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In this work, a post IP structure is proposed, which eliminates the use of network and transport layers in networks with layer 2 connectivity. The goal is to optimize the network structure for distributed systems at the next generation Internet and to propose a delivery guarantee mechanism to FINLAN packets, that emphasizes the optimized relation between applications and lower network layers. The results compared with Internet protocols are also presented.

We examined whether endorsing hyper-masculine attitudes positively related to the psychological well-being of adolescent boys (N 5 233) in an extreme son preference community, in Tamilnadu, India. A survey with masculinity and measures of psychological well-being was administered. We predicted that endorsement of masculinity would positively relate to personal strength, academic achievement, and positive psychological outcomes. Using regression analyses, we found that greater endorsement of masculinity predicted lower self-reported depression (b 5 À .48, po.001), lower internalized shame (b 5 À .48, po.001), higher academic performance (b 5 .15, po.05), and higher personal strength (b 5 .43, po.001). We discuss the relevance of our findings for developing interventions to combat extreme female neglect. Developmental researchers have long been interested in understanding how cultural contexts shape gender development (Best & Williams, 1997; Gibbons, Hamby, & Dennis, 1997). Gender psychologists have argued that gender is a socially constructed category; social status, power, and patriarchal norms shape beliefs about gender (Bohan, 1993; Eagly & Wood, 1999). Extending the social constructivist approach to study masculinity, Connell (1995) has argued that the social context plays a vital role in the production of masculinities. We noted that male-biased sex ratio is an important social contextual factor for studying masculinity because surplus men in a community contribute to a culture that valorizes hyper-masculinity (Guttentag & Secord, 1983; Hudson & den Boer, 2004). In this study, we empirically examined the relationship between idealized

3D optical scanning systems are used more and more for quality control purposes. The effective utilization of such systems needs an efficient virtual planning of the product acquisition viewpoints. Literature shows how 3D CAD product models can be used as reference in order to manage the verification process and as a basis for the computation of the optimal viewpoints. However, in the mechanical field, a variety of inspection tasks is experienced by engineers involved in the quality control process: GD&T verification, production phases control such as sheet metal cutting, evaluation of aesthetic appearance of parts, global shape deformation measurement and specific point deviations assessment. This leads to the necessity of flexible view planning approaches which adapt to the specificity of the required inspection task.

The i-protocol, an optimized sliding-window protocol for GNU uucp, first came to our attention in 1995 when we used the Concurrency Factory's local model checker to detect, locate, and correct a non-trivial livelock in version 1.04 of the protocol. Since then, we have conducted a systematic case study on the protocol using four verification tools, viz. Cospan, Murϕ, Spin, and XMC, each of which supports some form of explicitstate model checking. Our results show that although the i-protocol is inherently complex-the size of its state space grows exponentially in the window size and it deploys several sophisticated optimizations aimed at minimizing control-message and retransmission overhead-it is nonetheless amenable to a number of general-purpose abstraction techniques whose application can significantly reduce the size of the protocol's state space.

Extensive sibling conflict is predictive of multiple poor adjustment outcomes during adolescence and early adulthood, but the frequency and developmental impact of such conflict may be conditional on ineffective parenting. Thus, sibling conflict may add to or amplify the negative effects of ineffective parenting on adolescent boys' adjustment. Hypotheses in this study were that: (a) multiple informant measures of problematic parent-child relationships and of sibling conflict would form distinct constructs rather than a single negative family process construct, and (b) ineffective parenting, sibling conflict, and their interaction measured at ages 10 to 12 would predict boys' concurrent status and developmental trajectories for antisocial behavior and peer adjustment across a 4-year span from ages 12 to 16. Confirmatory factor and latent growth modeling analyses were consistent with these hypotheses, demonstrating the important developmental impact of sibling conflict.

This study examined the ways in which cultural orientation (communalism and material well-being) and empathy influence the moral reasoning of African American middle to late adolescents. Specifically, this study utilized path analysis to investigate hypothesis that a communal orientation would promote morality among African American adolescents, while a material well-being orientation would mitigate against it. In addition, it was hypothesized that empathy would mediate the relationship between cultural orientation and moral reasoning. Thirty-seven high school students and 35 college students participated in the study. Results revealed that communalism was a significant predictor of empathy. Despite prediction, communalism and material well-being were not predictors of moral reasoning. The findings did not yield support for empathy functioning as a mediator between communalism and moral reasoning. These findings are discussed in terms of previous findings, methodological limitations, and implications for future research.

designed a portable museum to bring on the road educational activities focused on the understanding of geomagnetism, plate tectonics, seismology and seismic hazard. Here the main experiments, models and exhibits which have been successfully installed in Genoa for the Science Festival (2003, 2004) and in Rome with enthusiastic audience participation are shown.

This study examined the mediating processes linking assertiveness and decision making to early adolescent substance initiation, along with the moderating effect of gender on those processes. Models specifying negative expectancies and refusal intentions as mediators of individual rights assertiveness and decision-making effects on substance initiation were evaluated across 18 months on a nontreatment cohort of young adolescents participating in a prevention trial (average age 12.3 years at baseline; N 5 357). Results indicated that individual rights assertiveness and decision making had indirect effects on substance initiation through effects on negative outcome expectancies and refusal intentions. Gender differences were found in both the average level and the pattern of relationships among the variables. For girls, refusal intentions were negatively associated with later substance initiation. For boys, early levels of substance initiation were negatively associated with later levels of negative expectancies and refusal intentions. Implications for prevention programming are discussed.

self-help home for mentally ill people, Minsk Mazowiecki Background: Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) is a self-descriptive measure developed to provide information regarding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and symptom severity. Objectives: The aim of this article is to report on the validation of the Polish version of PDS and to test its factor structure with reference to two models: an original three-factor model (Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Arousal) and alternative five-factor model (Reexperiencing, Avoidance, Numbing, Dysphoric Arousal, and Anxious Arousal). Method: The validation procedure included three studies conducted on samples of separate populations: university-level students (n 0507), individuals who had experienced various traumas (n 0320), and treatmentseeking survivors of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (n 0302). Various other measures of trauma-related psychopathology were administered to participants, as well as the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) in the case of MVA patients. Results: PDS showed high internal consistency and testÁretest reliability, good diagnostic agreement with SCID, good sensitivity but relatively low specificity. The satisfactory convergent validity was supported by a large number of significant correlations with other measures of trauma-related psychopathology. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) generally confirmed both the three-factor structure and the alternative five-factor structure of the questionnaire. Conclusions: The results show generally good psychometric properties of the Polish version of PDS.

This paper discusses on a comparative study towards solution for solving Travelling Salesman Problem based on three techniques proposed namely exhaustive, heuristic and genetic algorithm. Each solution is to cater on finding an optimal path of available 25 contiguous cities in England whereby solution is written in Prolog. Comparisons were made with emphasis against time consumed and closeness to optimal solutions. Based on the experimental, we found that heuristic is very promising in terms of time taken, while on the other hand, Genetic Algorithm manages to be outstanding on big number of traversal by resulting the shortest path among the others.

is article describes a study in which eighth grade students in one school learned to create multimedia mini-documentaries in a six-week history unit on early 19 th -century U.S. history. e authors examined content knowledge tests, group projects, and attitude and opinion surveys to determine relative benefits for students who participated in a technology-assisted project-based learning experience, and contrasted their experiences to those of students who received a more traditional form of instruction. Results from content knowledge measures showed significant gains for students in the project-based learning condition as compared to students in the comparison school. Students' work in the intervention condition also revealed growth in their historical thinking skills, as many were able to grasp a fundamental understanding that history is more than presenting facts. Implications and suggestions for technology-enhanced project-based learning experiences are indicated. (

The optimization of space management contributes to efficiency and success to the most organisations. Research for space management plays important role to ensure the related organisation will achieve the target of its business goal. This research will determine the space usage for space management in UTHM as a case study and to developed space charging model that will be used. The mechanism used for effective space management will be using qualitative and quantitative approach. A study for actual lecture room used compare the time table provided by the academic management has been done. Information will also be extracted from the quantitative approach where each elements of cost will be compared to the space area used. The operation cost of management such as, electricity, mechanical and civil and other related cost will be determined to get the space tenancy cost from the analysis, level of space usage will be determined whether it was optimum or else. Noted that the space management for institute of higher learning are very critical and therefore, space and facilities management have to be the main agenda and need to be managed efficiently. Maintenance and management costs will be included in a space charging model. It can be used also for charging of rental if the space is not used as intended to. Hopefully, this research may contribute awareness to the users in using the space effectively.

We describe the design of an experimental location-based pervasive game entitled "Savannah". Players use GPStracked handheld computers to experience a virtual savannah that appears to be overlaid on a football pitch sized grassy field. Players act collaboratively to carry out a series of lion missions (such as marking their territory, hiding their cubs and hunting). A stated aim of the game is to encourage players to understand the behaviour of lions though personal experience. This directs them to learn about the resources that lions require, and to understand the daily key decisions that lions have to make in order to survive in the wild. As a piece of entertainment, it offers a unique opportunity to role play a fascinating animal in a novel and engaging way.

This paper is an attempt to provide a medium for contributing to OCB knowledge base. Though essentially literature based, however, it tries to clarify ambiguity and confusion surrounding the conceptual underpinnings and thus understanding of OCB and related constructs. Most researchers and readers find difficulty to differentiate OCB from prosocial citizenship behavior, extra-role behavior, spontaneous behavior and contextual behavior resulting to the use of the constructs interchangeably, thus leading to errors in measurement. OCB is such an important construct to organizations as it has been found to improve their effective functioning and goal attainment by lubricating and enhancing social networks. Because of the ongoing importance of OCB to organizations, employees, management and the marketplace efforts should be made to encourage more research around the construct and other related constructs.

The optimization of space management contributes to efficiency and success to the most organisations. Research for space management plays important role to ensure the related organisation will achieve the target of its business goal. This research will determine the space usage for space management in UTHM as a case study and to developed space charging model that will be used. The mechanism used for effective space management will be using qualitative and quantitative approach. A study for actual lecture room used compare the time table provided by the academic management has been done. Information will also be extracted from the quantitative approach where each elements of cost will be compared to the space area used. The operation cost of management such as, electricity, mechanical and civil and other related cost will be determined to get the space tenancy cost from the analysis, level of space usage will be determined whether it was optimum or else. Noted that the space management for institute of higher learning are very critical and therefore, space and facilities management have to be the main agenda and need to be managed efficiently. Maintenance and management costs will be included in a space charging model. It can be used also for charging of rental if the space is not used as intended to. Hopefully, this research may contribute awareness to the users in using the space effectively.

The increasing usage of robots in manufacturing operations is due to its flexibility and its ability to be reprogrammed easily when the old task changes. The main obstacle in the robotics applications is to minimize the positional errors when it is under real working conditions. This implies that robots have to perform accurately under loaded conditions at any location within the working envelope. The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of industrial robot under payload and various distances within the working envelope. Relationship between the location and payload versus accuracy and repeatability are to be obtained. The experimental work and statistical analysis was performed in order to achieve the desired objective of the research. The study of linear performance has been carried out and the results show that the FANUC Robot Arc Mate 100i under the study has the linear accuracy and repeatability of 2.125 mm. The accuracy and repeatability value obtained was not the same compare to the manufacturer specification due to various factors that cannot be avoided. Statistical analysis shows that the distance from robot center has significantly affects the accuracy and repeatability performance of the robot.

This paper reviews the literature on computer uses in second language and foreign language learning from 1990 to 2000 inclusive. Given the strong interest in technology use for language learning, it is important to look at how technology has been used in the field thus far.

Self-reported attachment styles with mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner were assessed longitudinally across adolescence. Three cohorts (ages 13, 16, and 19 years; N 5 373) from a community sample were followed across 2 years. There was only one change in attachment styles with age: the oldest adolescents were more dismissive than the younger. Adolescents were more secure with mother than with father, and most dismissive and fearful with father. Boys were more dismissing than girls, who were more fearful with a romantic partner (n 5 158). Across time, attachment insecurity with father was associated with insecurity with a best friend. Attachment insecurity with a romantic partner was associated primarily with insecurity with friend, but changes over time tended to be associated with insecurity with mother. Results support the view of a differentiated hierarchy of attachment figures in adolescence, with the quality of parental attachment contributing to close extra-familial relationships.

Traditionally, customer relationship management (CRM) software has been used for managing customers with aimed for established the customer database. Most of hypermarket business has been applied CRM software as a platform for analyzing their current and potential customer especially brings more income to their business. Commonly, the hypermarket has success on establish and managing their customer database, as one of important aspect for sustaining their profitability, but most of them still have problem in visualizing their customer with specific reference to the geographical location, as well as real marketplace. The strategic question is how good the CRM software in visualizing the customers value with specific reference to lifetime value of customer in the real geographical location. The objective of this paper is to analyze the capability of selected CRM software, such as NetSuite, Microsoft CRM, eSalesTrack, Salesnet, C2CRM, and Pivotal with specific attention on spatial function for managing the lifetime value of customer in the geographical marketplace. A content analysis approach has been using to investigate each types of selected CRM software with main reference to hypermarket business in Malaysia. Meanwhile, 60 respondents have participated in the study purposely for testing, examine and experienced the trial version of selected CRM software. In general, the finding shows that CRM software provides advances feature of managing customer value, especially for targeting, segmenting and prospecting customer. Most of the CRM software also provides valuable information to advice the marketers for selecting the best target of customer segment. However, the biggest disadvantage of CRM software, practically, it has no platform for visualizing every single customer as it in the actual setting of geographical location. In addition, most of CRM software has no ability to visualize customer value as the real they look like. At the end, some suggestion has made for used the geographical information technology (GIT) for strengthening the capability of CRM software in visualizing lifetime value of individual customer that potentially to enhance the performance of visualized customer value with precise and real time results.

System aspects of an anti-intruder multistatic radar based on impulse radio ultrawideband (UWB) technology are addressed. The investigated system is composed of one transmitting node and at least three receiving nodes, positioned in the surveillance area with the aim of detecting and locating a human intruder (target) that moves inside the area. Such systems, referred to also as UWB radar sensor networks, must satisfy severe power constraints worldwide imposed by, for example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and by the European Commission (EC) power spectral density masks. A single transmitter-receiver pair (bistatic radar) is considered at first. Given the available transmitted power and the capability of the receiving node to resolve the UWB pulses in the time domain, the surveillance area regions where the target is detectable, and those where it is not, are obtained. Moreover, the range estimation error for the transmitter-receiver pair is discussed. By employing this analysis, a multistatic system is then considered, composed of one transmitter and three or four cooperating receivers. For this multistatic system, the impact of the nodes location on area coverage, necessary transmitted power and localization uncertainty is studied, assuming a circular surveillance area. It is highlighted how area coverage and transmitted power, on one side, and localization uncertainty, on the other side, require opposite criteria of nodes placement. Consequently, the need for a system compromising between these factors is shown. Finally, a simple and effective criterion for placing the transmitter and the receivers is drawn.

Boost topology is analyzed and its performance is compared against those of the regular single-switch Buck-Boost topology. Results from computer simulations demonstrate the benefits of using the 4-switch approach than the conventional buck-boost method.

In this paper, we describe the challenge of adequately characterizing and measuring experiences associated with playing digital games. We discuss the applicability of traditional usability metrics to user-centred game design, and highlight two prominent concepts, flow and immersion, as potential candidates for evaluating gameplay. The paper concludes by describing the multi-measure approach taken by the Game Experience Research Lab in Eindhoven.

The paper presents requirements, architecture and implementation of a hardware platform consisting of different modules, the current progress of research with development of sensor nodes for this ASE-BAN and the corresponding software. The concept of a body gateway is presented alongside with the preliminary results obtained with our current wireless BAN prototype.

We investigate parenting characteristics and adolescent peer support as potential moderators of the effects of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) on adolescent outcomes. Lehigh Longitudinal Study (N=416) data include parent and adolescent reports of childhood IPV exposure. Exposure to IPV predicted nearly all adverse outcomes examined, however after accounting for co-occurring child abuse and early child behavior problems, IPV predicted only one outcome. Several moderator effects were identified. Parental "acceptance" of the child moderated the effects of IPV exposure on the likelihood of teenage pregnancy and running away from home. Both peer communication and peer trust moderated the relationship between exposure to IPV and depression and running from home. Peer communication also moderated the effects of IPV exposure on high school dropout. Interventions that influence parenting practices and strengthen peer support for youth exposed to IPV may increase protection and decrease risk of several tested outcomes.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the role of consumer identification with the company and consumer involvement with the social cause in consumer behavioural responses to Cause-related Marketing. A theoretical model was empirically estimated based on data taken from 595 consumers of insurance and personal hygiene products and using structural equation modelling. A multigroup analysis was performed in order to test the moderating effect of consumer involvement with the social cause. Findings confirm that company-consumer identification is a powerful cognitive connection able to generate positive consumer behavioural responses to Cause-related Marketing. Furthermore, when the consumer feels more involved with the social cause, the positive influence of consumer identification on product purchase intention is amplified; however, identification influence on intention to support Non-Profit Organisation is reinforced when consumer feels less involved with the social cause.

Complaint handling becomes as an important part for minimizing user dissatisfaction among the customers in an organisation, both in private or public sector. In higher learning institution, students, academic staff, and non-academic staffs can be categorized as the user as they use the services and products provided. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of helpdesk as a user complaint in improving the delivery of facilities management (FM) services in University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, (UTHM). The application of helpdesk has been implemented since September 2009 in Development and Property Management Office, UTHM. Research's objectives are to study the existing service management system for users' complaint on facilities management and whether that system can contributes to the users' satisfaction in UTHM or not. For methodology, the data derived through a questioner survey to the UTHM users, which refer to the academic and non-academic staff as the respondents. This research also consists of literature review and actual collected data generated from the monthly and annually report of helpdesk to analyse. These showed the total numbers of users' complaints about facilities management in UTHM. Research approach used for this research called development study which refers to the longitudinal study. Therefore, the aims of this research are to know the effectiveness of the helpdesk as a user complaint and also to get feedback about the users' satisfaction used this system. As the results, may be this system can be a good tool to enhance the system on users' complaint for better facilities management in UTHM.

Procurement is one of the major aspects for an enterprise to improve its supply chain management and hence enterprise performance. The advent of Internet has introduced e-commerce and drastically changing the way procurement is done to improve operation efficiency and reduce transaction cost significantly. Thereby, this lead to the term "e-procurement" or "e-purchasing". However, many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) still perceive e-procurement as infeasible although e-procurement is introduced in the early 2000. Hence, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive survey on existing literature with regards to the benefits and barriers of e-procurement in the perspective of Malaysian SMEs. Highlighting the benefits and identifying the major barriers of SMEs e-procurement implementation enables formation of effective solution to encourage more adoption of eprocurement system in Malaysian SMEs.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently received considerable interest from both academia and industry that are working on technologies to develop the future Internet. It is a joint and complex discipline that requires synergetic efforts from several communities such as telecommunication industry, device manufacturers, semantic Web, informatics and engineering, among many others. Much of the IoT initiative is supported by the capabilities of manufacturing low-cost and energy-efficient hardware for devices with communication capacities (e.g., sensors and RFID tags), the maturity of wireless sensor network technologies, and the interests in integrating the physical and cyber worlds. IoT consists of interconnected "Things" and their virtual representations addressable by using standard communication protocols. However, the heterogeneity of the "Things" makes interoperability among them a challenging problem, which prevents generic solutions from being adopted on a global scale. Furthermore, the volume, velocity and volatility of the IoT data impose significant challenges to existing information systems. The semantic Web community has worked on combining knowledge engineering and AI techniques to represent, integrate, and reason upon data and knowledge in the past decades. Semantic technologies based on machineinterpretable representation formalism have shown promise for describing objects, sharing and integrating information, and infering new knowledge together with other intelligent processing techniques. The addition of semantics has also helped create machine-interpretable and self-descriptive data in the IoT domain. However, the dynamic and resource-constrained nature of the IoT requires special design considerations to be taken into account to effectively apply the semantic technologies on the real world data. In this article we review some of the recent developments on applying the semantic technologies to IoT -in particular, information modeling, ontology design, and processing of semantic data -and discuss the challenges.