, are incorporated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is thermally unstable. Due to environmental concerns, organic thermal stabilizers like squash seed oil were used in the study. Squash seed oil was extracted using improvised distillation. Two PVC flat sheet samples, with and without thermal stabilizers, were fabricated through incorporation of squash seed oil. Physical characterization, lead content determination, and thermal characterization were performed. Physical characterizations on the PVC samples were done by exposing the two samples in high temperatures. Yellowish brown stains formed in both PVC samples indicated that certain areas degraded due to long heat exposures. Absence of lead in the degraded samples was confirmed through US EPA Method 3050B, thus indicating nontoxicity of both the thermally stabilized and unstabilized PVCs. Thermal characterization was done through the improvisation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Results showed that the fabricated PVC was able to resist heat significantly longer by 168 seconds, compared to the unstabilized PVC by 81 seconds. Squash seed oil improved the thermal stability of PVC, therefore having the ability to replace the toxic thermal stabilizers.

Introduction and Context The transformation of higher education over the last thirty years has had profound consequences for university management. As the scale and complexity of the management challenge grows, so does the need to appoint the best people to university executive teams. However, despite being identified as an important policy issue (Deem 2000), there is little documented research on the recruitment and selection of executive team members in the UK and it has been recognised that this is an area worthy of further investigation (Middlehurst 2004). The relatively little empirical work undertaken to date has focused on vice chancellors (for example, Bargh et al 2000) and, although PVCs fulfil a distinctive and vital management role – as well as forming the main recruitment pool from which future vice chancellors will be selected they remain an under-researched and under-theorised group (Smith, Adams and Mount 2007).

This paper presents a new method to analyze three specific heart diseases namely Atrial Premature Beat (APB), Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The problem is introduced from the discussion of Fractal Dimension. Further, the fractal ...

Introdução Os resíduos são considerados uma fonte atrativa para a produção de energia, principalmente os de base polimérica. Várias são as técnicas de valorização térmica e energética, como a pirólise, que constituem alternativas com elevado potencial no que concerne à produção de combustíveis alternativos e energia. Estas técnicas, quando aplicadas a resíduos, favorecem a formação de produtos com valor acrescentado. A utilização de resíduos como matéria-prima é uma das mais-valias associadas ao processo, constituindo uma alternativa à sua eliminação em aterro sanitário através do reaproveitamento dos mesmos em processos energéticos. Quando está considerado um processo de tratamento térmico, a presença de PVC, um composto com 56.7% de cloro na sua composição, pode comprometer a integridade ambiental, em consequência da formação de ácido clorídrico, gás de cloro e dioxinas, bem como provocar a corrosão dos materiais constituintes dos equipamentos utilizados. Assim, uma possível solução para o seu tratamento consiste na remoção do cloro contido na molécula de PVC, recorrendo a um processo de pirólise a baixa temperatura, a montante de um processo de valorização energética. O interesse no desenvolvimento deste processo resulta do facto desta tipologia de resíduo apresentar grande potencial para valorização energética, possível através de um processo de pirólise aplicado ao material (resíduo carbonoso) obtido após a remoção do cloro nele contido. O presente trabalho contemplou o estudo do processo de remoção do cloro contido nos resíduos com PVC na sua constituição, através da técnica de pirólise a baixa temperatura, com recuperação do cloro através da sua fixação na forma de solução aquosa de ácido clorídrico ou, alternativamente, na forma de cloreto de cálcio ou sódio. Posteriormente, o resíduo carbonoso desclorado resultante é submetido a um processo de valorização energética, produzindo-se um gás de elevado poder calorifico, com consequente potencial de aplicação. Com este processo, a aplicação do tratamento constitui uma alternativa à deposição em aterro

With the increasing of plastics content in solid waste, both municipal and industrial, also increases the interest in its use as an energy source. Some of these wastes are an important potential source of energy and might be valorized using the pyrolysis or gasification processes. However, the presence of high chlorine contents in its composition prevents its management by a thermal process, as consequence of toxic compounds production and their release to the atmosphere. The present work asses a possible process for treating PVC-containing wastes in an environmentally friendly way. It is based on the effective de-chlorination of PVC-containing wastes through a pyrolysis process at low temperature before the carbonaceous residue from PVC-containing wastes being subject to a subsequent thermal treatment for energetic valorization.

This paper presents a new method to analyze three specific heart diseases namely Atrial Premature Beat (APB), Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The problem is introduced from the discussion of Fractal Dimension. Further, the fractal dimension is used to distinguish between the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals of healthy person and persons with PVC, LBBB and APB from the raw ECG data. The work done in this paper can be divided into few steps. First step is the determination of the rescaled range of an ECG signal. Then there comes the necessity of calculating the slope of the rescaled range curve. Through this methodology we have established a range of fractal dimension for healthy person and persons with various heart diseases. The way towards determining the range of fractal dimension for those ECG data taken from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database has been explained. Again, the obtained range of fractal dimension is also presented here in a tabula...

The main aim of this work is to investigate mechanical properties of plasticized PVC modified by recyclate of polylactide film and influence of aging time in humidity chamber on mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach: Static test of tensile strength was realized using the testing machine Instron TT-CM 80. Hardness was tested by hardness tester Zwick. Fractures were examined with a scanning electron microscope Zeiss Supra 25. Before the test, the sample was sprayed thin (0.05 mm) silver layer in order to ensure discharge of static electricity from the surface of the sample. PVC granules used is prepared by mixing together at 70°C: PVC 70, plasticizer-dioctyl phthalate FDO Boryszew Erg production and stabilizing lubricant composition. The final materials being studied, obtained by subjecting of the homogenizing extrusion the mixture of granules PVC and recycled PLA. Findings: The analysis of the results gives a real chance to avoid long-term retention of product made from the plastic in the landfill after the end of his exploitation. Research limitations/implications: For the blends of plasticized PVC and recycled PLA derived from films, further structural and tribological resistance examinations are planned. Practical implications: Obtained materials are characterized by satisfactory mechanical properties which make them ideal for use in the packaging industry. The effect of the addition of biodegradable recyclate postconsumer waste in the form of PLA film on plastic susceptibility to degradation under conditions of moisture was confirmed. Originality/value: The article presents selected properties of blends of plasticized PVC and recycled PLA derived from films. The content of recyclate in tested materials varied from 0% to 50%. Introduction to poly (vinyl chloride) degradable additive made it susceptible to degradation in the presence of water, which initiates the biodegradation of polylactide.