Oil Extraction

This research study focuses on the production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil and coconut oil. The biodiesel was prepared by trans-esterification of the oils (unsaturated fatty acid) with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to give mono alkyl ester. The biodiesel obtained from the two sources was characterized and the properties compared the API gravity, specific gravity, flash point, carbon residue, sediment and water content, sulphur content and iodine value were observed to be 21.92°C/25.58°C, 0.9223/0.9030, 64°C/62°C, 0.04%/0.03%, <0.1, 0.17%/0.16%, 13.5 mg/12.6 mg for palm kernel and coconut oils biodiesel, respectively. The results for these properties were further compared with standard and were found to be comparable. This study shows that biodiesel obtained from palm kernel and coconut oils can be alternative to conventional fossil diesel since it is more environmentally friendly.

In this work the kinetics of oil extraction from spring canola seeds subjected to a hydrothermal pretreatment with direct steam (393 K, 5 min) was studied. The differences between the seed internal structure generated by the application of this pretreatment and that of the untreated sample (ground sample) were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Oil from both samples was extracted with hexane at different times and temperatures using a stirred batch system. Oil yield increased up to 46 % due to the hydrothermal treatment. A model was proposed to explain the oil extraction process from hydrothermally pretreated and untreated canola seeds, taking into account two main mechanisms: a washing process of the surface oil from the seed, and a diffusion process. Parameters of the model were fitted, and values of the oil fraction extracted during the washing step (0.27 and 0.50 for untreated and hydrothermally treated canola seeds, respectively) and the effective diffusion coefficient (...

In the last 15 years, Ecuador has expanded its mining frontier in the Amazon at a pace and scale not seen before; this expansion has required the state to modify legal frameworks and institutions to increase territorial control in areas where the state's presence was previously weak. For example, laws require a portion of mining profits to be invested in modernization and development of populated areas near extractive sites. Mining investments are used to persuade populations to agree to extractive activities and are utilized as a strategy to modernize rural/indigenous ways of life. Thus, state intervention and mining, and oil activity expansion affect the local ability to respond to changes taking place at a rapid pace while also causing a number of conflicts. I use case studies of communities facing encroachment of mining in the Amazon of Ecuador to better understand: a) the ways in which affected people struggle to maintain control over territories, b) the ways in which people adapt and respond to the negative effects of state and oil expansion and c) the ways in which indigenous people understand and cope with conflicts and violence produced by mining and oil industry. v My findings show first that indigenous and peasant communities require access to 'volumetric knowledge' in order to increase their ability to participate in processes of negotiation with the state. These processes define access to land and redistribution of oil extraction profits. Volumetric knowledge makes reference to understandings of oil volume, quality, infrastructure and environmental impacts in affected territories. Second, my findings show that communities affected by oil extraction respond ambivalently when adapting livelihood strategies to the expansion of oil extraction and increased state presence. Specifically, people partially reject and embrace state-imposed development and modernization programs. I focus on the process that informs families' decision-making process, suggesting that 'tactical subjectivity' informs livelihood strategies at the household level. Third, state modernization and development programs reinforce colonial power dynamics in the Amazon; thus, 'epistemic violence' takes place as indigenous traditional knowledge that makes sense of conflicts and violence is undermined and erased by western logic driven by state-led modernization and development.

Since ancient times plants have been used as source of therapeutic agents. Plants are playing a significant role in the indigenous system of medicine to combat diseases. Plants are the richest sources of bioactive organic chemicals on earth. They are the store house of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids etc. The traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or bioactive chemicals. This type study provides the health application at affordable cost. This such as ethanomedicine keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for medicine.In keeping this view in mind the present investigation is carried out in Jatropha curcas seed collected in June 2008 from Banthra Research station Lucknow, India. The results suggest that the phytochemicals properties of the seed for curing various ailments.

The application of nanotechnology in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has shown significant potential in improving oil displacement efficiency. Various types of nanoparticles, including silica, carbon nanotubes, polymer, and metal oxide nanoparticles, have been explored for their ability to alter wettability, reduce interfacial tension, and improve oil recovery. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms, applications, and challenges associated with the use of nanoparticles in EOR. The current state of knowledge on the synthesis, functionalization, and transport of nanoparticles in porous media is discussed. Despite the promising results, challenges such as environmental concerns, economic viability, and technical scalability must be addressed to enable the widespread adoption of nanoparticles in EOR. Future research directions are proposed to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of nanotechnology in EOR.

Protecting Landscapes in Madagascar
Interpretations of the Mandrare Valley An Exploration of a concept to bridge the gaps between science and the humanities in an effort to integrate different forms of knowledge for the management of the new generation of protected areas in Madagascar

‘Landscape Character’ is about People & Place
Protected areas in Madagascar were until recently based on the
idea of places where natural wildernesses should be protected from
people. This concept works for the core of a protected area network.
However when one goes beyond such core wilderness areas, which can
be strictly protected, it is obvious that people live within and mould
the landscape. Approaches to landscape conservation need to take
account of the diversity of objectives held by the stakeholders of a
given landscape.
The new generation of protected areas which are under
development across the island, give the opportunity to recognise that
Man is an integral part of Madagascar’s landscapes, and that he should
remain so. An understanding of landscape being used in this context
should accept that they are dynamic and that cultural and social
factors are of equal importance to natural elements. Indeed it is the
combination of the natural and social dimensions of an area which give
it its character and which can be part of the basis for regional
development.
Landscape Character Assessment is a process which could help
stakeholders from different backgrounds to understand the
complexity of their landscape and to develop a common
understanding on which to base the planning within this category of
new protected areas. Landscape character is a distinct, recognisable
and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape that makes one
place different from another.

Globally, biofuels are produced from the agricultural sources or biomass which contains higher feed stock material and agricultural component. These sources are used as a good source for the good yield of biofuels that results to higher energy production. These biomasses comprised of various organic chemicals which are processed for production like sugars, starch and hydrocarbons components. Industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes are treated and converted to biosolids or sewage sludge, which contains a diversity of organic chemicals in different ranges. Organic chemicals like hydrocarbons, alkanes, alcohols, esters, ethers, various amines, and isomers of compounds were studied in the sewage sludge. As with the variety of sewage sludge it might be used for the production of fuels for energy production. Studies and discussions in the way to use sewage sludge give the assumption for the alternative&#39;s sources or biomass for the production of biofuel.

This study had as aims the extraction, purification and characterization of moringa oil for everyday applications with backing scientific. The average oil yield was of 23.92%, using the techniques: mechanical pressing (11.36%) and by with hexane extraction (35.48%). The oil extracted by pressing was analysed for gas chromatography, revealing a profile of 21.5% of saturated fatty acids and 78.5% of unsaturated fatty acids, having the oleic acid as the major component. The mixed crude oil was refined in four steps: degumming, neutralization, washing and drying. The crude and refined oils were characterised through their acidity index (8.8; 20.5 and 0.2 mg KOH g -1 ), peroxide index (3.3; 5.4 meqO 2 kg -1 and not detected), water content (876.6; 632.0 and 630.2 mg kg -1 ), turbidity (64.1; 12.6 and 2.1 NTU), specific mass (909.5; 907.2 and 907.0 kg m 3 ), kinematic viscosity (43.6; 39.1 and 41.7 mm 2 s -1 ), high power calorific (39.7; 40. and 39.4 MJ kg -1 ) and calorific value lower (36.9; 36.9; 37.1 MJ kg -1 ), and ash content (0.05; 0.05 and 0.007%), respectively. The results show that moringa is a viable and sustainable plant in the use of its oil as raw material for several industries, especially in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biodiesel industry. Keywords: Oil analysis / oil extraction / turbidity in oil / energy in oil / moringa oil Résumé -Polyvalence de l'huile de Moringa oleifera dans des applications durables. Cette étude avait comme objectif l'extraction, la purification et la caractérisation de l'huile de moringa pour des applications quotidiennes. Le rendement moyen de l'huile était de 23,92 %, en utilisant les techniques suivantes : pressage mécanique (11,36 %) et extraction à l'hexane (35,48 %). L'huile extraite par pressage a été analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse, révélant un profil de 21,5 % d'acides gras saturés et 78,5 % d'acides gras insaturés, l'acide oléique étant le composant principal. L'huile brute mixte (mélange des huiles extraites par pression et solvant, proportion 1:4) a été raffinée en quatre étapes : dégommage, neutralisation, lavage et de séchage. Les huiles brutes (pressage ou solvant) et l'huile raffinée ont été caractérisées par leur indice d'acidité (8,8 ; 20,5 et 0,2 mg KOH g -1 ), leur indice de peroxyde (3,3 ; 5,4 meqO 2 kg -1 et non détectée), leur teneur en eau (876,6 ; 632,0 et 630,2 mg kg -1 ), leur turbidité (64,1 ; 12,6 et 2,1 NTU), leur masse spécifique (909,5 ; 907,2 et 907,0 kg m -3 ), leur viscosité cinématique (43,6 ; 39,1 et 41,7 mm 2 s -1 ), leur pouvoir calorifique supérieur (39,7 ; 40,0 et 39,4 MJ kg -1 ) et inférieur (36,9 ; 36,9 ; 37,1 MJ kg -1 ), et leur teneur en cendres (0,05 ; 0,05 et 0,007Les résultats montrent que moringa est une plante viable et durable dans l'utilisation de son huile comme matière première pour plusieurs industries, en particulier dans l'industrie alimentaire, cosmétique, pharmaceutique et le biodiesel.

Avocado oil has generated growing interest among consumers due to its nutritional and technological characteristics, which is evidenced by an increase in the number of scientific articles that have been published on it. The purpose of the present research was to discuss the extraction methods, chemical composition, and various applications of avocado oil in the food and medicine industries. Our research was carried out through a systematic search in scientific databases. Even though there are no international regulations concerning the quality of avocado oil, some authors refer to the parameters used for olive oil, as stated by the Codex Alimentarius or the International Olive Oil Council. They indicate that the quality of avocado oil will depend on the quality and maturity of the fruit and the extraction technique in relation to temperature, solvents, and conservation. While the avocado fruit has been widely studied, there is a lack of knowledge about avocado oil and the potential ...

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the optimum condition of mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) extraction with n-hexane. In the present paper, for the first time, we provide an optimal condition of MSKO extraction to obtain the maximum of yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and vitamin E. The experiment was conducted using central composite design (CCD) consisted of twenty experimental points including six replicates of center points to study the effect of three independent variables: temperature, time and amount of n-hexane on dependent variables. Data were analyzed using Design-Expert 10 software. The result showed that the optimum condition of MSKO extraction were 54.19°C, 5.24 h and 224.23 mL of n-hexane. In this condition MSKO have yield of 7.03%, TPC of 67.77 mg GAE/g oil and vitamin E of 141.22 mg/L. These results suggest that MSKO has potential as raw materials of food products oil-based and as a natural antioxidant of functional food and for use in food processing.

In a world grappling with climate change, resource depletion, and increasing poverty due to economic imbalances, the old model of resource extraction is not sustainable. Furthermore, building sustainable and lasting relationships between the oil-producing firms and communities could be considered a more sustainable option for energy initiatives. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore the post-extraction welfare of host communities of oil-producing companies in line with the challenges of resource depletion, climate change, the imperativeness of renewable energy, environmental concerns as well as social and economic benefits of adopting renewable energy using primary and secondary sources of data. The study proposes solutions to these challenges as well as highlighting the role of different stakeholders in this process.

The entire process of olive oil extraction involves the breakage of olive fruits to obtain a paste, the kneading of the paste, a centrifugation, and a further cleaning, performed by a disc stack centrifuge, to separate the residual water. In this research, in order to evaluate the effect of final centrifugal separation on olive oil quality and to both define and design the settings of a innovative separation system, olive oil was separated off from water using an accelerated separation process, tested in comparison with a disc centrifuge. The laboratory plant used for the trials was constituted by a twin cylindrical separator equipped with 4 variable frequency inverters, in order to regulate the fluid flow rates in the plant. Oil samples were collected during the trials to evaluate the influence of the proposed innovative process on oil quality; measuring some parameters as free acidity, peroxides (PV), specific extinction coefficients K232 and K270, chlorophylls , carotenoids, total polyphenols (POL) and turbidity. Results showed statistically significant differences (p-values<0.05) in some parameters as POL, PV, and ultraviolet absorption K232 and K270.

Over the last few years, vegetable oils have become an integral food part of the vast majority of the planet's population. In order to preserve all valuable substances in vegetable oils, it is necessary to correctly choose the rational parameters of the oil extraction process. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of various factors on the quantitative and force parameters of the oil extraction process and substantiate the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation. The research methodology is focused on mathematical modeling of the pressing process and analyzing the stress-strain characteristics of the pressed material (sunflower seeds and cake) at different operational conditions and design parameters of the screw. The obtained results are presented in the form of analytical dependencies of the press output (productivity), extraction pressure, and consumed power on the screw rotational frequency and screw flight pitch. The corresponding graphical dependencies are plotted for visualization of the obtained results with reference to the existing household press LiangTai LTP200. The conclusions on the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation are drawn. Particularly, the necessity of regulating the temperature of the pressing chamber and extracted oil by means of applying additional heating and cooling devices is substantiated. As well, the sensors that monitor the mass of the extracted oil and the consumed current of the electric motor are proposed to be installed. The rotational frequency of the screw is suggested to be adjustable by applying the frequency converter controlled by the additional electronic system based on the data obtained from the sensors. The paper may be used by scientists and engineers working on designing screw presses and improvement of their performance characteristics. Further investigations on the subject of this research may be focused on experimental verification of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the extracted oil depending on the type of the seeds or kernels to be pressed, and operational parameters of the press (screw rotation frequency, temperature of the pressing chamber, etc.).

The oil from Moringa Oleifera seed from Nigeria was extracted using three difference methods which involves Cold pressure method (CPM), Extraction with Pet-ether (P.E) and Ethanol: Chloroform100(E.C) (1:1). The extracted oils were compared with that of commercial virgin olive oil. The density, viscosity, acidity, saponification value, refractive index, colour, smoke point, iodine value, Free fatty acid Methyl ester, Sterols, tocopherol by (HPLC), peroxide value, E 1% 1cm at 232nm and the susceptibility to oxidation measure by the Rancimat method were determined. The oil was found to contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic (up to 71.65%). The determinant saturated acids were palmitic and behenic (both up to 6.4%). The oil was also found to contain high levels of βsitosterol (up to 46.65%), stigmasterol (up to 22.64%), campesterol (up to 15.62%). α-,ϒ-and δtocopherols were detected up to levels of 16.09,24.52 and 14.95mg/kg of oil, respectively. Moringa Oleifera seed oil showed a long indication period (at 120 O C), which however was reduced from 42.56 to 72.56% after degumming. The Moringa Oleifera seed oil showed also high stability to oxidative rancidity. Among the procedures for extraction, the mixture of Ethanol: Chloroform (1:1) (E.C) showed the higher resistance to oxidation. Meanwhile, Proximate analysis were carried out on the Moringa Oleifera seed before oil extraction and after oil extraction as well, where the results of protein and oil content before the extraction showed a higher values of (30.06% and 41.23%),while the results after extraction showed a declined in values which range from 27.86-23.22% were CPM indicates the highest value. However, the fibre, ash and moisture contents of the extraction range from 15.22-41.50% and E.C indicating the highest value.

Castor plant grows naturally in the wild over a wide range of geographical regions in Nigeria and it has an oilseed which has no much use. Production of biodiesel from this oil bearing plant offers potential of converting this waste seed that contain between 35 to 55 % of oil to useful product that is environmental friendly. In this study, the effects of process variables such as reaction time and reaction temperature on the transesterification of the castor oil to biodiesel were investigated. Methanol with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a homogenous catalyst was used for the transesterification process at a different reaction temperature of 50 0 C, 55 0 C, 60 0 C, 65 0 C and 70 0 C while reaction time was varied from 0.5 to 2.5 hours and the corresponding volume of the biodiesel produced were recorded for each of the variations. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results of the Response Surface Methodology showed that the quadratic coefficients were significant (p = 0.05). The R 2 and ...

les eaux usées à des températures différentes (10 ± 2°C et 22 ± 2°C). Les espèces ayant une production potentiellement élevée en lipides ont été sélectionnées. L'utilisation des eaux usées, comme milieu de culture, diminue le coût de production du biocarburant et sert en même temps d'outil pour le traitement des eaux usées. Nous avons comparé la biomasse et le rendement en lipides des souches cultivées dans une eau usée par apport à ceux dans un milieu synthétique, pour finalement identifié un certain nombre d'isolats ayant montré une bonne croissance à 10°C, voir une teneur élevée en lipides (allant de 20% à 45% du poids sec) ou une grande capacité d'élimination de nutriment (>97% d'élimination). De plus, nous avons caractérisé l'une des souches intéressantes ayant montré une production en lipides et une biomasse élevée, soit la microalgue Chlorella sp. PCH90. Isolée au Québec, sa phylogénie moléculaire a été établie et les études sur la production de lipides en fonction de la concentration initiale de nitrate, phosphate et chlorure de sodium ont été réalisées en utilisant de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse. Dans les conditions appropriées, cette microalgue pourrait produire jusqu'à 36% de lipides et croitre à la fois dans un milieu synthétique et un milieu issu d'un flux secondaire de traitement des eaux usées, et cela à 22°C ou 10°C. Ainsi, on peut conclure que cette souche est prometteuse pour poursuivre le développement en tant que productrice potentielle de biocarburants dans des conditions climatiques locales. Mots-clés : Les biocarburants; la durabilité; les algues; les eaux usées; le traitement des eaux usées; biodiesel; nutriments; la récolte; extraction de pétrole; espèce indigène; phylogénie; La méthodologie des surfaces de réponse.

Mini extrusion technology is a relatively new technology that offers fast timing and processing of food products. This technology paired with the advantageous properties and growing demand for soybeans can lead to a larger span of uses for the extruder that have not yet been explored, including NASA space missions and incorporation of soybeans into developing countries. During past research on parameters of operation, it was discovered that a significant amount of oil was being separated from the soy meal at the die of the mini extruder. Maximum removal of this oil allows use of the soy meal and soy oil to be maximized, and further, may allow reduction in chemical methods of oil removal being currently used in industry.

Sunflower oil is extremely important and widely used in the food industry, pharmaceutics, cosmetology, and numerous technical fields. The main purpose of this research is to propose a novel design of a crew-type press for sunflower oil extraction and to analyze the stress-strain conditions of its certain components, particularly, connecting shaft and screw. Simulation results obtained in SolidWorks software show the distribution of equivalent stresses and deformations in the corresponding element.

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The majority of fuel ethanol in the United States is produced by using the dry-grind corn ethanol process. The corn oil that is contained in the coproduct, distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can be recovered for use as a biodiesel feedstock. Oil removal will also improve the feed quality of DDGS. The most economical way to remove oil is considered to be at the centrifugation step for separating thin stillage (liquid) from coarse solids after distilling the ethanol. The more oil there is in the liquid, the more it can be recovered by centrifugation. Therefore, we studied the effects of corn preparation and grinding methods on oil distribution between liquid and solid phases. Grinding the corn to three different particle sizes, flaking, flaking and grinding, and flaking and extruding were used to break up the corn kernel before fermentation, and their effects on oil distribution between the liquid and solid phases were examined by simulating an industrial decanter centrifuge. Total oil contents were measured in the liquid and solids after centrifugation. Dry matter yield and oil partitioning in the thin stillage were highly positively correlated. Flaking slightly reduced bound fat. The flaked and then extruded corn meal released the highest amount of free oil, about 25% compared to 7% for the average of the other treatments. The freed oil from flaking, however, became nonextractable after the flaked corn was ground. Fine grinding alone had little effect on oil partitioning.

Palm oil is one of the richest sources of tocotrienols and may contain other non-tocopherol vitamin E congeners. The vitamin E profiles of fully ripened fruit mesocarp of three Elaeis Guineensis, two Elaeis Oleifera and one Hybrid OxG palm fruit genotypes from Costa Rica were analyzed by HPLC-FD and GC-MS after mechanical extraction by screw press and chemical extraction with hexane. γ-Tocotrienol and α-tocopherol were the most abundant tocochromanols, while other tocopherols (β-, γ-,δ-T) and α-tocomonoenol were detected at minor concentrations. Significant differences in vitamin E profiles between genotypes were observed and the variety E. Oleifera Quepos (CB9204) had the by far highest content of total tocotrienols (890 µg/g oil) and total vitamin E (892 µg/g oil). Chemical extraction with hexane afforded up to 2.5-fold higher vitamin E yields than screw press extraction. α-Tocomonoenol co-eluted with γtocopherol in reversed-phase HPLC analyses and is a possible source of error in the quantification of γ-tocopherol in foods.

This work is a study of the predictive group contribution methods, to evaluate its reliability compared with literature data and results between similar methods. Fatty acids constituents of palm and castor oil, and mixtures of them, were the objective of study.

Este trabajo consiste en la extracion mec´nica y caracterizacion fisico-Quimica del aceite de arachis hypogaea L. (Mani), variedad Georgia 06-G. La extraccion se realizo con una prensa hidraulica a escala de laboratorio con capacidad de 500 g. La materia prima caracterizada presento los siguientes resultados: humedad 5,54%, materia seca 94,46% cenizas 2,04% contenido de aceite 48%, proteinas 30% y carbohidratos 14,42% Se implemento un diseno de experimento bajo experimentacionesTaguchi (metodo estadistico). Las condiciones operacionales para la extracion de aceite por prensado en caliente.

Este trabajo consiste en la extracion mec´nica y caracterizacion fisico-Quimica del aceite de arachis hypogaea L. (Mani), variedad Georgia 06-G. La extraccion se realizo con una prensa hidraulica a escala de laboratorio con capacidad de 500 g. La materia prima caracterizada presento los siguientes resultados: humedad 5,54%, materia seca 94,46% cenizas 2,04% contenido de aceite 48%, proteinas 30% y carbohidratos 14,42% Se implemento un diseno de experimento bajo experimentacionesTaguchi (metodo estadistico). Las condiciones operacionales para la extracion de aceite por prensado en caliente.

Calendula officinalis L. is globally known for its medicinal importance. It has an extremely wide range of use, due to its certain properties and is well adapted to temperate climatic regions and is easy to grow. In present study, 12 accessions of Calendula officinalis viz.

This study examined the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of oils extracted from gingerbread plum kernels grown in two different areas (Niger and Guinea). The oil contents were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05); 56% and 60% for gingerbread plum kernels originated from Niger (GPKN) and guinea (GPKG), respectively. GPKG showed the highest levels for physical parameters such as iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid and peroxide values when compared with GPKN. The major monounsaturated fatty acid in both GPKN and GPKG was oleic acid (42.46 and 41.43%, respectively) while the polyunsaturated fatty acids consisted of linoleic and arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid was at higher levels (17.67 and 21.72% in GPKN and GPKG, respectively) than those in common vegetable oils. Results from antioxidant activity essays showed that GPKG is more active than GPKN in DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene and phenolic contents while GPKN showed the highest values for reducing power and flavonoid. Of the 11 sterol compounds found in this study, 24-hydroxy-24-methyl cholesterol, clerosterol and sitosterol accounted for 68.5% and 66.33% in GPKN and GPKG, respectively. Finally, all tocopherol vitamers (except γ-tocopherol) were present in GPKN and GPKG with α-tocopherol being the main element in both samples.

Fatty acids esters have a wide application as bioplasticizers and biolubricants in different industries, obtained mainly in classic batch reactors, through an equilibrium complex reaction, that involves high temperatures, long reaction times, vigorously stirring, and much energy consumption. To overcome these shortcomings, we synthesized a series of fatty acid esters (soybean oil fatty acids being the acid components with various hydroxyl compounds) through novel low energy consumption technologies using a bubble column reactor, a microwave field reactor and for comparison meaning, a classic batch reactor. The obtained bioesters physicochemical properties were similar to one another, a good concordance among their rheological properties was obtained, but the energetic consumption is lower when using the bubble column or the microwave reactors instead of the classical batch reactor.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality parameters and the chromatographic, thermogravimetric, and spectroscopic profile of Patauá oil (Oenocarpus bataua). All analyses were performed according to the Recommended Practices of the American Dil Chemists' Society (ADCS). The parameters obtained indicate conservation quality standards in accordance with Brazilian legislation. The fatty acid profile shows a predominance of ω-9, ω-6, and ω-3 fatty acids. The thermogravimetric behavior and differential analysis indicated good stability upon gradual temperature increase and the presence of endothermic and exothermic peaks characteristic of thermal and oxidative decomposition at high temperatures only. The spectroscopic profile evidenced long-chain unsaturated fatty acids confirming the fatty acid profile results. Ot was found that, in general, the Patauá oil has good nutritional and functional quality and high thermal and oxidative stability; therefore it can be considered as a raw material with potential applications in various industries.

Illicium verum Hook essential oil (EO) is composed mainly of trans-anethole (TA), which has therapeutic potential. The extraction is usually by hydrodistillation, taking long hours, leaving the process costly and product with lower quality. Thus, the present study sought to optimize dehydrated fruit fragmentation by Box-Wilson central composite design and EO extraction and EO quality using a 2 4-1 fractional factorial design. It is concluded that the fruits must be fragmented to sizes smaller than 425 μm using a knife mill. For hydrodistillation, the condition reported as ideal was granulometry < 0.425 mm, 8% mass, 1 hour and water volume of 200 mL. This process provided an EO yield of 10.2% and high-grade TA (96.6%), requiring shorter time of extraction.

This study aimed at optimizing the soxhlet extraction process for baobab (adansonia digitata) oil extraction from its seeds kernel. Normal hexane, petroleum ether, and ethanol were considered as the extraction solvents at 60, 65, and 70 o C extraction temperature while retaining the experiment to 80, 100, and 120minutes. In each case, the effect of the three extraction parameters on the performance characteristics was established to achieve the maximum percentage oil yield and minimum percentage free fatty acid. The optimum extraction conditions were attained using grey relational analysis (GRA) of Taguchi's method after 120 min with n-hexane at 70 o C. The optimized performance parameters are 25.34% oil yield and 2.086% free fatty acid. The study on the effect of each extraction parameters showed that the solvent type has the highest level of influence of 55% followed by extraction time 36% and the extraction temperature of 9%. The results also showed that the method could be used for mass extraction and onward biodiesel production.

The kinetics of essential oil recovery from lemon grass was investigated using an experimentally validated first order kinetic model. Essential oil recovery was accomplished in a steam distillation equipment using 100g of plant material in different physical states. The kinetic model developed did not take into consideration the resistance to oil diffusion from the tissues within the plant material to the leaf surface. The integral method of analysis was used to test the fit of the model to the experimental results. The straight lines obtained indicated that the recovery of essential oils from lemon grass followed first order rate kinetics with a mean rate constant, k, of 0.0451. It was observed that oil extraction was not instantaneous as some time was required to wet the plant material to enable the oil diffuse from within the leaves to the surface. Furthermore, loose packing of the plant material within the steam distillation equipment improved oil yield and drying the plant mate...

Oil was extracted from the seed of Cassia sieberiana Lusing soxhlet apparatus. The oil yield was 9.26±0.01% and the colour of the seed oil was dark yellow. The results of the physico-chemical analysis revealed the following; acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, relative density and refractive index of 0.35±0.01 mgKOH/g , 135.60 ±0.10 gI2/100g, 235.62 ±0.01 mgKOH/g, 1.8 ±0.10meq H2O2 , 0.8185±0.00 (g/cm3) and 1.4415 ±5.77 respectively indicating the suitability of the seed oil for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

To investigate the potential use of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil, dried Jatropha curcas L. seeds were crushed to release the kernels and oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the physicochemical characteristics of the oil determined using standard methods. The physico-chemical characteristics showed: oil yield 42.19%, specific gravity 0.93, saponification value 122.49mgKOH/g, iodine value 129.66gI 2 /100g, acid value 1.38mgKOH/g, free fatty acid value 0.74mgKOH/g and peroxide value 1.55meq/Kg. The phytochemical screening of the oil showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, while tannins, flavonoids and phenols were absent. From the determined parameters, Jatropha curcas seed oil may be use as cooking oil and in cosmetics. In addition, the revealed phytochemcals suggested that the seeds oil has pharmacological potentialities.

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author AAW designed the study, performed the analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript and did literature searches. Author HIM managed the review, provided scholarly contributions and some literature searches and author AOM contributed in review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Over the last few years, vegetable oils have become an integral food part of the vast majority of the planet's population. In order to preserve all valuable substances in vegetable oils, it is necessary to correctly choose the rational parameters of the oil extraction process. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of various factors on the quantitative and force parameters of the oil extraction process and substantiate the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation. The research methodology is focused on mathematical modeling of the pressing process and analyzing the stress-strain characteristics of the pressed material (sunflower seeds and cake) at different operational conditions and design parameters of the screw. The obtained results are presented in the form of analytical dependencies of the press output (productivity), extraction pressure, and consumed power on the screw rotational frequency and screw flight pitch. The corresponding graphical dependencies are plotted for visualization of the obtained results with reference to the existing household press LiangTai LTP200. The conclusions on the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation are drawn. Particularly, the necessity of regulating the temperature of the pressing chamber and extracted oil by means of applying additional heating and cooling devices is substantiated. As well, the sensors that monitor the mass of the extracted oil and the consumed current of the electric motor are proposed to be installed. The rotational frequency of the screw is suggested to be adjustable by applying the frequency converter controlled by the additional electronic system based on the data obtained from the sensors. The paper may be used by scientists and engineers working on designing screw presses and improvement of their performance characteristics. Further investigations on the subject of this research may be focused on experimental verification of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the extracted oil depending on the type of the seeds or kernels to be pressed, and operational parameters of the press (screw rotation frequency, temperature of the pressing chamber, etc.).

a RÉSUMÉ. Les citoyens peuvent décider du bien commun. Ce postulat, défendu par Jacques Testart, biologiste de la reproduction et critique de la science, invite à réfléchir sur l'implication des citoyens dans les processus décisionnels visant divers enjeux de société. Il propose la convention de citoyens comme cadre procédural pour débattre et élaborer des avis au nom de l'intérêt de l'humanité et du bien commun. L'auteure présente les grandes étapes de cette convention et compare deux d'entre elles à des modèles pratiqués en sol québécois : celui du Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE) et la concertation de parties prenantes. L'exercice comparatif met en évidence des différences entre les procédures tout en ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles pratiques relevant d'une éthique territoriale. La question centrale est de déterminer comment une communauté peut choisir, et selon quelles modalités, les valeurs guidant le développement de leur territoire? Des freins existent et la multiplication d'expériences serait une voie intéressante pour expérimenter dans les différentes échelles territoriales (locale, supra-locale et régionale). ABSTRACT. Citizens can decide on the common good. This postulate, defended by Jacques Testart, a reproductive biologist and critic of science, invites us to reflect on the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes concerning various social issues. He presents the convention of citizens as a procedure to debate and elaborate opinions in the name of the interest of humanity and the common good. The author presents the main stages of this convention and compares two of them to Quebec approaches: the Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE) and the consultation of stakeholders. The comparative exercise highlights the differences between the procedures while opening the way to new practices of territorial ethics. The central question is to determine how a community can choose, and according to what modalities, the values guiding the development of their territory? There are resistances and the multiplication of experiences would be an interesting way to experiment in different territorial scales (local, supra-local and regional).

Les citoyens peuvent décider du bien commun. Ce postulat, défendu par Jacques Testart, biologiste de lareproduction et critique de la science, invite à réfléchir sur l’implication des citoyens dans les processus décisionnels visant divers enjeux de société. Il propose la convention de citoyens comme cadre procédural pour débattre et élaborer des avis au nom de l’intérêt de l’humanité et du bien commun. L’auteure présente les grandes étapes de cette convention et compare deux d’entre elles à des modèles pratiqués en sol québécois : celui du Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE) et la concertation de parties prenantes. L’exercice comparatif met en évidence des différences entre les procédures tout en ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles pratiques relevant d’une éthique territoriale. La question centrale est de déterminer comment une communauté peut choisir, et selon quelles modalités, les valeurs guidant le développement de leur territoire? Des freins existent et la multip...

This research investigates the physicochemical,
phytochemical, and fatty acid composition of Neocaryamacrophylla
seed oil. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the properties and applications of Neocarya macrophylla seed oil,
contributing to the knowledge on its industrial, nutritional, and
medicinal significance. The sample seeds were sourced from Illela,
Sokoto State, Nigeria. A mixed method research involving
quantitative and qualitative analytical research was employed. The
research was conducted at Chemistry laboratory, Usmanu danfodiyo
university sokoto. A soxhlet extraction method was used.,with nhexane as a solvent. The physicochemical analysis of the oil shows
a saponification value of 153.33 mgKOH/g, iodine value of 33.07
gI2
/100g, and a peroxide value of 45.5 mgmeq/kg. Qualitative
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids, aligning with the
antimicrobial attributes noted in Anacardiumoccidentale L. seeds
oil. Fatty acid profiling identified oleic acid as the predominant
monounsaturated fatty acid (42.46%), while linoleic and arachidonic
acids constituted the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (35.08%). The
study's findings suggest potential applications of
Neocaryamacrophylla seed oil in soap production, owing to its high
saponification value, and its stability, indicated by the
MUFA/PUFA ratio. This research contributes valuable insights into
the underexplored properties of Neocaryamacrophylla seed oil,
holding implications for industries seeking alternative oil sources

La educación es transformadora y a partir de sus conocimientos y aprendizajes se fueron desarrollando métodos y técnicas de quién, para quién y cómo enseñar. Hoy en pleno Antropoceno hay muchos desafíos para el futuro de la educación. Sin embargo: ¿Por qué nos deparamos con un alto índice de extractivismo epistemológico y ambiental que viene afectando durante años a la organización social de la Nación Kukama? En este contexto, es importante dar a conocer las formas de vida humana, no humana y extra humana kukama, dado que el educar,

El aceite de Milpesillos (Oenocarpus mapora), fruto perteneciente a la familia Arecaceae, posee un alto contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y un atractivo perfil como ingrediente natural. Se evaluó tres métodos para su obtención: extracción sólido-líquido (ESL), extracción mecánica con prensa expeller (EPE) y extracción asistida por microondas (EAM). Aunque el ESL presentó mayores rendimientos (R ESL = 62,2%, R EPE =48,3% y R EAM =26%), la EPE es una opción viable y ambientalmente amigable y la EAM resulta muy atractiva por presentar una mejor composición final de ácidos grasos. Palabras clave: ingredientes naturales, extracción sólido-líquido, extracción mecánica, extracción asistida por microondas.

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the final Version of Record (VOR). This work is currently citable by using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) given below. The final VoR will be published online in Early View as soon as possible and may be different to this Accepted Article as a result of editing. Readers should obtain the final VoR from the journal website shown below when it is published to ensure accuracy of information. The authors are responsible for the content of this Accepted Article.

stabilized by phospholipids have been known for several The equilibrium phase behavior and the macroemulsion type decades, the stabilization mechanism remains controversial and stability of oil-water-lecithin mixtures was studied. For di-(3-8). oleyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and n-alkanes as the oil com-It is known that the micellar phase always tends to be ponent, the phase equilibrium is characterized by an extended the continuous phase of a macroemulsion (9). Recently a inverse micellar region in equilibrium with water (Winsor II). On mechanistic interpretation for this correlation was proposed, the other hand, n-C 8 F 18-DOPC-water and soybean oil-DOPCaccording to which the surfactant packing type (spontaneous water mixtures show a three phase equilibrium of almost pure curvature) affects both the phase behavior of microemulsions water, almost pure oil, and lamellar phase L a (Winsor III). Equilibrium phases of DOPC systems can be emulsified in each other. and the coalescence energy barrier of macroemulsions (10). Inverse W/O macroemulsions are favored for all the n-alkanes At positive spontaneous curvatures H 0 , the coalescence bar-(C 6-C 14) studied; O/W emulsions are rather unstable. On the rier for O/W emulsions is large and that of W/O emulsions other hand, n-perfluorooctane and soybean oil produced very stais small. At negative H 0 , the coalescence barrier of W/O ble O/W emulsions. The phase behavior and emulsion stabilizing emulsions is large and that of O/W emulsions is small. The properties of an egg yolk phospholipid mixture is similar to those behavior in the vicinity of the balanced point, where H 0 Ç of DOPC. The phase equilibrium of the saturated analogue of 0, is dependent on the bending modulus of the monolayer DOPC: distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in mixtures with k. For flexible monolayers, k Ç kT, both O/W and W/O alkanes and water at room temperature is different and characteremulsions are unstable. For rigid monolayers, k Ç 10-100 ized by a Winsor III equilibrium of a L b lamellar phase in a gel kT, both O/W and W/O emulsions may be stable (Fig. state, oil and water. Accordingly, the O/W emulsions are strongly favored to inverse systems. The pattern of the phase equilibrium 1). The model is in good agreement with experiments for and macroemulsion stability becomes similar to that of DOPC at poly(oxyethylene) surfactants, which form flexible monoelevated temperatures. The macroemulsion stability pattern versus layers at the oil-water interface (11). the phospholipid packing type is discussed in relation to the re-It would be challenging to examine if the model works cently proposed theory of emulsion stability to coalescence (Kabalequally well for macroemulsions stabilized by rigid phosnov, A. and Wennerströ m, H., Langmuir 12, 276 (1996)). ᭧ 1996 pholipid monolayers. Although the concept of phospholipid Academic Press, Inc. shape was introduced in lipid science more than 20 years ago

Due to the abundance of Cocosnucifera L. (coconut) in southern part of Nigeria and considering its high consumption, this work was carried out to determine the potential applications of the seed kernel by investigating the physicochemical characteristics as well as the phytochemical and mineral compositions of its extracted oil content. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, and the physicochemical characterization, together with the phytochemical screening and determination of the mineral composition were carried out using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters of the extracted oil were as follows: acid value 0.7963± 0.21 mg KOH/g, saponification value 7.74 ± 0.73mg KOH/g, iodine value 46.8 ±0.63 I2/100g, free fatty acid 20.49±1.46 (% oleic acid), peroxide value (mEqH2O2/100g) 10.0 ± 5.0, specific gravity (g) 0.95 .0.05.The oil was observed to have clear white appearance, liquid at room temperature and has a nutty smell when fresh and unpleasant when rancid. Cocos...