New Jersey History

This paper explores the conservation and management of cultural resources across the lands managed by a utility company in New Hampshire to include the development and maintenance of survey protocols designed to identify previously unidentified cultural resources, the coordination of survey efforts, review of survey results, coordination of management strategies, compilation of data, creation and maintenance of a cultural resources database, and consultation with state and federal agencies, local governments, and other interested parties.

Any notion of a rigged 2020 national election pales in comparison to America's real "stolen election" 83 years before, in New Jersey. Republican state senator Lester H. Clee was poised to make the 1937 gubernatorial election a very close race. He carried 14 of the state's 21 counties and was nearly tied in 5 others. Yet the day after polls closed, people awoke to news that Clee's 80,000-vote lead had vanished. Overnight, his majority was erased by late returns from one single county-Hudson County, the power base of state Democratic boss Frank Hague. The 45,000-vote plurality delivered by Hague's indomitable political machine put Clee's opponent A. Harry Moore over the top. This article examines claims made by Republicans of the day that the 1937 election was stolen: that Lester Clee lost to A. Harry Moore because of institutionalized voter fraud in Hudson County.

This discusses an exhibit titled "We All Scream for Ice Cream: A History of Summer’s Favorite Treat" chronicling the history of ice cream in America. The exhibit, which was held in the American town of Cape May, New Jersey, highlights the contributions of African Americans and women to the development and popularity of ice cream, showcasing figures like Augustus Jackson and Alfred Cralle. The exhibit – an example of one on culinary history - ran from April 2024 through early November 2024.

This paper discusses the Second Amendment and the controversial issues surrounding its interpretation and application. By depicting the various court rulings and the role the state of Illinois, and in particular Chicago’s Cook County has had in reviewing, interpreting and implementing the Second Amendment, we try to inspect the case for the need to revise the Amendment to mitigate tragedies and foster a safer environment for every citizen. The history of the second amendment is consequently looked into and the probability of a repeal centuries after its first implementation as supported by the Supreme Court. In this modern-day, the Second Amendment is as applicable as it was in its advent. While it guarantees individual rights, it also poses threats that might taint the initial good intentions of the Amendment as formulated by Americans in the older periods. 
 

This article is a case study of the Connecticut surgeon, Albigence Waldo, which examines the roles that writing, sensory knowledge, and emotions played in his medical practice as a rural clinician in New England before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. It demonstrates how surgeons of the time used various forms of writing, as well as knowledge gained from experience, sensory impressions, and emotions to inform their approach to patients and practices of healing.

Many eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century New Jersey farmsteads were equipped with an out kitchen or summer kitchen. Once ubiquitous, these important buildings are typically only briefly described in probate inventories. Set apart from the main house, such buildings were necessary to keep homes cool while cooking during hot, humid summer months. Their distance and spatial relationship from the dwelling also ensured that uncontrolled kitchen fires did not destroy a family's dwelling. Rural out kitchens were places where women cooked; clothing was cleaned, tended and mended; and quarter was given to enslaved individuals, apprentices, and free laborers. Archaeology at the Manalapan Village House Site in Manalapan Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey permitted an opportunity to examine the contents and construction of an out kitchen built in the mid-eighteenth century and destroyed by fire in 1800. Examination of crawlspace contents provided insight into structure size, spatial layout, kitchen activities and consumer behavior at the moment the blaze grew out of control. This snap shot in time reveals unrecorded aspects of life for the Forman family at the turn of the nineteenth century.

The Ninth International Conference on Tourism & Leisure Studies features research on current themes and tensions concerning on methods, models, and practices; participation, access, impacts; communicating experience and future practices. We aim to explore diversity in all its manifestations and enhance diversity/inclusive mindfulness through open dialogue. This conference constitutes transdisciplinary thinking for all of us who participate either in-person or online. Dear conference participants, We would like to extend a very warm welcome to all the delegates attending the Ninth International Conference on Tourism & Leisure Studies, hosted by Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) in the vibrant city of Liverpool, UK. It is a pleasure to welcome you to this blended conference where participants have the choice of attending online or in person. The special focus of the conference is Tourism, Leisure and Change: Transforming People and Places. The idea is to explore the ways in which tourism and leisure are linked to change: both as agents of change and as constantly changing activities, as well as practices to be changed. Tourism and leisure are at once external forces that can be responsible for transforming places and people's lives, while simultaneously being subject to outside influences that require them to adapt. The power for tourism and leisure to "transform" and be "transformed" needs us to be vigilant about what and where is being "transformed," by whom, for what purposes, and with what implications. Time will be devoted to collectively discuss and debate the potential impact on places and people in the future from the work we do today. Organised by the Tourism & Leisure Studies Research Network, and the Tourism, Travel, Culture and Heritage (TTCH) research group of Liverpool John Moores University, the conference offers a space for engagement and debate among academics, policy makers and practitioners. In line with the Tourism & Leisure Studies Research Network's aim: to build an epistemic community where we can make linkages across disciplinary, geographic, and cultural boundaries, the conference engages with themes and tensions about methods, models and practices of tourism and leisure, participation, access, and impacts, communicating experience, as well as thinking about the future of these dynamic human activities. We would like to extend a very sincere thank you to our plenary speakers, Common Ground's conference team, members of TTCH and the LJMU administration and IT support staff for their invaluable help. We look forward to your active participation and meaningful contributions during the conference. Let's collectively explore the dynamic world of tourism and leisure! Wishing you a productive and enjoyable conference.

Archaeological excavations at the White Hill Mansion in Fieldsboro, Burlington County, New Jersey, revealed material evidence of identity construction and maintenance among the Delaware Valley's rural elite during the late colonial and early Republic periods. This article focuses on the lives and experiences of the Field family at White Hill and, in particular, three of the property's owners: Robert Field II, a successful merchant; his wife Mary Peale Field; and their son Robert Field III. The Fields were significant participants in the distinctive Quaker-influenced regional culture of the Delaware Valley, at times successfully and at times less so. Through agency theory, social constructs of gentility, documentary research, and both above-and belowground archaeological evidence, the ways in which the Fields and their relatives employed material culture to create and maintain social, economic, and political identities from the 1750s to the 1810s are examined. The evidence reveals that individual family members used various methods and cultural behaviors to cultivate and sustain desired identities that occasionally had unintended and destructive consequences.

were in several of the counties in the Bluegrass area, only the instances in Fayette County are noted here: ' January 1, 17 , 1,000 acres surveyed on a branch of the Kentucky River. January 17, 17 4, ,000 acres on Elkhorn Creek.' ' June 16, 17 4, , 47 1 2 acres on Elkhorn Creek but surveyed as 6, 47 1 2 acres.' June 5, 17 6, 100 acres on Jessamine Creek.' This was probably the acreage he gave the Methodist Church through Bishop Asbury on May 17, 17 0, for a site on which to build Bethel Academy. John Lewis also gave land for a church known as Lewis Chapel, near the Academy. This was the second Methodist church built west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 17 4 the Methodist conference was held in this chapel. Other grants were the following: June 2 , 1774, 2,000 acres on Elkhorn Creek in partnership with Charles Lewis.' '

She also serves as research advisor to the Mowa Band of Choctaws, an unrecognized Indian tribe in Alabama. Recently adopted federal regulations outline a procedure whereby nonfederally recognized Indian tribes can "petition" the Bureau of Indian Affairs for formal acknowledgement. Such a change in status offers significant enhancement of services available to members of previously unrecognized tribes, as well as formal legitimacy of their status. It is estimated that more than 100 Indian tribes in the United States do not have federal recognition. Submittinga petition involves compiling ethnohistorical and ethnographic data which demonstrate the origins and contemporary sociopolitical structure of the group. The process, which has been in effect since 1978, has proved to be very burdensome to petitioning groups due to the large amount of research required to provide the necessary data. It is suggested that more involvement by anthropologists in recognition research would help to alleviate the petitioners' problems and would offer unique opportunities for applied anthropologists.

Introduction 2 1. Our Beliefs Are Our Lives: The Moravian Church and Society 15 2. Delaware Beliefs and Social Structure 46 3. The Art o f Faith 68 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

In 1767, David Zeisberger and a small group of Moravian Indians began a perilous journey into the Ohio territory to introduce Moravian Christianity to the Delaware Indians. Unbeknownst to them when they started, this venture eventually led to the creation of one of the largest Indian missions in North America. During the next forty-one years, Zeisberger and his faithful assistants welcomed more than four hundred converts and almost as many nonconverted residents into numerous settlements. By the time the Moravians entered the Ohio country, most Delaware Indians already had fled from their homes in New Jersey and later Pennsylvania westward into the Northwest Territory. When Zeisberger arrived in 1767, the Delawares were living in the territory of the Miamis who had offered them refuge. During the next forty years, as circumstances dictated, especially those created by war, the missionaries and converts relocated for their safety and survival. They established thirteen settlements ma...

Introduction 2 1. Our Beliefs Are Our Lives: The Moravian Church and Society 15 2. Delaware Beliefs and Social Structure 46 3. The Art o f Faith 68 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

This is an historical account of the Abraham Staats family farm in South Bound Brook, Somerset County, New Jersey that focuses on the 1830s to 1840s period, during which time the family home was co-occupied by the Staats family siblings, as well as enslaved individuals.

New Brunswick High School, which had been racially integrated for decades, became majority-minority (and soon, all minority) in the 1970s, after years of legal wrangling led hundreds of its students to depart for a new, nearly all-white high school in the adjacent suburb of North Brunswick. White suburbanites invoked “local control” to justify building their own high school and battled against both New Brunswick and the New Jersey Department of Education, which ostensibly supported integration and the creation of larger, consolidated school districts. Black and Latino city residents initially advocated integration but soon renounced integration and demanded “community control” over New Brunswick High. Ultimately, the New Jersey Department of Education permitted the schools in the city and the suburb to become separate, allowing segregation to prevail in the so-called “era of integration.”

Each year, the NJ Council for the Humanities (NJCH) subsidizes at least 200 high-quality public humanities programs for host organizations throughout the state, providing opportunities for New Jersey communities to explore history, values, culture, and beliefs, and to engage in key questions with the support of a scholarly perspective. You can view more here. This NJ Studies "Invited Talk" by Sue Kozel is a NJCH Public Scholars Project program, and thus far versions have been presented at the Paterson Museum, the NJ State Library in Trenton, and "Social Justice Matters." Thank you, and before I begin, I would like to light a candle for the memory of Betty, sometimes called "Wench Betty" in records. Betty was an enslaved African American woman who was murdered by her owner in 1784 in Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, NJ. It's important to set the tone for our talk because when a murder occurs, a life is left unfinished and unfulfilled. I wanted us together to think about that reality. Whether we are gathered together, like today, for Black History Month, or any day of the year, we can reflect on why Betty's life matters in a historical context. Her life can also illuminate challenges in our modern world by showing us a historical context for injustice and race today.

The construction of military bases in Spain, used by Spanish and American soldiers, brought an urgent necessity for housing to accommodate the American soldiers who arrived in Spain with their families. In 1965, the 'Seabees' of the US Navy completely built 300 prefabricated houses in the USA; they were then moved by ship to Spain and erected in Rota, in the neighbourhood of Las Flores. In only 23 weeks, the houses were fabricated and, in a few months, they were erected. This neighbourhood was in use for 40 years until it was demolished a few years ago and it is an unknown and interesting example of balloon-frame structure housing in Spain. The aim of this article is to analyse the design, distribution, construction and assembly process of prefabricated housing in Spain.

This site report provides the site history, overview of archaeological work, material culture and site interpretations, and suggests the next phase of archaeological work at the Montclair History Center (MHC), Montclair, New Jersey. Historical documentary research supported by archaeological finds recovered from a Phase 1 survey are used to determine the impact of planned structural improvements on the property's cultural heritage. The artifacts recovered indicate the land was used as a greenhouse/florist operation up until the mid-1930s.

Timber-framing is a traditional building method that uses a simple framework of heavy timber posts and beams connected with hand-carved joints. From the outside, a timber-frame building looks like a standard, stickframed structure, but the stout, rough-sawn members give the interior the feel of an 18th-century barn or workshop. This 8 × 10-ft. shed has the same rough-sawn timbers and basic design used in traditional timber-framing, but with joints that are easy to make. In addition to an attractive interior, the shed has a homemade skylight and a large side window that make it a bright, inviting space. If staying cool is a concern, install operable windows, or adapt the shed frame to add more windows. Adding roof vents can improve ventilation, as well. The roof frame in this project is made with standard 2 × 4s, but if you're willing to pay a little more to improve the appearance, you can use roughcut 2× 4s or 4 × 4s for the roof framing. Brought to you by RyanShedPlans-Download 12,000 Shed Plans Now Materials Description Quantity/Size Material Foundation Drainage material 25 cu. ft. Compactible gravel Skids 3 @ 10'-0" 4 × 4 treated timbers Floor Framing Rim joists 2 @ 10'-0" 2 × 6 pressure-treated Joists 9 @ 8'-0" 2 × 6 pressure-treated Joist clip angles 18 3 × 3 × 3" × 18-gauge galvanized Floor sheathing 3 sheets 4 × 8' 3/4"tongue-&-groove ext.-grade plywood Wall Framing Posts 6 @ 8'-0" 4 × 4 rough-sawn cedar Window posts 2 @ 4'-0" 4 × 4 rough-sawn cedar Girts 2 @ 10'-0", 2 @ 8'-0" 4 × 4 rough-sawn cedar Beams 2 @ 10'-0'', 2 @ 8'-0" 4 × 6 rough-sawn cedar Braces 8 @ 2'-0" 4 × 4 rough-sawn cedar Post bases 6, with nails Simpson BC40 Post-beam connectors 8 pieces, with nails Simpson LCE L-connectors 4, with nails Simpson A34 Roof Framing Rafters 12 @ 7'-0'' 2 × 4 Collar ties 1 @ 10'-0" 2 × 4 Ridge board 1 @ 10'-0" 2 × 6 Metal anchors-rafters 8, with nails Simpson H1 Gable-end blocking 4 @ 7'-0'' 2 × 2 Exterior Finishes Siding 2 @ 14'-0", 8@ 12'-0", 10 @ 10'-0", 29 @ 9'-0"

History professors often warn their students not to rely exclusively on secondary sources, but instead, use primary sources when available such as personal correspondence, photographs, and government documents to verify information found in histories, journal articles, newspapers, websites, and other publications. A good example of how a secondary source misled one historian involves the photographer Samuel C. Chester (1851-1937), who spent much of his long career in Camden, Cape May, and Millville, New Jersey. Chester produced a substantial body of high-quality work and appears to have been a law-abiding family man and a skillful photographer from 1865 to about 1932. This essay will review the mistakes previously made in published accounts about him and then provide an accurate, illustrated review of his career. Robert Taft (1894-1955) taught chemistry at the University of Kansas, where he had obtained his Ph.D. in 1925, but his avocation was art history, including the history of photography. In 1938, he published an unprecedented, thoroughly researched, history that scholars still consult today. 1 In discussing the renowned Mathew Brady (1822-1896), who organized the most comprehensive photographic documentation of the Civil War, Taft listed Samuel C. Chester as one of Brady's team of cameramen. 2 In his long endnote no. 255, Taft thanked Leon Conley of Haddonfield, New Jersey, for furnishing him with the information on Chester and cited Chester's obituary in the April 26, 1937, Courier-Post (Camden), that Conley no doubt had kindly sent to him. 3 What Taft failed to realize was that Chester's obituary contained misinformation.

An important but unstudied event in US legal institutions is when judges question plaintiff and defense attorneys about the issue that brings them to an appeals hearing before a state supreme court. In this article I analyze judges' questioning during the oral argument phase of the New York Court of Appeals' hearing of Hernandez v. Robles, a case concerning whether the state was violating same-sex couples' constitutional rights by denying them access to marriage. The article's purpose is to show how the content, format, and language style of judges' questioning turns constructs the judges as persons possessing particular attitudes, judicial philosophies, political leanings, and personalities. The article provides a quantitative overview of the 186 questioning turns and analyzes the discourse in selected episodes to evidence how features of questioning generate identity inferences. The conclusion considers how the oral argument phase of Appeals Court proceedings c...

For some time there has been an interest in traditional Jersey houses and in recording their character and local distinctiveness which gives Jersey its special sense of identity. Farm buildings, on the other hand, have been rather neglected in this respect. This article is intended to raise awareness and understanding of one selected farm structure, namely a Jersey pigsty located at Oak View, in the Parish of St Mary as part of an Island-wide survey of pigsties. From the first view of the pigsties at Oak View, it was evident that they had undergone a complex evolution encompassing much of the historical period during which substantial masonry pigsties were constructed in Jersey.

For years, divisions within the state of New Jersey have been a topic of conversation. Most people recognize a cultural divide between North and South Jersey, and some argue for a “central” Jersey. This entertaining article mixes geography and cultural analysis to examine historical boundaries that influence the state to this day.

Threat: The owners of the Causey Mansion operate a bed and breakfast in the house. The ice house and kitchen/slave quarter are seriously deteriorated and a renovation project is planned. Significance: The kitchen/slave quarter stands as one of very few buildings in Sussex County that relates to the experience of African-American slaves in the area. Description: Located in south Milford, the Causey Mansion was built in 1763. Along with its outbuildings it remains a major element in the historic landscape of the town. A gravel drive provides access to the property from Causey Avenue. The house is located to the south of this drive and there are two outbuildings to the north of the drive. Both outbuildings are brick with stucco finish and are of equal size; about 14 by 15 feet. The first building, a kitchen/slave quarter, is slightly taller than the other, but evidence indicates that the original roof on this building was raised at some point. The kitchen/quarter is one-and-a-half stories high with a gable roof covered by asphalt shingles. The gable end faces west to the driveway; a centrally located door gives access to the one-room plan of the building. There is a small four-light casement window on the upper floor of this elevation and an S-shaped wall anchor located towards the southwest corner

University of Gothenburg hosts a national center focusing on traditional crafts called the Craft Laboratory. Craft research is being conducted in traditional building techniques, materials, and re-innovation. In an ongoing project the traditional use of aspen in historic architecture isexamined thru literature reviews, field studies and processual experiments. The aim is to understand more about aspen as a building material and as a timber source for maintenance of historic buildings and further to introduce it as an alternative material in contemporary construction. There are not only advantages with aspen for the cultural heritage but also for the present and future: it is mature after about 20 years which makes an economical advantage while at the same time contributing to a more sustainable forestry promoting biodiversity.

Blacksmithing in Benin City, Nigeria is of significant antiquity. The popularity and importance of the practice in the city is reinforced in the blacksmiths guild's attachment to the palace of the Oba, the traditional ruler of Benin people and their kingdom. This study examined the shift in paradigms and emerging trends in the practice. Based on the study of the blacksmiths and their products over a period of fourteen years, the study determined how the blacksmiths have responded to modern challenges. Findings indicate that a good number of the blacksmiths are multi-skilled in metal working and that they work with metals, other than iron, and employ modern tools and methodologies which were originally not traditional to blacksmithing. The study also classified the blacksmiths' products, most of which were also not traditional to their craft, into five categories: household utensils, farming implements, musical instruments, religious artefacts and decorative objects.

The American Antiquarian Society, whose founder Isaiah Thomas was both a printer and the first historian of American printing, quite appropriately has celebrated the Bicentennial by publishing a superb collection of essays covering many different aspects of the role of the press in Revolutionary America. Though the importance of the press to the Revolution is not a new theme, the wide-ranging subjects included here emphasize and expand our understanding of the influence of printers in the struggle for independence. Stephen Botein begins this collection by focusing on the printers themselves. His "Printers and the American Revolution" argues that the craft changed significantly because of the Revolutionary turmoil. In contrast to early eighteenth-century printers, those in the Revolutionary period began to express their opinions concerning political controversies. Seriously threatened by the Stamp Act, printers saw themselves as intimately involved in the struggle. Spurred on by the legend of Franklin, printers emerged from the Revolution with greatly enhanced prestige, occupational identity, and political importance. Though at first many printers tried to evade controversy, the polarization of politics, coupled with threats of violence, forced them to choose sides (usually patriot) and to play a significant part in the transformation of American thought. In "Freedom of the Press in Revolutionary America," Richard Buel, Jr., examines the apparent contradiction between the Revolutionary legacy of freedom of the press and the stifling of dissent before, during, and after the war. The extralegal activity of mobs in the 1760s and 1770s, followed by the Sedition Act of the 1790s, seemingly contradicts the ideal of press freedom, expressed both in state constitutions and in the First Amendment. These contradictions, Buel argues, must be viewed in the context of eighteenth-century attitudes of freedom of the press. This tradition includes the struggle, first in Britain, later in America, against a strong executive. A "free press" was a weapon of the people in this struggle. A press which supported the power of the executive was, by definition, controlled, not free. The Revolutionary generation used this traditional view to justify suppression of unpopular views, but then, Buel argues, began to move away from this position and toward absolute freedom of the press. The American reaction to the French Revolution temporarily halted this trend, but the Sedition Act brought home to Republicans the danger of press restriction. With Jefferson's election to the presidency, the Revolutionary ideal asserted itself

In 1981, Cambridge, Massachusetts, became the first school district in America to replace its neighborhood schools with a “controlled choice” assignment plan, which considered parental preference and racial balance. This article considers the history preceding this decision to explore how and why some Americans became enamored with choice-based assignment at the expense of the neighborhood school in the late twentieth century. It argues that Cambridge's problematic experience with open enrollment in the 1960s and 1970s created a vocal, consumer-oriented, and politically active class of parents who became accustomed to choice and, by the early 1980s, dependent on its benefits. Moreover, controlled choice proved especially attractive in this university community because Cambridge had a constituency of well-educated, middle-income parents who possessed the social capital to identify the best educational opportunities for their children, but lacked the economic capital to use real e...

Through an examination of materials from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania collections (the Richard Waln Papers and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society Papers) and the New Jersey State Archives, the paper highlights select sample writs of habeas corpus and manumission cases before the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1775-1783. The stories narrated in these documents tells a story of freedomand lack of freedomin New Jersey during and after the American Revolution. Slavery was alive and flourishing during post-Revolutionary War America. In New Jersey, historian Giles Wright noted the little-known fact that the number of New Jersey slaves increased after the American Revolution, reaching its peak number in 1 Giles Wright brought me to his New Jersey Historical Commission office to review concepts in my research, and advised me of additional areas to consider. This paper is dedicated to him. I want to thank the New Jersey Historical Commission for its funding of a 2009 Mini-Grant for my research on Richard Waln and New Jersey manumission cases/Writs of Habeas Corpus. Thank you to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania for approvals to use its documents and quote from them. Thank you to Graham Russell Hodge's path breaking work on slavery in Monmouth County, New Jersey because his book included two key sentences written about Waln identified him as an abolitionist. Dr. Mark Lender provided guidance and suggestive direction on how the manumission research and writing about Waln could be helpful to New Jersey history, and I am grateful for his comments and encouragement of my research and public history presentations at Kean University. Thanks also to Dr. Jonathan Mercantini for his encouragement and inclusion of my research in Kean programs. Cheryl Stoeber-Goff, Museum Curator, Historic Services Office at the Monmouth County Parks, opened the door so I could use important resources in her office, at the encouragement of Gail Hunton. Cheryl's support helped move me along. Thank you to the Landmarks of American History NEH workshop organizers and participants in the June 2008 Philadelphia Workshop. This forum enabled me to research at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania with several access passes to begin to develop the research focus. Thank you to Historian Tammy Gaskell for assisting me in the navigation of permissions from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Thanks to the reference librarians and archival staff at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and The Haverford College Quaker Collections for helping me dig into manuscript collections with a context. Thank you to all the outstanding reference librarians and archivists at the New Jersey State Archives, in particular Bette Epstein. Thank you to the reference librarians at Kean, Rutgers Alexander Library, Rutgers Special Collections, OCC, MCCC, and Brookdale who helped me find resources. Finally since this article was submitted, I want SHEAR and AAG for inviting me on national conference panels to explore further the ideas in this paper and challenging my thinking about slavery and freedom as it relates to emerging free black communities, the next area of my continuing research. I also want to thank ASALH for providing the earliest national forum for my scholarship. Finally, much appreciation is expressed to Dr. Craig Coenen and Dr. Jay Spaulding for their encouragement and support of my research and public history engagement.

No one said the "East" or the "Reds" or the "Soviets" or the "Russians" any more. That would have been too confusing, since some of Them weren't of the East, weren't Reds, Soviets and especially not Russians. It was much simpler to say We and They, and much more precise. Travelers had frequently reported that They did the same in reverse. Over there They were "We" (in the appropriate language) and We were "They" (I. Asimov, Let's get together, «Infinity Science Fiction», 2, 1957: 66-7). The question I ask myself about the Us vs. Them polarisation is apparently simple. The phrase is certainly a divisive and adversial but: can it only mean a desire to overcome and subjugate, or is it possible to remark on differences between groups of people without necessarily assume conflict and abuse? In the quoted short story, Asimov wrote: At the beginning, it had been called a Cold War. Now it was only a game, almost a goodnatured game, with unspoken rules and a kind of decency about it (Ibidem: 67).

No one said the "East" or the "Reds" or the "Soviets" or the "Russians" any more. That would have been too confusing, since some of Them weren't of the East, weren't Reds, Soviets and especially not Russians. It was much simpler to say We and They, and much more precise. Travelers had frequently reported that They did the same in reverse. Over there They were "We" (in the appropriate language) and We were "They" (I. Asimov, Let's get together, «Infinity Science Fiction», 2, 1957: 66-7). The question I ask myself about the Us vs. Them polarisation is apparently simple. The phrase is certainly a divisive and adversial but: can it only mean a desire to overcome and subjugate, or is it possible to remark on differences between groups of people without necessarily assume conflict and abuse? In the quoted short story, Asimov wrote: At the beginning, it had been called a Cold War. Now it was only a game, almost a goodnatured game, with unspoken rules and a kind of decency about it (Ibidem: 67).

This study analyses two American recreational mathematics columns from the end of the nineteenth century-one from Atlanta, Georgia's Sunny South and one from Wilmington, Delaware's Delaware Gazette and State Journal. Each was an active forum, used by ordinary, educated laypeople to participate in a culture of mathematics by contributing problems and solutions, and in some cases entering into heated discussions. This period was one of dramatic change in American mathematics, in which researchers, educators and textbook authors ended their isolation from developments in Europe and shifted emphasis from rote procedures and practical calculations toward reasoning about abstract mathematics. The mathematics columns in Sunny South and the Delaware Gazette reflect these two different views of mathematics that were percolating in American culture at the time and offer a window into the mathematical beliefs and understanding of the ordinary Americans who contributed to them.

Built in 1704 by early Chester County Quaker, William Brinton the Younger (1670-1751), the 1704 House underwent four substantial phases of use and modification-a genteel great house (1704-1752), an ornamental farmhouse (1829-1863), a moral rural homestead (1864-1953), and a Colonial Revival house museum (1954-2018). Each of these phases represented a different owner of the structure who modified it to meet their needs and priorities. This thesis examines who these individuals were, how they were influenced by their own conscious values and subconscious social norms, and why and how they adapted the 1704 House as a result. Today, following a 1954 restoration to its circa 1752 form, the house is interpreted mainly as a family shrine to the early Brintons, with little mention of the two intermediate phases. The overall conclusion drawn from this examination of the major historic phases and actors in the history of the building is that to properly understand the modern 1704 House, one must understand it not as a building interrupted in 1752 and rescued in 1954, but as a continuously changing structure with four distinct periods all connected to one uninterrupted thread to the past. Viewing the 1704 House in this way could also serve to help interprets other sites with histories of change over time in a way that unifies their entire past.

Log House is an authentic, rare and carefully hand crafted hewn log building. It is a wooden artifact and a primary resource in the study to understand its origins. No historical documentation accounts for when and where it was built, who built it or why. This building still remains a mystery after seven years of focused research. i It is compelling to comprehend why a group of people ventured into the wilderness of the northern Willamette Valley in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains near the first decades of the 19 th century to build this unique and intriguing log building. Molalla is approximately 165 miles southeast of Astoria and connected to the Columbia River system via the Willamette, Molalla and Pudding Rivers. The MLH may have been built within the historic context of the fur trade era in North America. Transportation by river systems and Indian trails were the norm.