Open City

On one level, sustainable urban development has been the focus attention of most of the planners for the past few years. It is a huge field of interest that needs not only being well studied, but also being implied to all cities all over the world. On the other level, the concept of "Open Cities" is a prospect within the planning domain, which aims at providing equal services and infrastructure to its citizens as well as making cities more attractive to foreign population, may they be migrants, visitors or investors. Hence, cities should be planned in a way to welcome a diversity of people and cultures. This research is concerned with the introduction of sustainable urban development factors into cities to achieve the concept of "Open Cities". It aims at developing a plan that targets most of the problems facing cities, be it on the demographic, climatic, residential, commercial, social or political levels. It is believed that by combining the factors that affect "Open Cities" with the factors of Sustainable Urban Development, one could conclude the specific factors that should be tackled in order to achieve "Sustainable Open Cities". The proposed concept and methodology of combining the factors of Sustainable Urban Development to those of "Open Cities" will be applied on the city of Alexandria as a case study. This will pinpoint and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach.

Nel sistema urbano planetario in cui viviamo, le città si configurano come punti di accumulazione, producendo spazialità in riferimento all'alterità. Con gli effetti della mondializzazione, che vedono il configurarsi di città-mondo e mondo-città (Augé 2007) si può "osservare" una proliferazione di marginalità urbane e sociali. Il presente contributo intende esplorare una
specifica marginalità, quella della popolazione Rom, che in parte, rappresenta l’emergere in Europa del fenomeno planetario degli esclusi (Careri e Romito 2016, 80) e vive la realtà dell’encampent. Quest’ultima consta di due configurazioni spaziali – l’insediamento informale e il  campo – che traducono in modo diverso il concetto di margine e di confine; il primo autocostruito e dinamico all’interno del quale si possono osservare abilità nel saper utilizzare le aree al  confine con l’ordine stabilito, mentre il secondo fisso e imposto come dispositivo di controllo. E sono proprio gli spazi marginali urbani, che accolgono questi insediamenti più o meno di transizione e che spesso attivano meccanismi paradossali di fare città. Il campo tende a diventare insediamento e l’insediamento tende ad essere città, rileggendo in modo inedito le
condizioni presenti. Entrambi portano al configurarsi di realtà urbane assimilabili alle baraccopoli del sud del mondo indagate dalla maggior parte della letteratura scientifica e da cui il nord del mondo non è immune.
Nell’orizzonte teorico della città aperta e multiculturale e dell’informal  urbanism – che vede nello slum un concetto spaziale utile a pensare nuovi paradigmi di progettazione (Brillembourg) – si propone una lettura, parte
di una ricerca dottorale in itinere, sul carattere dei margini urbani, per un ripensamento degli stessi come luogo di sperimentazione e di superamento dele dicotomie che dominano tanto il dibattito  contemporaneo quanto le realtà urbane.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, Medellín/Colombia has undergone a well-publicised urban transformation, both in the city centre and in the peripheral informal settlements, turning the city from one of the most dangerous hotspots of a drug-related armed conflict into a showcase for inclusive urban upgrading. This change has not only benefitted the city’s inhabitants but also improved Medellín position as tourist attraction and target for international investment. Successive mayors and their administrations have invested in the iconic design and upgrading of public spaces, mobility infrastructure as well as educational facilities. Combining participatory practices, trans-institutional collaboration and transparency with high-quality design has been an emphasis in the upgrading strategy. The “recuperation” and “reinterpretation” of public space as a “safe space for all” have been another focal point in the transformation process. Educational performances, celebrations and events in t...

Contemporary studies that look into the formation of urban space show a strong tendency to refer to multiplicity, pluralism and diversity as opposed to a homogeneity that result from the decisions of certain individuals or a homogeneous cross-section of the society. A deeper look into this phenomenon reveals a global mechanism which makes cities within different cultural and geographical contexts less distinct and more similar as a result of socio-economic and socio-political transformations which happen to be the most important agenda of most of today’s cities. As the systematic of rules which this rapidly evolving global mechanism is built upon further expand and crystallize, its impact on contemporary approaches to urban development also becomes ever visible. This neo-liberal system can be defined as a hierarchic set of fundamental rules which reproduces itself through the continuous inclusion of further masses. When reinterpreted through its rapidly changing actors, it reveals itself to be a setup which deals with diversity as a uniform systematic organization.
Throughout the ages, the appearance of early cities, and their interactions with their surroundings and other cities have also led to the development of competitive approaches. Such interactions led to the development of networks and interactive cooperation. Although most studies on these development focus on ‘loci’ or locality, the dominations of the global system which underlies these abovementioned processes allowed for cities to progress based on their samenesses and not just on their distinct qualities through urban interventions. In this context, this study aims to research the infrastructure space, which constituted with a global sameness approach, and its effects on urban interventions.

With a Latourian Actor-Network Theory approach, Urban Design on the Move follows a young design team's transformative journey of implementing the Europan 4 winning project at Heraklion's old city waterfront in Crete, Greece. During the design trajectory, the team mediates several controversies that become decisive for the project's outcome. Together with Hercules, a fictional character and friend of the team, they accompany the transformation of the competition's design strategies into implemented urban practices. In a unique storytelling format, the author unpacks the team's design diplomacy skills in promoting their idea of an open and porous city welcoming heterogeneous publics-laying bare the informal and unsaid aspects of the design implementation process.

Concepts of ‘smart’ or ‘intelligent’ cities currently enjoy great popularity. They offer frameworks for interpreting certain linkages between information and communication technology (ICT) and urban development, and put forward a particular agenda for action. In this, they claim a broad legitimacy for guiding stakeholders, drawing on findings from a number of strands of scientific inquiry. Furthermore, building on the everlasting albeit problematic promise of technology as a key to resolve pressing societal problems, they equally constitute an attractive reference for actors at all levels and across sectors. But despite their striking virulence in research, policy and practice, it remains rather open what the actual pursuit of a ‘smart city’ is, and therefore, which winners and losers we are to expect from realization.

Good urban design is not about how places look like, but rather about the art of making places for people and creating public spaces that work for the whole community. Urban spaces suppose to be designed for pedestrians and are expected to fulfill their needs. Therefore, it is of great importance to receive the users' feedback and response in order to tailor our designs to suit them best. However, it is not always quantitative data that explains the user's interaction. Hence, this research focuses on making use of emerging technologies within the field of urban planning to efficiently collect and visualize qualitative data rather than only quantitative data. This happens in pursuit of enhancing the living conditions in our cities, which is the main goal of every planner, developer, politician, and citizen. This research is investigating a new method of measuring how people feel in their city and how they react to the surrounding built environment with the help of using "SMART-Bands". These devices can measure body parameters in real-time, like skin temperature, skin conductance and heart rate, as indicators for human emotions. This collected data is used to interpret how humans feel and react towards the availability or lack of different urban elements within any studied area. This paper experiments with those "SMART-Bands" to analyze one of the frequently used paths in the city of Alexandria, the Eastern Harbor. It is a major destination for Alexandrians all year long and during all 24 hours of the day. It represents a substantial recreational facility, as well as hosts a lot of civic and recreational buildings. The two sides of this path have relatively different appearance, pavements, and landscape elements. The presented paper investigates how people react to those two sides of the same path and tries to link this feedback to the presence or absence of urban design elements and street conditions along that path. It is a pilot study for a more thorough analysis for involving users and their feedbacks-both qualitative and quantitative-to enhance the built environment of major urban areas. That helps re-mixing the city according to pedestrians' needs.

Before industrial revolution, city's identity was based on their continental specifications and life patterns according those specifications. That is geography that determining economic and livelihood processes, specified social interactions manners and its skeleton sight means architecture and civilizing. But by deploying industry and propounding mass-products, new live advantages were formed that didn't see themselves in limit continental frame. Based on it, new social interactions were formed that in their architectural expression added new organs to a city body. Modern architecture is a product of those conditions. Industry language as a life style and an architecture style encountering to tradition language created new conditions. In some fields like religious spaces, conquest was by tradition language, and in spaces like factories and offices victory was by industry language. City of Shiraz as a city with known cultural and architectural tradition has passed almost one century history in industry experiment. So as one of Iran's industrial poles, presents industry language as a part of its traditional language. In this new situation, how can be industrial symbols symbiosis with traditional symbols in Shiraz view? In this article, by surveying city designing projects, gardens, cultural buildings, industrial museums, restaurants, and houses in Shiraz, we study the role of industry and its encountering methods to traditional symbolic system and survey these buildings success in absorbing tourists and public fortuity. It is memorable that, buildings are studied in this research, as contemporary buildings compete with ancient buildings in absorbing a tourist has come to Shiraz for visiting a traditional place and they have accepted as Shiraz new landmarks.

The Phalène (moth) or Poetic Act is a mode of poetry as collective action formulated
by the poet Godofredo Iommi at the end of the 1950s in Valparaíso, Chile. The poet
organised the first Poetic Acts with a group of architects and artists from the PUCV
School of Architecture and Design. Iommi continued working on his poetic proposal
of the Phalène with a group of European poets and artists in the early 1960s while he
lived in Europe. This article examines the Phalène by analysing unpublished documents
that register the poetic experiences carried out in France during the 1960s and Ciudad
Abierta (Open City) in the 1970s. Through analysing the Phalène, the article provides
perspectives about the dialogue between art and the city around the notions of the
ephemeral, commonality, and the resignification of the place.

El estado de arte del color en la Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño de Valparaíso no ha sido reconocido. Desde su fundación se analiza el fenómeno cromático en sus proyectos como un hecho experimentable de la acción de la luz sobre la arquitectura. Su aprendizaje se realiza a través de técnicas innovadoras que se resumen en una matriz analítica de doble entrada relacionando modelos de enseñanza con finalidades cromáticas. La cuestión del color y la luz en Ciudad Abierta tiene la cobertura que merece como laboratorio de ensayo que es. El sentido de ser americano en la Escuela de Valparaíso está asimilado a la noción de punto estaca como un modo original de habitar un continente, donde lo cromático alcanza su espacio construido. La conciencia de americanidad se concentra en un horizonte vertical, expresado por la interacción de la luz y el espacio en atmósferas coloreadas que visibilizan la diversidad y complejidad de un territorio. A partir de límites lumínicos -cuyos colores están en...

In this paper, I engage with Charles Baudelaire and Walter Benjamin's idea of the flâneur in order to articulate my own concept of the memory flâneur. I argue that while wandering through a city's memorial sites may have been implied in Baudelaire and Benjamin's formulations, memorialization is such a crucial aspect of global city-making that deserves to be critically and categorically examined through the lens of flânerie. I define the memory flâneur as a mnemophile and a connoisseur of a city's memory culture. I explain that the memory flâneur (who is very different from a tourist) frequently visits museums and monuments, takes notes of urban epitaphs, interacts with memory arts, and observes all kinds of heritage sites within the city. Walking, for the memory flâneur, carries the potential for uncovering memories hidden in plain sight in urban centres. Flânerie, in essence, becomes a tool for interpreting and understanding a city's memory culture and economy. In the last part of the paper, I turn to Teju Cole's Open City because it illuminates-and is, in turn, illuminated by-the idea of memory flânerie. I explore what Julius' (the novel's main character) leisurely walks through New York City reveal about the nexus between America's capitalist urbanism and its memory culture. I also point out the limits of reading Julius as a memory flâneur while at the same time conceding that the novel offers enough resources for thinking through and with the idea of the memory flâneur.

The master plan has been a critical instrument for shaping the development of cities worldwide. This article delves into the impact of a well-designed master plan on shaping and transforming the structure of a city, while also exploring the various aspects that can be adapted in different contexts and conditions. The article aims to highlight how an effective master plan can drive development, guide urban growth, and offer a comprehensive framework for decision-making. Specifically, this study analyses the Latakia (SY) master plan, which was proposed in 2008, and compares it with the master plans of Barcelona (ES) and Montpellier (FR), two cities with significant experience in master planning. The analysis was conducted using several key criteria, such as general vision, housing policies, urban mobility, and green network. The results showed that urban development strategies in the Latakia master plan were of limited efficiency range compared to the other case studies, as it focused...

City planners and urban designers often argue that downtown development/re-development plans can be best understood when providing two different categories of products; the regulating plan consisting of general controls and diagrams, and the master plan consisting of specific interventions and perspectives. In the case of developing and/or redeveloping old downtown's, this paper argues that these plans are best understood when considering the change in the socio-cultural, behavioral, environmental, and economical conditions of the place. Doha city, one of oldest cities in the gulf, has witnessed a rapid change in its demographics over the past decade. The city has been thoroughly modernized, a massive change in its inhabitants culture and behavior has occurred and the need to re-develop its old downtown has arose. Rebuilding the old Doha downtown aims at improving the quality of life and ensuring that heritage and culture carry-on as the country grows and evolves. It is anticipa...

The event at the Stadtwerkstatt in Berlin was held to discuss how to establish a paradigmatic shift in urban development towards the 'open city'. The subtitle of the event was, hence, Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Openness and its Implications on Theories, Perspectives and Instruments of the Open City.

Em 1939, três artistas argentinos, Godofredo Iommi, Efrain Tomas Bó e Juan Raul Young junto a três brasileiros, Gerardo Melo Mourão, Abdias do Nascimiento e Napoleão Lopes Filho, planejavam viajar a Europa. Seus interesses literários conduziram-nos a criar uma irmandade poética e eles resolveram explorar as profundezas do continente para fundar uma cidade utópica. Eles ilustram de que modo a crítica latino-americana, mesmo nos anos 40, não estava disposta a aderir às categorias da filosofia europeia. Não era necessário ignorar as contribuições da cultura ocidental, mas antes induzir uma mescla entre heranças europeias e culturas milenares violentadas pela transculturação.

The master plan has been a critical instrument for shaping the development of cities worldwide. This article delves into the impact of a well-designed master plan on shaping and transforming the structure of a city, while also exploring the various aspects that can be adapted in different contexts and conditions. The article aims to highlight how an effective master plan can drive development, guide urban growth, and offer a comprehensive framework for decision-making. Specifically, this study analyses the Latakia (SY) master plan, which was proposed in 2008, and compares it with the master plans of Barcelona (ES) and Montpellier (FR), two cities with significant experience in master planning. The analysis was conducted using several key criteria, such as general vision, housing policies, urban mobility, and green network. The results showed that urban development strategies in the Latakia master plan were of limited efficiency range compared to the other case studies, as it focused...

Land ownership is crucial, especially if the projects being developed are governmentfunded development projects. The establishment of new cities is one of the statesponsored projects that have an impact on urban spatial reorganization. During the Corona crisis, Due to their low urban density, these cities gave shelter to certain inhabitants.

El presente texto analiza y compara dos proyectos: Atti Fondamentali: Vita, de Superstudio, y Digestible Gulf Stream, de Philippe Rahm, con el objetivo de reflexionar acerca de ellos no solamente como proyectos utópicos que subvierten los límites de la disciplina, sino desde su relevancia presente como obras que aportan al mundo material. Es decir, cómo dos proyectos, de tiempos diferentes, pueden ayudar a imaginar otros habitares posibles, lo que encarna una arquitectura entendida no sólo como edificación de lo material sino también como construcción de lo invisible.

El estado de arte del color en la Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño de Valparaíso no ha sido reconocido. Desde su fundación se analiza el fenómeno cromático en sus proyectos como un hecho experimentable de la acción de la luz sobre la arquitectura. Su aprendizaje se realiza a través de técnicas innovadoras que se resumen en una matriz analítica de doble entrada relacionando modelos de enseñanza con finalidades cromáticas. La cuestión del color y la luz en Ciudad Abierta tiene la cobertura que merece como laboratorio de ensayo que es. El sentido de ser americano en la Escuela de Valparaíso está asimilado a la noción de punto estaca como un modo original de habitar un continente, donde lo cromático alcanza su espacio construido. La conciencia de americanidad se concentra en un horizonte vertical, expresado por la interacción de la luz y el espacio en atmósferas coloreadas que visibilizan la diversidad y complejidad de un territorio. A partir de límites lumínicos -cuyos colores están en...

ES
La Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso en Chile ha desarrollado a lo largo de su corta historia una serie de imaginativas iniciativas que le han merecido un importante y justificado reconocimiento internacional. Cabría subrayar la creación de la Ciudad Abierta en Ritoque, en la que profesores y alumnos conviven elaborando nuevas obras y nuevos métodos de aprendizaje fundamentados en la poética, una disciplina que será transversal a todos los contenidos impartidos. Entre ellos destacan los torneos, una rein-vención del juego que otorga una creativa y profunda visión de la realidad y permite desarrollar una interpretación lúdica del mundo. Con esta cosmovisión, el cuerpo tendrá un papel muy relevante, otorgando escala y límite. Así, la trilogía en la que girará esta nueva herramienta de trabajo será: cuerpo-espacio-juego.
Partiendo de una idea rectora que explicita y ordena las propias normas, los alumnos construyen una serie de artificios y retóricas que discurren por el ámbito de los materiales, el diseño o, incluso, la física. La competición llevará al límite de lo construido, de la resistencia y de la gravedad a cada uno de estos dispositivos que, como una extensión del propio cuerpo, generarán su propia estética. El artículo, desde de un análisis del impacto del juego en el aprendizaje, evidenciará cómo esta joven escuela de arquitectura ha sabido encontrar en esta herra-mienta un importante pilar en el aprendizaje de sus alumnos.

EN
Since its beginnings, the School of Architecture and Design of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso in Chile has developed a series of original initiatives, which have given it significant international recognition. It is worth highlighting the creation of ‘Ciudad Abierta’ in Ritoque, where both teachers and students cooperate by creating new works and learning methods based on poetics, a cross curricular discipline to all contents taught. These include tournaments, a reinvention of games that offers a creative and original view of the reality and allows us to develop a ludic analysis of the world. In this worldview, the body plays an important role by provid-ing the scale and limit. Thus, this new working tool will be based on the trilogy: body-space-game.
On the basis of a guiding idea that specifies and organises the rules, the students build a series of artefacts and rhetoric related to the fields of materials, design or even physics. The competition will push these artefacts to the limits of construction, resistance and gravity. As an extension of the own body, these artefacts will generate an own aesthetics. This article, basing on a brief analysis of the impact of games on learning, will show how this young school of architecture has successfully used this tool as a major foundation for students’ learning.

ES
El estado de arte del color en la Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño de Valparaíso no ha sido reconocido. Desde su fundación se analiza el fenómeno cromático en sus proyectos como un hecho experimentable de la acción de la luz sobre la arquitectura. Su aprendizaje se realiza a través de técnicas innovadoras que se resumen en una matriz analítica de doble entrada relacionando modelos de enseñanza con finalidades cromáticas. La cuestión del color y la luz en Ciudad Abierta tiene la cobertura que merece como laboratorio de ensayo que es.

El sentido de ser americano en la Escuela de Valparaíso está asimilado a la noción de punto estaca como un modo original de habitar un continente, donde lo cromático alcanza su espacio construido. La conciencia de americanidad se concentra en un horizonte vertical, expresado por la interacción de la luz y el espacio en atmósferas coloreadas que visibilizan la diversidad y complejidad de un territorio. A partir de límites lumínicos -cuyos colores están en una luz plena de atributos- se construye una lugaridad que identifica lo particular de cada lugar. El objetivo de esta inmersión sensorial es desvelar los componentes básicos de los efectos del color sobre un espacio visibilizado como luz con naturaleza continental. La arquitectura se reinventa en espacios lumínicos ecológicamente coloreados como una lectura sintética y cultural de un sitio.

La pedagógica innovadora de la Escuela de Valparaíso experimenta con el uso de la luz y el color como eje estructural de la materialización de la extensión del territorio mediante una enseñanza lúdica de la arquitectura. Su metodología toma carácter universal y categoría estética en una constante interrogación poética sobre la condición continental americana. Los colores lumínicos que construyen horizontes en el marco arquitectónico, y la presencia corporal que se vincula a través del juego y la palabra con la creación del lugar, son parte de la respuesta que contribuye a renovar un espíritu innovador predispuesto para el proyecto arquitectónico.

EN
The use of colour at the Valparaíso School of Architecture and Design constitutes a state of the art that has hitherto not been recognised. Since its foundation, the chromatic phenomenon that can be found in the School’s projects has been analysed as an experienceable action of light on architecture. It is taught through innovative techniques that are summarised in a double-entry analytical matrix linking teaching models to chromatic purposes. The issue of colour and light in the Open City has the publicity it deserves as the test laboratory that it is.

The sense of being American in the Valparaíso School is assimilated to the notion of the stake point as an original way of inhabiting a continent, where the chromatic reaches its built space. The consciousness of Americanity is concentrated on a vertical horizon, expressed by the interaction of light and space in coloured atmospheres that make a territory’s diversity and complexity visible. A place is built using light limits, whose colours are in a light full of attributes, thus determining the particular nature of each place. The objective of this sensory immersion is to reveal the basic components of the effects of colour on a space made visible as light of a continental nature. Architecture reinvents itself in ecologically coloured light-filled spaces as a concise and cultural reading of a site.

The Valparaíso School’s innovative pedagogical approach performs experiments using light and colour as the structural axis of the materialisation of the territory’s extension. It thus teaches architectures in a playful manner. The methodology is of a universal
nature and its aesthetics represent a constant poetic questioning regarding the condition of the American continent. The colours of the light enable building horizons in the architectural framework. These colours, together with bodily presence, linked to the
creation of the place through play and words, partly contribute to the renewal of an innovative spirit predisposed to the architectural project.

The aim of the current paper is to investigate the land uses kinds and posts in the sub-urban areas of the Athenians basin, that have during the past ten years mutating in urban areas. The paper will focus on the kind and the way new land uses have been allocated in these areas where planning does not exist. Finally it will evaluate if these land uses unplanned changes through time have covered the needs of the “new urban” population.

Even though Teju Cole’s debut novel, Open City, has often been analyzed within the spectrum of themes such as racialization and ethnicity, its relevance in the post-9/11 canon is worthy of attention. As such, this contribution seeks to examine the salience of September 11 and the role of the protagonist, as post-9/11 flâneur, considering how Cole’s novel reframes the political and transnational implications of 9/11 drawing from flânerie to offer a wider viewpoint on the national and interracial implications of the attacks. As the article aims to show, the narrative adopts flânerie as a strategy to ponder on the post-9/11 phenomenon memorializing the attacks in New York and consequently reterritorializing terrorism in Brussels to engage in an international perspective. Aligning with the contention that post-9/11 narratives have been concerned with revising the city as the origin of a discussion on the attacks, the essay aims to show how Cole leans toward a universalist view of the ev...

Landscape, infrastructure and architecture are considered three different spatial disciplines and scales. Over the past decades, Stan Allen (1999, 2010) focused on developing an interdisciplinary dialectic into a theoretical discourse and practice. The emergence of diverse terminologies in studies of current urbanisation situations is not becoming sluggish yet blooms more than ever. This paper argues that the idea of infrastructure claims an appropriate proposition to synergise those discourses, which may respond to issues of uncertainty and complexity
that manifest in contemporary urban conditions. The paper, therefore, proposes that urban social infrastructure where sociality and publicity are embedded provides a crossing-scale platform to engage multidimensional urban life in cities. The premise of this proposal is based on Richard Sennett’s idea of an open city (2017), which gives legitimacy to conducting preliminary experiments. Accordingly, this paper is structured in three parts; firstly, it introduces the shifting terminologies in studying current urbanisation. Secondly, the concept of an open city sets up an enabling framework for developing connections between infrastructure and social publicness. Finally, we concentrate on how urban social infrastructure can be understood as a crossing-scale approach to porous and dynamic cities. In short, urban social infrastructure is not only associated with matters of public life but, to a certain degree, demonstrates the material content of an open city by crossing different scales of practices.

to integral project 1.5 References 2 Public support 2.1 A tailored consultation structure 2.2 The consultation structure applied to the Kalkense Meersen Cluster 2.3 Stakeholders 2.4 Agriculture and expropriations 2.5 Procedures and participation 2.6 Flanking recreation policy and less nuisance 2.7 References 3 Conceptual choices 3.1 Most Desirable Alternative for the Kalkense Meersen Cluster 3.2 Reconciling divergent interests 3.3 Land use plan and spatial implementation plan 3.4 References 4 Nature 4.1 Freshwater tidal area: a dynamic environment 4.2 Morphology of the terrain 4.3 Vegetation 4.4 The nutrient cycle 4.5 Higher trophic levels 4.6 Sluice settings as guiding factor 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 References The Lippenbroek pilot project 5 Preparatory investigation 5.1 Environmental soil survey 5.2 Geotechnical and geophysical survey 5.3 Exceptional archaeological heritage 5.4 Model tests of the inlet and outlet sluice 5.5 References 6 Technical design 6.1. Hydraulic boundary conditions 6.2 Dykes: calculation method and safety 6.3 Inlet and outlet sluice 6.4 Modifications to the design 6.5 References CONTENTS

Cities worldwide are being confronted with perpetual economic challenges, flows of migration, and increasing vulnerability to the consequences of global changes. Within contemporary urban lines of conflict, the 'open city' has resurfaced in urban scholarship as a potential guiding principle to the contradictory tendencies and calamities of cities. Despite the often approving and positivist take on the concept, the open city is not a homogeneous concept, and a variety of understandings – that are mostly limited to a specific discipline – are in circulation. These different understandings evoke a range of associations, leading to different interpretations of the concept and potentially conflicting properties associated with the term. Within the Open City: Theories, Perspectives, Instruments research project, we propose an interdisciplinary framework, which derives insights of openness from spatial, socio-economic and temporal dimensions, to systemise different understandings o...

With the advancement of digital and sensor technologies, architecture as well as planning domains are continuously endeavoring to reach new horizons. Various kinds of sensor networks are producing data, which can be relevant for urban environments. This data can concern a variety of fields such as infrastructure, mobility, or climate. Primarily, data should be gathered to supply people with information about their environment. With the help of this data and information, surrounding impacts, which influence peoples' perception, can be identified. The main problem is the lack of comprehensive methods for measuring how people feel in their cities, and how they react on certain urban impacts. The main interest of urban planning should not be limited to infrastructures, buildings, and spaces, but rather concentrate on the people who use those buildings and spaces. It is therefore necessary to develop new methods for measuring people's feelings in the city with specific indicators...

Amereida constituye un movimiento universitario, gestado desde un poema y una particular coyuntura histórica que, junto con una confluencia de situaciones biográficas, culturales, artísticas y teóricas, permitió, entre otras cosas, la generación de un cuerpo de textos de autoría colectiva, comunitaria y personal profundamente imbricados en la visión de la situación cultural, del país y el continente, y un proyecto comunitario artístico que aún sostiene sus fundamentos. Una obra particular inició este camino: el poema épico Amereida. Realizado desde una común experiencia y acontecimiento de una travesía por América el año 1965, se convertirá en el inicio de este movimiento comunitario, universitario y americanista, como también, dicho inicio, dio voz y escritura a una serie de textos reflexivos y teóricos acerca de una nueva situación de la "palabra poética" en la experiencia de un habitar americano: una poesía que debe ser realizada por todos desde la apertura de un común lugar.

Cities worldwide are being confronted with perpetual economic challenges, flows of migration, and increasing vulnerability to the consequences of global changes. Within contemporary urban lines of conflict, the 'open city' has resurfaced in urban scholarship as a potential guiding principle to the contradictory tendencies and calamities of cities. Despite the often approving and positivist take on the concept, the open city is not a homogeneous concept, and a variety of understandings – that are mostly limited to a specific discipline – are in circulation. These different understandings evoke a range of associations, leading to different interpretations of the concept and potentially conflicting properties associated with the term. Within the Open City: Theories, Perspectives, Instruments research project, we propose an interdisciplinary framework, which derives insights of openness from spatial, socio-economic and temporal dimensions, to systemise different understandings o...

Contemporary urbanization, as a process extended beyond the cities, requires original design practices to contribute to the critical understanding and visualization of the multiple spatial and temporal layers that shape the territories. In this account, this article examines the geo-poetic mapping developed by the Valparaiso School of Architecture, as a radical means of exploring the territories and elaborating their palimpsestic representations. This contribution unfolds the geopoetic vision of the South American continent created in the sixties by the School of Valparaiso, in Chile, as fundamental groundwork to critically question the historic and ongoing urban occupation of territories and their representations following colonization. Besides, it presents the Travesías de Amereida, a collective and situated architectural study performed throughout the vast South American inland, as a unique geo-poetic practice in which freehand mapping becomes an original means of rethinking and ...

1 ABSTRACT Social and urban stratification can pose a serious threat on attracting the masses into urban spaces, hence on sustainable existence of urban fabrics. This can further develop into possible safety and security risks on their dwellers and users. It may happen ...

En la actualidad, el proceso de crecimiento urbano ante la globalización va ligado al fenómeno de expansión urbana, como primer proceso de la tendencia expansióndensificación, la cual se distingue por sus manifestaciones en la problemática urbana. Esta tendencia estimula el cambio morfológico de las ciudades, especialmente por nuevos desarrollos habitacionales de tipo cerrado, donde la delimitación del conjunto es la muralla. El fenómeno de expansión urbana, a su vez, se distingue por elementos estructurales de la ciudad como vías rápidas, y por el énfasis en las dinámicas de articulación del territorio por nuevas urbanizaciones. Como el caso La Primavera, el cual constituye un elemento autónomo a la ciudad de Culiacán, Sinaloa, en México, conformando una ciudad urbanizada de tipo cerrada, con gran extensión, pretensiones plasmadas en el proyecto en el que se plantea una multifuncionalidad dirigida a satisfacer las necesidades de estratos altos de la comunidad. Nowadays, the process...

A very alive and promising participatory planning process is on the run in the neighbourhood of Tor Sapienza in Rome. In the blocks settlement called Morandi, approximately 500 hundred families live in a modernistic settlement designed and realized in early 70’s. As common in these peripheral dense settlements around Europe, the complete absence of mixite social caused by diverse reasons has led to strong phenomenon of socio-cultural exclusions and urban poverty. Current economic crisis has increased the tough and difficult conditions of Morandi inhabitants: high level of unemployment and early school leaving, scarce opportunities of professional growth in the neighbourhood, many expressions of marginalisation characterize the project area. Moreover, recent immigration movements determine in this part of the city a new multicultural dimension that not always breed in a collective amelioration, but on contrary, very often lead to conflicts, specifically when Rromi population are invo...

According to statistics published by united nation WHO, 10 percent of earth populations are consisted of people who are disabled. Irregular physical city space and lack of adaption with needs of disabled people cause huge social and economic damages in long term. Urban planning was influenced by scientific topics (Rationalism, positivism …) in the first half of 20th century. But, in the second half of 20th century, it was affected by social, political and qualitative approaches (relativitism, democracy). These approaches were defined by concepts like quality of life, social security, consistent development…and its goal was to complete and correct the concept of development from quantitative development to qualitative development. If we accept that the human is axis of consistent development then attention to all strata of society will be inevitable. Since the second half of 20th century the advocacy planning approach for improving the social conditions and removing the injustice and discrimination according to disabled priority has been discussed. In 1982 the united nation introduced equal opportunities for disabled as a global issue. The necessity for caring about disabled has raised across the world since WWII and in Iran after the 8 years war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988) which the number of disabled increased because of war damages. As experts believe, one of the characteristics of sustainable city is in "social sustainability and high quality of life" for all strata of the society. In this paper we are going to identify indices of urban quality of life assessment for disabled and elderly people and examine its relation to sustainable development, then present a model for assessing quality of life of this stratum of society. As the last step, we are going to discuss the level of quality of life of these peoples in realm of accessibility to urban spaces (inter-location and intralocation) in Tehran as a case study. For this purpose, 500 filled questionnaires in random order are reviewed for different land uses such as 1.educational 2.health 3.administrative 4.Commercial 5.Terminals 6.welfare facilities 7.public spaces (intersections, urban furniture, sidewalks ...) The result of this research determines the level of quality of life for disabled and elderly in Tehran. 1 Focus of this paper is mainly on disabled needs but since elderly people and disabled-in terms of ability to access urban activities-have common needs so they are discussed here.

Este trabajo estudia el concepto de signo en el pintor Francisco Méndez y en el escultor Claudio Girola, miembros de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Valparaíso. Se ocupará de con- textualizar esta práctica, entendida como un gesto plástico efímero asociado al acto poético, y se revisarán algunos ejemplos realizados por Girola en la travesía Amereida (1965) y otros liderados por Méndez en las travesías a cabo Froward (1984) y a Curamahuida (1986). Se sugerirá que el signo definió parte del quehacer individual de estos artistas: en el caso de Méndez, en la práctica de la pintura no albergada, y en el de Girola, en la diversidad material empleada. Finalmente, se propondrá la existencia de un giro sígnico que determinó una particular estética caracterizada por la emergencia y la precariedad material.

City planners and urban designers often argue that downtown development/re-development plans can be best understood when providing two different categories of products; the regulating plan consisting of general controls and diagrams, and the master plan consisting of specific interventions and perspectives. In the case of developing and/or redeveloping old downtown's, this paper argues that these plans are best understood when considering the change in the socio-cultural, behavioral, environmental, and economical conditions of the place. Doha city, one of oldest cities in the gulf, has witnessed a rapid change in its demographics over the past decade. The city has been thoroughly modernized, a massive change in its inhabitants culture and behavior has occurred and the need to re-develop its old downtown has arose. Rebuilding the old Doha downtown aims at improving the quality of life and ensuring that heritage and culture carry-on as the country grows and evolves. It is anticipa...

The world population is rising very fast, in fact, now about half live in urban centres. Census data in 2010 indicate that cities are home to 3.5 billion people, which is 50.5 percent of the world. The growth of cities is one of the most significant phenomena of our time. Most of this massive urban growth will take place in Asia, Latin America and Africa. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country in the world and within its territory. In general the movement of large masses of the population is determined by the hope of improving their living conditions.

Cities worldwide are being confronted with perpetual economic challenges, flows of migration, and increasing vulnerability to the consequences of global changes. Within contemporary urban lines of conflict, the 'open city' has resurfaced in urban scholarship as a potential guiding principle to the contradictory tendencies and calamities of cities. Despite the often approving and positivist take on the concept, the open city is not a homogeneous concept, and a variety of understandings – that are mostly limited to a specific discipline – are in circulation. These different understandings evoke a range of associations, leading to different interpretations of the concept and potentially conflicting properties associated with the term. Within the Open City: Theories, Perspectives, Instruments research project, we propose an interdisciplinary framework, which derives insights of openness from spatial, socio-economic and temporal dimensions, to systemise different understandings o...

The author argues that in order to fruitfully explore the city within the cultural-studies framework one must first accurately define the city as an object of knowledge, which only highlights the problematic nature of the boundaries of the city. The article foregrounds the key role of the cultural heteronomy of the city, which overrides its civilisational heteronomy. Culture, which the Polish culture scholar Stanisław Pietraszko understands as a way of being in accordance with values, is the determining factor in the identity of the city and is manifest in the openness and fluidity of its limits. Central thematic concern lies in literary "prostheses" of cities, which are needed in places inhabited by migrants, the colonized, "the subjects homesick" for "their" cities. Fiction and poetry bear a crucial ontological and axiological city-making responsibility, as demonstrated in the author's previous studies on Quixotic La Mancha and reconfirmed in this paper on the example of the Latin American Amereida, a group of architects, poets and artists. The author examines their 1965 journey from Chile, called Travesía (The Crossing), whose aim was "poetic dwelling" in America. During the journey, they performed poetic acts referred to as phalènes, whose idea grew out from an earlier trip to Paris and urban poetic practices in Santiago de Chile. As the pampa and Patagonia became a symbol of absolute modernity, the realisation is prompted that the modernity of the city-text can be "re-written" onto a non-urbanised space. The article ends with a glimpse of the utopian Open City (Ciudad Abierta), which the Amereida founded on the Pacific coastal dunes in 1970 in order to live there, work and teach students of the Faculty of Architecture of the Catholic University of Valparaíso. The pursuits undertaken in the city show that what is poetic is "open," long-lasting and communal.

Cities worldwide are being confronted with perpetual economic challenges, flows of migration, and increasing vulnerability to the consequences of global changes. Within contemporary urban lines of conflict, the 'open city' has resurfaced in urban scholarship as a potential guiding principle to the contradictory tendencies and calamities of cities. Despite the often approving and positivist take on the concept, the open city is not a homogeneous concept, and a variety of understandings – that are mostly limited to a specific discipline – are in circulation. These different understandings evoke a range of associations, leading to different interpretations of the concept and potentially conflicting properties associated with the term. Within the Open City: Theories, Perspectives, Instruments research project, we propose an interdisciplinary framework, which derives insights of openness from spatial, socio-economic and temporal dimensions, to systemise different understandings o...

The 21st century is known as the century of urbanization. Numerous debates are currently taking place to definecities and what they should aspire to be. A number of terms have appeared in this arena,such as sustainable city, eco-city and green city to name a few. However, the main question remains how to measure the performance of a city in regards tothese aims. In addition, it is vital to note that major urbanization activities take part in cities of the developing world, where informalization is synonym to urbanization, thus necessitating a profound study of informal areas and their potential role in achieving sustainable cities. This paper studies how acity performs in terms of consuming and producing resources and how they flow through its various systems, described as urban metabolism. The paper particularly discusses how informal areas perform regarding their metabolism, focusing on water flow through these areas as a priority identified by the residents. Imbaba district, one of the largest informal areas in Cairo, is investigated as a case study to determine the actual quality of life of local residents and their ecological footprint and to providepractical insights. The whole process depends on a multidisciplinary participatory research where the citizens and local community based organization are the focal point. In addition, the process depends on open source data and data sharing as a way to empower local communities to identify their needs and issues and hence their appropriate interventions. This is conducted through questionnaires and interviews to identify what the current conditions and processes in informal areas provide for the residents. The paper concludes with identifying points of leakages in the resources flows and the possible interventions to improve the quality of life in the area while maintaining an efficient use of local resources and minimizing the impact of urbanization of the ecological footprint of cities. This will assist cities to become more resilient in the face of water scarcity, and provide a more vibrant life for its residents. 2 INTRODUCTION Since 2007, more people are living in cities than in the countryside. (GlobeScan and MRC Mclean Hazel, 2007) Some studies estimate that by the middle of the century 70% of world's population will reside in cities. This current process of urbanization is seen by many scientists to be one of the reasons for climate change, where most of the CO2 emissions from the built environment come and where the highest consumers live resulting in very high ecological footprints. The recent report by Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2013 states that "it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. (IPCC WGI AR5, 2013)This rapid urbanization is mainly taking place in the developing countries where more than 70 % of the world's urban population currently live and is lead by Asian cities then African ones. (UN-HABITAT, 2012) Over the past 50 years, cities have rapidly expanded onto their surrounding land at a rapid rate. Highways and transport systems have been built in tandem to support this physical growth. Valuable farmland has been eaten up and car dependency has increased. There are numerous theories and debates to how to manage such growth both to provide an adequate quality of life for the city dwellers and to efficiently use the limited resources within a global economic and environmental crisis. These include the terms eco-city, sustainable city, green city and the most recent addition the resilient city. However, it is vital to note that most of the urbanization that is taking place in developing countries cities is takes the form of informal development. Most of the added areas to the city are basically built with no prior planning by professionals. This paper aims addressing the issue of urban metabolism; cities consumption and production of resources and how the various resources flow through urban districts. It studies how particularly informal areas perform regarding their metabolism, focusing on water flow through these areas as a priority identified by the residents. Through the use of different methods including GIS, Urban Metabolism Information System Urban Metabolism and Quality of Life in Informal Areas 662 REAL CORP 2015: PLAN TOGETHER-RIGHT NOW-OVERALL UMIS and crowdsourcing data, the paper calculates water flow and its consequential interventions to improve metabolism and respond to resource scarcity increasing the resilience of the city. 3 QUALITY OF LIFE AND ECO-RESPONSIVE CITIES Quality of life has been the domain of development discourse for the past decade. It has been widely recognized that measuring progress in terms of GDP is not sufficient. There have been many attempts to address the issue. However, diverse "objective" and "subjective" indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest.(Costanza, et al., 2008). In addition, developing eco-responsive cities has dominated the study and practice of urban development as a response to climate change and resources limitations. 3.1 Quality of life indicators It is widely accepted now that seeking better quality of life should be the ultimate goal of development plans and not just economic progress. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2005), it has been accepted that material wellbeing, as measured by GDP per person, cannot alone explain the broader quality of life in a country. One strand of the literature has tried to adjust GDP by quantifying facets that are omitted by the GDP measure-various non-market activities and social ills such as environmental pollution. However, the approach has faced insurmountable difficulties in assigning monetary values to the various factors and intangibles that comprise a wider measure of socioeconomic wellbeing.(The Economist Intelligence Unit EIU, 2007) Currently, there are a number of indices proposed and used by different organizations to score and rate cities and countries according to their quality of life. These organizations vary in nature and interests and thus in focus and methodology. (Khalil H. E., 2012) The most important indices are Quality of Living by Mercer consultants 1 (Mercer, 2011), Quality of Life index by The Economist Intelligence Unit (The Economist Intelligence Unit EIU 2 , 2007), and YOUR BETTER LIFE INDEX by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 2011) It is apparent that these different indices focus on a number of common aspects as the main core of quality of life,

Teju Cole’s Open City is often read as the quintessential Western cosmopolitan novel. But despite the protagonist’s fixation with European aestheticism, the presence of African antecedents looms almost as an unacknowledged shadow in the acclaimed cosmopolitan novel. This article traces how Yorùbá visual registers about perception, subjectivity, and representation provide interpretative cues for understanding the meta-text of Cole’s novel in ways that illuminate the conflicted, contradictory itineraries of the postcolonial African transnational figure. I argue that Yorùbá conceptual registers relating to visuality, especially the concept of Àwòrán and its insistence on intersubjective relations and the visual call of images, highlight a visual hermeneutics that inflect the construction of personhood in Open City. By tracing the centrality of Yorùbá optic codes to Cole’s project, the article concludes that the novel’s philosophically dense conversation with aspects of Yorùbá culture d...

The 21st century is the century of City and Urbanization. As urban communities spread and populations grow, the impact on the natural environment escalates. The hydrological cycle is among the environmental aspects most impacted by urbanization. Consequently, this study suggests a “Water Sensitive Urban Design Tool” that comprises three dimensions: (i) determining the specific issues facing residential water demand; (ii) identifying the factors influencing these issues; and (iii) the relevant water sustainability objectives and criteria. The WSUD tool could be utilized by urban designers and planners to assess the water performance of residential urban areas. It could be employed to evaluate current conditions, suggested retrofitting options, or Greenfield developments. Thus, the tool not only measures the water sensitivity of residential areas but could also support decision-making and guide development. To evaluate the suggested WSUD tool and examine its suitability to the Egyptia...

Community is an integral part of human social fabric; without a sense of belonging societies can no longer function properly. This paper investigates a low income residential area in El Fayrouz, an area located between the city of Hurghada and El Gouna in the Red Sea Governorate of Egypt. The methodological process of urban analysis is focused on understanding the residents of the area, their behaviours, challenges and expectations through studying qualitative and quantitative social and contextual data. The literature review, analysing similar case studies and benchmarks inspired the proposed solution. It is evident that the diversity of cultures of the migrants coming from Upper Egypt in search for economic opportunities hasformed social segregation in the area. This is magnified by the infrastructure deficiencies, the urban fabric and the unstable sources of income. "Not Our Land", a manifestation of the sense of isolation and the disregard for the communal space is vis...