Neuroscience and brain research

Cuprins
1 Cum afectează un accident vascular vorbirea?
2 Care sunt principalele tulburări de limbaj?
2.1 Afazia Broca
2.2 Afazia Wernicke
2.3 Afazia anomică
2.4 Afazia primar progresivă
2.5 Afazia transcorticală
2.6 Afazia de conducere
3 Ce alte tulburări de limbaj există?
3.1 Afazia cu caracteristici atipice
3.2 Afazia încrucișată
3.3 Afazia stângacilor
3.4 Afazia optică
3.5 Afazia subcorticală
3.6 Alexia
3.7 Agrafia pură
3.8 Dizartria
4 Resurse și suport pentru pacienți
5 Care este rolul neurotehnologiilor în diagnostic și tratament?
6 Care este rolul NADH în prevenirea și gestionarea unui AVC?
7 Concluzii
8 Referințe

This paper explores how individual awareness (soul), brain processing, and environmental influences shape a person's perception of reality. It argues that each person constructs a unique version of reality based on their awareness frequency, neural activity, and environmental factors, leading to what can be described as parallel worlds within a single universe. By integrating perspectives from neuroscience, quantum physics, and consciousness philosophy, this study examines the deep-rooted differences in human perception and how they coexist within a unified framework of universal awareness. Understanding these differences can enhance human relationships, social harmony, and philosophical inquiries into reality.

This research provides insights into:

The role of awareness frequency in shaping individual perception.

How brain function and neurotransmitters influence reality construction.

The impact of environmental conditions on human consciousness.

The philosophical implications of personal realities and universal awareness.


This paper is ideal for researchers and enthusiasts in the fields of neuroscience, philosophy of mind, quantum physics, and consciousness studies.

In vivo imaging of cerebral vasculature and blood flow provides highly valuable information for clinicians as well as researchers. Nevertheless, currently available methods are complex, time-consuming and expensive. Here, we present a novel, minimally invasive method for vascular imaging through the sufficiently transparent intact skull of young mice. Our method combines laser speckle and fluorescent imaging with dynamic color mapping and image fusion. Quickly generated wide-field images present clear visual information on blood flow and perfusion in the cerebral cortex and meninges. The ability of the method to visualize hemodynamic changes is demonstrated by induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The compact and easily operated system comprises of several pieces of standard and affordable laboratory equipment. This simple, robust and inexpensive method may become an important tool for assessment of brain hemodynamics in preclinical studies. n vivo imaging of the cortical blood vessels is essential for assessment of brain function under varying conditions in both clinical and experimental settings. Although there is a variety of optical imaging modalities that are used for this purpose, such as optical coherence tomography 1 , photoacoustic microscopy 2 , photoacoustic tomography 3 multiphoton microscopy 4 and hybrid methods such as laser speckle and fluorescence 5-7 , imaging of cerebral blood vessels through the intact skull remains challenging. Limitations such as the necessity to remove part of the skull or expensive equipment restrict the use of this procedure in settings such as preclinical trials. Laser speckle imaging (LS), also known as laser speckle contrast imaging 8 , is widely used to visualize the vasculature, blood flow and perfusion in various biomedical applications 9,10 , including transcranial imaging of major brain vessels 11 . LS, which is based on dynamic scattering of diffusively reflected laser light, is sensitive to the movement of red blood cells inside vessels and can therefore be applied for continuous imaging of blood flow dynamics. Fluorescence angiography is extensively used in many biomedical applications especially in ophthalmology 12 . This modality follows the temporal distribution and redistribution of a fluorescent material through the vasculature and thereby provides valuable information about hemodynamics . Color mapping is widely used to display various type of scientific information including information related to dynamic processes in time 14 or in case of multimodal image fusion 15 . The purpose of using color mapping is to convey detailed information in a way that is easily understandable to the viewer. The IHS (intensity, hue, saturation) color model is one of the most widely used in computer vision . Intensity refers to the brightness of the color, hue is the dominant wavelength of light, which is the perceived color, and saturation is to the purity of the color. In the application of this model, real-world data such as various biological variables are encoded by the three color attributes. Color mapping of imaging data enhances the visibility of blood vessels, facilitates distinction between arteries and veins and enables assessment of perfusion level and vascular permeability and detection of flow abnormalities. The usage of color coding to enhance visibility of blood vessels after administration of contrast materials has been successfully demonstrated Here, we present a new method that simplifies transcranial vascular imaging in preclinical studies. The method we term transcranial optical vascular imaging (TOVI) combines laser speckle and dynamic fluorescent imaging (referred to hereafter as DF), which is a slightly modified version of fluorescence angiography, followed by computer-assisted dynamic color mapping of the acquired data. Finally, color-coded hybrid images combine

Neuroscience education is challenged by rapidly evolving technology and the development of interdisciplinary approaches for brain research. The Human Brain Project (HBP) Education Programme aimed to address the need for interdisciplinary expertise in brain research by equipping a new generation of researchers with skills across neuroscience, medicine, and information technology. Over its ten year duration, the programme engaged over 1,300 experts and attracted more than 5,500 participants from various scientific disciplines in its blended learning curriculum, specialised schools and workshops, and events fostering dialogue among early-career researchers. Key principles of the programme’s approach included fostering interdisciplinarity, adaptability to the evolving research landscape and infrastructure, and a collaborative environment with a focus on empowering early-career researchers. Following the programme’s conclusion, we provide here an analysis and in-depth view across a diverse range of educational formats and events. Our results show that the Education Programme achieved success in its wide geographic reach, the diversity of participants, and the establishment of transversal collaborations. Building on these experiences and achievements, we describe how leveraging digital tools and platforms provides accessible and highly specialised training, which can enhance existing education programmes for the next generation of brain researchers working in decentralised European collaborative spaces. Finally, we present the lessons learnt so that similar initiatives may improve upon our experience and incorporate our suggestions into their own programme.

The real-time live fluorescent monitoring of surface AMPA receptors (AMPARs) could open new opportunities for drug discovery and phenotypic screening concerning neuropsychiatric disorders. We have developed FORTIS, a tool based on pH sensitivity capable of detecting subtle changes in surface AMPARs at a neuronal population level. The expression of SEP-GluA1 or pHuji-GluA1 recombinant AMPAR subunits in mammalian neurons cultured in 96-well plates enables surface AMPARs to be monitored with a microplate reader. Thus, FORTIS can register rapid changes in surface AMPARs induced by drugs or genetic modifications without having to rely on conventional electrophysiology or imaging. By combining FORTIS with pharmacological manipulations, basal surface AMPARs, and plasticity-like changes can be monitored. We expect that employing FORTIS to screen for changes in surface AMPARs will accelerate both neuroscience research and drug discovery.

1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria 2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 3 Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amasoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University, Elele Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria

Modeling complex chronic conditions requires theoretical and conceptual frameworks that account for systemic causes and effects, developmental and evolutionary history, the role of the environment, as well as the multiple realities associated with one set of symptoms and diagnoses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is perhaps the most illustrative of these complexities, including the systemic nature of this disease, with the potential to attack almost any part of the body. Exploring the onset of chronic diseases from four non-reductionistic starting points lends several insights and findings that form the basis for subsequent research and modeling.

The scientific investigation of consciousness generates new findings at a rapid pace. We argue that we need a novel theoretical framework, which we call the ALARM theory of consciousness, in order to account for all central observations. According to this theory, we need to distinguish two levels of consciousness, namely basic arousal and general alertness. Basic arousal functions as a specific alarm system, keeping a biological organism alive under sudden intense threats, and general alertness enables flexible learning and behavioural strategies. This two-level theory of consciousness helps us to account for (i) recent discoveries of subcortical brain activities with a central role of thalamic processes, (ii) observations of differences in the behavioural repertoire of non-human animals indicating two types of conscious experiences. Furthermore, the framework enables us (iii) to unify the neural evidence for the relevance of subcortical processes, on the one hand, and of cortico-cortical loops, on the other, and finally (iv) to clarify the evolutionary and actual functional role of conscious experiences.

A group music program facilitated for residents in memory care at an Ontario, Canada retirement home is described with the goal of awakening the musical memory of seniors with dementia. The program equates with the practices of evidence-based music therapy and the principles and psycho-social goals of Person-Centred Care and Adlerian group therapy. The quasi-mystical artistry involved and Adler's recommendations for facilitators and therapists are seen as integral to reinvigorating the individual self that has been hidden in those with dementia. Anecdotal evidence from this study confirms past findings of Oliver Sacks along with recent medical studies that music therapy should be considered an essential adjunct to other forms of therapy for memory care in both institutional and private settings.

 The author reviews Margaret Wilkinson’s latest
book, Changing Minds in therapy: Emotion,
Attachment, Trauma & Neurobiology. Wilkinson
skillfully incorporates a wealth of knowledge
and recent neuroscience research with
useful and thought-provoking applications
for clinical practice. She highlights the central
importance of the brain’s right hemisphere
for emotional processes, implicit memory,
and relationships. Her “double helix” model of
treatment suggests that psychotherapists pay
equal attention to affective experiences as well
as interpretations. The author provides a brief
example from his practice to illustrate Wilkinson’s
key ideas about the reach of dissociation,
the power of imagery, the need for emotional
expression, and the creation of a life-bridging
narrative in psychotherapy. This is book is highly
recommended as a valuable tool for anyone in
the helping professions.

This paper pays special attention to the interfacing of the field of universal consciousness and our personal brain in relation to a potential afterlife and postulates a toroidal event horizon workspace of the brain that allows a symmetric 4-Dimensional (4-D) to 3-Dimensional (3-D) quantum information flux and holographic personal memory integration. The geometry of a 3-D brain, embedded in a 4-D realm, may explain the phenomena of functional brain binding, qualia, intuition, serendipity, synchronicity, extra-sensory perception, and other well-established parapsychological phenomena. Brain function is conceptualized as guided by the Zero-point Energy (ZPE) Field (ZPF)–derived pilot waves that support consciousness, even in the absence of neuronal activity, such as in Near-Death Experiences (NDE). The brain’s toroidal organization exhibits quaternionic dynamics and thereby allows an opening to 4-D geometry and, consequently, to universal consciousness and the ZPF. This personal holographic workspace, that is associated with but not reducible to the brain, collects active information in a “brain event horizon,” as an internal and fully integral model of the self. At death or transition of our material body, this personal mental knowledge domain dissociates from the body, yet it is retained because entangled and meaningful quantum information can never be destroyed. In NDE, this uncoupling is only temporal, but reveals universal consciousness in a fully transparent manner, since in this condition non-neuronal information processing is preserved. This preservation occurs through fractal semi-harmonic frequencies, from the ZPE field, that reflect an entangled personal register of each conscious being. The proposed concept, therefore, contradicts the tentative and promissory materialist solution to the mind-body problem. Instead, it substantiates the notion that the brain can act as a kind of “receiver” by filtering (sub)conscious states through holographic resonance with universal consciousness through specific coherent oscillation domains in the body. Yet, it is recognized that our self-consciousness can also act as a damping filter for information from this universal knowledge field. The latter aspect of a “dual filter theory” is apparently perturbed at states of modified brain function such as NDE, deep meditation, and use of psychomimetic drugs, that all expose us to an unknown cosmic perspective. The presence of a mental, field-receptive, resonant workspace, might be termed our “supervening double” (or “soul,” not implying religious doctrine), and provides an interpretation framework for widely reported but poorly understood transpersonal conscious states. These may even imply that death can be conceived as a transition to another state of existence, yet we realize that all of us already belong to such an eternal domain in our present lives. Therefore, the present model may imply the potential for the survival of individual consciousness, qualifying conscious individuals as designated survivors and eternal beings.

Lead exposure is a well-known environmental hazard. Its accumulation in humans may pose a danger to health. The present study investigated the beneficial effect of Ocimum gratissimum extract (OG) in reducing lead acetate (LA) induced oxidative damage in the spleen, thymus, and hematological indices. We employed an in vivo model of LA induced Wistar rats and administered 125 mg/kg/bw and 250 mg/kg/bw of OG extracts respectively. Our control groups were divided into 2; the first group received normal saline, feed, and water while the second group was administered OG extracts only. We assessed the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the thymus and spleen and estimated percentages of blood cells. Our results showed that LA induces oxidative damage by significantly elevating MDA and diminishing GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activities. LA administration led to a significant decline in blood parameters. However, coadministration with OG compensated oxidative stress by significantly reducing MDA, increasing GSH, SOD, and CAT. Oral administration of OG to rats attenuated anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and neutropenia induced by LA. The present study indicates that LA induced Spleen, thymus, and blood toxicity, which was reversed by oral OG administration.

The objectives of the present study were to identify gender from thumbprints ridge thickness using likelihood ratio and posterior probability density as well as to determine which of the three areas of thumb has more potential in sex determination. Ridge thickness for 97 male and 97 female subjects within the age range of 18-25 years were examined within the 25 mm 2 areas of the ulnar, radial and proximal parts of the thumb making up 1164 areas of the thumbprints. Female subjects exhibited finer ridge count compared to males in ulnar area of both sides of the thumbs. In the radial area, females were found to have finer ridge counts as in ulnar side, but with some coarse ridge. For the right proximal ridge thickness, a similar trend to that in the radial area was noticed, however, in the left thumbprint, males tend to have finer ridge counts compared to females. It was noticed that chance of sex inference from likelihood ratio decreased in the following order: proximal ridge thickness < radial ridge thickness < ulnar ridge thickness as ridge thickness decreases in favor of females but left proximal ridge thickness showed increased in likelihood ratio as ridge thickness decreased in favor of males. Ridge thickness in ulnar area showed more discrimination power compared to the other two areas studied. Considering equal probability for each sex, likelihood ratio reveals the applicability of ridge thickness in sex inference among Hausa population.

Aim: The present work was aimed at evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on mercuric chloride induced changes on the cerebrum of Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats of average weight of 200g were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. In addition to normal diet, the animals in Group 1 were given distilled water, Groups 2 and 3 were administered 52mg/kg and 26.25mg/kg of mercuric chloride (HgCl) respectively while Groups 4 and 5 were administered 52mg/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 26.25gm/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid respectively. Group 6 was administered 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid through oral route, daily for 3 weeks. Results: Oxidative stress assay showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the mean levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in Groups 2, 3 and 4 when compared with the Control while lipid peroxidase showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in Groups 2 and 3. Histological observation of the cerebrum showed a normal architecture in Groups 1 and 6 while, Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed degenerative changes, necrosis and clumping of cells. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid administration has been shown to ameliorate induced degenerative changes in the cerebrum caused by mercuric chloride toxicity in Wistar rats.

Since the early 20th century, scientific interest in regeneration has steadily increased, fueled by hopes of applying basic knowledge of regeneration in complex living systems to clinical problems. Yet, partly because of the inherent complexity of the concept itself-which covers everything from structural repair in unicellular forms to functional restitution of organs and appendices-and partly as a consequence of historical contingencies in the development of the field, limited success has been achieved thus far in developing a unified framework for interpreting regeneration. Voluminous, world-class research on various aspects is ongoing, yet organizing a cohesive, interdisciplinary research community centered on regeneration is also an outstanding challenge, as evidenced by the fact that, at present, no dedicated journal for reporting research on animal regeneration even exists. Thus, the Editors welcomed the venue of Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology for this Research Topic, which offered a platform on which contributions from experimental biologists could meet those from historians and philosophers of science concerned with the epistemological aspects and sociocultural contexts of experimental work. The impetus for this way of thinking was a challenge from the then-President of the James S. McDonnell Foundation, Dr. Susan Fitzpatrick., who in 2019 asked the leaders of several working groups at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts to "think differently" about regeneration: for instance, at various biological levels, across the animal kingdom, and in its philosophical and historical dimensions 1. This challenge eventually led to the idea of bringing together research papers exploring regeneration along these intersecting lines. A defining feature of some of the papers in this Research Topic, therefore, is direct collaborations between biologists, historians, and philosophers of science, working together to provide wider and deeper perspectives on the multiplicity of animal models for studying regeneration, research questions in regenerative biology, and the

Perceived dyscognition or fibrofog has been ranked as one major contributor of distress in fibromyalgia (FM). The Multidimensional Inventory of Subjective Cognitive Impairment (MISCI) was devised as a brief and comprehensive self-report measure of cognitive function in FM. The main objective of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MISCI. One hundred and twenty patients with FM were included, and dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the MISCI 2 of 22 | FELIU-SOLER Et aL. 1 | INTRODUC TI ON Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by a broad range of symptoms such as chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, stiffness, sleep problems, psychological distress (depression and anxiety) and cognitive disturbances (Häuser et al., 2015). Indeed, over 50% of patients with FM present a subjective perception of impaired cognitive abilities (Katz, Heard, Mills, & Leavitt, 2004) and this has been ranked as one of the top five major contributors to distress in FM (Bennett, Jones, Turk, Russell, & Matallana, 2007), associated with negative impact on health-related quality of life, perceived disability (Arnold et al., 2008), impaired job performance, and increased health-care utilization (Wilson, Robinson, & Turk, 2009). Perceived dyscognition involves complaints about memory, concentration, verbal expression, activity management and scheduling, mental agility, and generally experiencing life through a haze (Arnold et al., 2008). Altogether, these cognitive complaints have been popularly termed fibrofog (from fibromyalgia and brain-fog). Although pain has been the main focus of research and clinical care in FM, more recently, fibrofog has been proposed as a core domain for FM assessment in randomized controlled trials and clinical practice (Mease et al., 2009), and is one component of the current diagnostic criteria for FM (Wolfe et al., 2010). Research has shown that perceived dyscognition is related to objective cognitive impairments in memory, verbal fluency, attention/

Background To describe the key findings and lessons learned from an international pilot study that surveyed spinal cord injury programs in acute and rehabilitation facilities to understand the status of spinal cord injury care. Methods An online survey with two questionnaires, a 74-item for acute care and a 51-item for rehabilitation, was used. A subset of survey items relevant to the themes of specialized care, timeliness, patient-centeredness, and evidence-based care were operationalized as structure or process indicators. Percentages of facilities reporting the structure or process to be present, and percentages of indicators met by each facility were calculated and reported separately for facilities from high-income countries (HIC) and from low and middle-income countries (LMIC) to identify “hard to meet” indicators defined as those met by less than two-thirds of facilities and to describe performance level. Results A total of 26 acute and 26 rehabilitation facilities from 25 co...

Use of fertilizers like ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3) for agricultural purposes has increasingly contaminated the ecosystem with nitrate and/or nitrites. Nitrite is a toxic substance that can cause multiple physiological effects if allowed to build up to high concentrations in animals such as methemoglobinemia. This work is concerned with the study of short term (3 days intoxication) and midterm (over 21 days) NH 4 NO 3 exposure to wistar rats at the dose of 250 mg/Kg. Under these conditions, some hematological and biochemical parameters were affected. Methemoglobinemia, increase in serum nitrates as well as a hepatic cytotoxicity indicated by an increase in bilirubin and transaminases levels were observed.

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against ultraviolet (UVB)-induced thyroid toxicity and to study the haemtological and biochemical parameters. Twenty-four female Wistar rats, aged 3-4 months and weighing 130-150 g, were used, and the rats were divided into four Groups (Groups I to IV). Group I received standard food and water ad libitum and was treated as a control; Group II received a dose of 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day. Group III received 280 nm UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received curcumin 25 mg/kg body weight given orally. Group IV received 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received ascorbic acid 250 mg/kg body weight given orally. All the treatments were consequently performed for 15 days. The results showed that haemtological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb) (p<0.05), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), MCV, MCH, and MCHC decreased significantly. Biochemical parameters included lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p<0.05), H 2 O 2 (p<0.01), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p< 0.01), catalase (p<0.01), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01), and glutathione reductase. NO increased, and glutathione (GSH) (p<0.01) decreased significantly. However, cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid significantly increased the haemtological parameters. In addition, oxidative parameters such as LPO (p<0.01), SOD (p< 0.01), CAT (p<0.01), GST (p<0.01), and NO (p<0.01) significantly increased, and GSH (p<0.01) significantly decreased upon cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid. The results indicated the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against UVB-induced thyroid toxicity in female Wistar rats.

The concept of the “self” in Gestalt therapy has not, to the author’s mind, been fully developed, making it a “heterogenous introject,” an amalgam of theoretical concepts from different scientific sources. This may explain why some therapists of the first generation have not even attempted to define “self” at all, while others have tried to develop this concept in various directions. As a consequence, to date no concise gestalt of the “self” has emerged. The author explores some current philosophical approaches to the self as well as recent scientific research to have a more precise idea of how this concept can be understood. By taking into account the central concept of “gestalt,” we can gain more clarity regarding the fundamental characteristics of Gestalt therapy. The author concludes with a basic structure for a new configuration of theory.
Key words: self, Gestalt theory, image of woman/man, Gestalt therapy theory

Since the early 20th century, scientific interest in regeneration has steadily increased, fueled by hopes of applying basic knowledge of regeneration in complex living systems to clinical problems. Yet, partly because of the inherent complexity of the concept itself-which covers everything from structural repair in unicellular forms to functional restitution of organs and appendices-and partly as a consequence of historical contingencies in the development of the field, limited success has been achieved thus far in developing a unified framework for interpreting regeneration. Voluminous, world-class research on various aspects is ongoing, yet organizing a cohesive, interdisciplinary research community centered on regeneration is also an outstanding challenge, as evidenced by the fact that, at present, no dedicated journal for reporting research on animal regeneration even exists. Thus, the Editors welcomed the venue of Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology for this Research Topic, which offered a platform on which contributions from experimental biologists could meet those from historians and philosophers of science concerned with the epistemological aspects and sociocultural contexts of experimental work. The impetus for this way of thinking was a challenge from the then-President of the James S. McDonnell Foundation, Dr. Susan Fitzpatrick., who in 2019 asked the leaders of several working groups at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts to "think differently" about regeneration: for instance, at various biological levels, across the animal kingdom, and in its philosophical and historical dimensions 1. This challenge eventually led to the idea of bringing together research papers exploring regeneration along these intersecting lines. A defining feature of some of the papers in this Research Topic, therefore, is direct collaborations between biologists, historians, and philosophers of science, working together to provide wider and deeper perspectives on the multiplicity of animal models for studying regeneration, research questions in regenerative biology, and the

Background: Brain-computer interfaces that use motor imagery hold promise for direct communication and control through brain signals. Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) techniques have emerged as powerful tools for extracting discriminative features from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in tasks requiring motor imagery. Objective: This survey paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of different CSP techniques employed in motor imagery BCIs, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Methods: We reviewed the literature and identified various CSP techniques, including Riemannian CSP, deep learning-based CSP, multiway CSP, and temporally weighted CSP etc. For each technique, we examined their underlying principles, algorithmic implementation, advantages, disadvantages, filtering technique used, classification accuracy, dataset used and relevant comments. Conclusion: Understanding and comparing different CSP techniques are crucial for enhancing the performance of motor imagery-based BCIs. Each technique has its own advantages and considerations, such as computational complexity and adaptability to different BCI scenarios. This survey serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate CSP techniques to advance the area towards successful brain-controlled systems by enhancing the reliability and accuracy of motor imagerybased BCIs.

Die erneute Beschäftigung mit Friedlaender lässt es mir immer einsichtiger erscheinen, warum die Gestalttherapie als Praxis so effizient, ihre Theorie jedoch so wenig bekannt ist – sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen wie auch in der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit.
Die grundsätzlichsten Konzepte, die auf Friedlaender zurückgehen, sind bis heute nicht ins allgemeine Bewusstsein, nicht einmal in die wissenschaftliche Diskussion vorgedrungen. Sie stellen sowohl das Jahrtausende alte christliche Weltverständnis als auch das mittlerweile schon einige Jahrhunderte alte mit ihm konkurrierende wissenschaftliche Weltverständnis infrage, indem sie ein buchstäbliches Umstülpen der Sicht auf die Welt und den Menschen von außen nach innen verlangen. Diese gäbe erstmals wieder dem menschlichen Erleben, der menschlichen Erfahrung ihre zentrale Bedeutung bei der Bewältigung des Lebens zurück. Friedlaender hat – angelehnt an Kant – nicht umsonst von einer »Revolution« gesprochen

The concept of the "self" in Gestalt therapy has not, to the author's mind, been fully developed, making it a "heterogenous introject," an amalgam of theoretical concepts from di erent scienti c sources. This may explain why some therapists of the rst generation have not even attempted to de ne "self" at all, while others have tried to develop this concept in various directions. As a consequence, to date no concise gestalt of the "self" has emerged. The author explores some current philosophical approaches to the self as well as recent scienti c research to have a more precise idea of how this concept can be understood. By taking into account the central concept of "gestalt," we can gain more clarity regarding the fundamental characteristics of Gestalt therapy. The author concludes with a basic structure for a new con guration of theory.

Trauma registries play an important role in building capacity for trauma systems. Regularly, trauma registries exist in high-income countries (HICs) but not in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Neurotrauma includes common conditions, like traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and spinal cord injuries. The development of organized neurotrauma care is crucial for improving the quality of care in less-resourced areas. The recent article published in International Journal of Health Policy and Management by Barthélemy et al entitled &quot;Neurotrauma Surveillance in National Registries of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review and Comparative Analysis of Data Dictionaries&quot; adds an important body of literature to improve understanding of the importance of these types of efforts by promoting organized neurotrauma care systems in LMICs. Here, we provide a short commentary based on our experience with the Latin America and the Caribbean Neurotrauma Registry (LATINO-TBI) in...

German edition on the different meanings of the words 'mind', 'soul', 'I', and 'person', etc. are entirely ommitted from the present English text. But let us return from these dray technical questions to the great questions concerning body and mind.

This chapter delves into the possibilities of a neurosemiotics of friendship by analyzing relevant research in social cognitive neuroscience. Neurosemiotics, both as a field dealing with neurobiologically based semiosic processes and as an approach for interpreting the semiosis of neuroscientific inquiry and dissemination, promises to help us to better understand the construct of friendship. I discuss the claim that "neural similarity predicts friendship". This postulate, analyzed as an instance of a propositional dicisign, can be true or false, depending on how prediction and friendship are interpreted. The opacity of some Machine Learning approaches in research is also discussed. Reflections around this notion mold a neurosemiotic perspective on a fundamental aspect of our social lives.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of the peripheral organs while Diabetes inspidus (DI) is a disease of the brain. Both forms of diabetes are characterized by excess levels of blood sugar or glucose. Whereas the former is due to insulin resistance or insufficiency the latter is due to insufficiency of hypophyseal anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). But the causes underlying the accumulation of glucose in circulation are different for DM and DI. Diabetes mellitus is of two types. While type1 diabetes (T1D) is due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islets of Langerhans (IL), type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a lifestyle disease due to exhaustion of IL to produce insulin in response to hyperglycemia. Whereas glucose fuel unavailability in the mitochondria leads to deficit of energy production in the form of ATP, its accumulation in blood leads to complications due to inflammatory damage to blood vessels. Recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been hypothesized to be type3 Diabetes (T3D), presumably caused by insulin resistance in the brain, an organ absolutely dependent upon glucose as fuel for ATP biosynthesis. Whereas AD and DM are characterized by dementia and cognitive decline respectively, their known cellular biomarkers are different namely neuronal amyloid peptide (APβ), Tau, glial TDP-43 for AD and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) for DM. DM also has a genetic component namely HLA-DQB1, CTLA-4, INS genes. Biomarkers of insulin receptor (IR) desensitization/functionality like neuron-specific GLUT-8 need to be demonstrated in mouse models of AD, DM and humans before irreversible senile dementia characteristic of AD can be equated with reversible cognitive decline of type 2 DM, for it may have additional yet unknown causes.

Establishment of association between two variables in the forensic science is of paramount importance. The study was aimed to determine association of lip prints types and left thumb prints among Nigerians. A total of 820 subjects (414 male and 406 female) participated in the study. The lip prints were obtained on microscopic glass slide and developed using carbon black powder. For finger prints normal conventional method of using ink pad was employed. The data were analyzed using chi square test and P <0.05 was considered as level of significance. The result shows the percentage distribution of lip prints as Type V (31.39%) as the predominant and the least was Type I' (0.57%). For thumbprints in both sexes loop exhibit high percentages and arches the least. The association between lip prints and left thumb print shows statistically significant correlation in Lower Right Medial (LRM) (χ 2 = 7.95, P= 0.0002) and Lower Left Lateral (LLL) (χ 2 =5.42, P=0.02) compartments only. In conclusion, the lip print was found to be statistically associated with left thumb prints. Hence, relationship of finger prints and lip prints can hold potential promise as supplementary tool in personal authentication.

Personal identification is of paramount importance in the forensic odontology for ethical, humanitarian and criminal investigations. In forensic odontology, scientific methods using DNA is considered to be the gold standard method of identification; however, it's expensive and time-consuming approach have circumvented the need for less expensive and faster methods of identification. The latest inexpensive approach of quantifying evidences for identification of suspect in crime is using lip print, fingerprint, palatal rugae & blood grouping and this has gained tremendous importance in the present days. Hence, the aim of the present study is to correlate and compare Cheiloscopy, Dactyloscopy and Palatoscopy with blood group and Rh factor. Method: A total of 200 dental students between the age group18 to 25 years were included in the study. Lip print, finger print and palatal rugae patterns with ABO blood groups were collected and compared using Chi square test. The data was analysed using SPSS version 10.0 statistical package. Results & Conclusion: Statistically significant correlation existed between lip print and ABO-Rh factors (χ2statistic = 37.56, p value <0.05) and between finger prints and ABO-Rh factors (χ2 statistic = 30.6, p value < 0.05). No association was found between palatal rugae with ABO-Rhesus blood groups (χ2 statistic = 17.71, p value >0.05).

This paper aims to show the historical contingency of policy entrepreneurship in science by analyzing the case of brain research in South Korea during the last decade of the 20th century. This decade saw an increasing emphasis placed upon the development of information technology and its use for societal changes. The rise of the "Information Society" in Korea was an important context for shaping the field of brain research as an amalgam of multiple disciplines which led to the passage of the Brain Research Promotion Act; the first law in the world enacted to promote brain research. This paper, through focusing on in what context someone takes up an entrepreneurial role, shows how the concept of interdisciplinarity has been shaped by, and how it has influenced the development of brain research and its related policy measures in Korea. It ultimately reveals the contingent and transient aspect of a policy entrepreneur and his effect on building a new field.

The real-time live fluorescent monitoring of surface AMPA receptors (AMPARs) could open new opportunities for drug discovery and phenotypic screening concerning neuropsychiatric disorders. We have developed FORTIS, a tool based on pH sensitivity capable of detecting subtle changes in surface AMPARs at a neuronal population level. The expression of SEP-GluA1 or pHuji-GluA1 recombinant AMPAR subunits in mammalian neurons cultured in 96-well plates enables surface AMPARs to be monitored with a microplate reader. Thus, FORTIS can register rapid changes in surface AMPARs induced by drugs or genetic modifications without having to rely on conventional electrophysiology or imaging. By combining FORTIS with pharmacological manipulations, basal surface AMPARs, and plasticity-like changes can be monitored. We expect that employing FORTIS to screen for changes in surface AMPARs will accelerate both neuroscience research and drug discovery.

Establishment of association between two variables in the forensic science is of paramount importance. The study was aimed to determine association of lip prints types and left thumb prints among Nigerians. A total of 820 subjects (414 male and 406 female) participated in the study. The lip prints were obtained on microscopic glass slide and developed using carbon black powder. For finger prints normal conventional method of using ink pad was employed. The data were analyzed using chi square test and P <0.05 was considered as level of significance. The result shows the percentage distribution of lip prints as Type V (31.39%) as the predominant and the least was Type I' (0.57%). For thumbprints in both sexes loop exhibit high percentages and arches the least. The association between lip prints and left thumb print shows statistically significant correlation in Lower Right Medial (LRM) (χ 2 = 7.95, P= 0.0002) and Lower Left Lateral (LLL) (χ 2 =5.42, P=0.02) compartments only. In conclusion, the lip print was found to be statistically associated with left thumb prints. Hence, relationship of finger prints and lip prints can hold potential promise as supplementary tool in personal authentication.

The effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (Linn) on the haematological indices and histology of the spleen of adult wistar rats, as well as its antimicrobial properties were studied in this study. Ocimum gratissimum (Linn) is widely distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions and is commonly called &quot;fever plant&quot; (Sofowora, 1993). Twenty five adult wistar rats with weight range of 180-220 g were used. They were randomised into 5 groups. Group 1 was given normal saline 2 mL/kg, Group 2 and 3; 500 mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively while groups 4 and 5 1000 mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. Administration was orally for 14 days. Pure strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were used for the antibacterial test with concentrations at 2 and 4% of each extract. The plates were then incubated at 37 o C for 24 h. Ocimum gratissimum had no antimicrobial effect at these concentr...

This research explains that the use of superplasticizer admixture as an additional material in concrete mixes is expected to minimize concrete damage due to burning at high temperatures by increasing the quality of concrete in its mechanical properties which is compressive strength and physical properties which is concrete porosity. The variations in the addition of superplasticizer admixture used are 1%; 1.5%; and 2%, while variations in concrete combustion are 200°C; 500°C; and 800°C.The test results show a decrease in compressive strength and increase in concrete porosity due to combustion at high temperatures. The tendency of concrete compressive strength will decrease along with the increasing temperature. At the temperature of 200°C, a decrease of 7.14%; 40.57%; and 65.71% occurs, at the 500 °C, decreased by 2.74%; 15.07%; and 65.75%, while at 800°C decreased by 13.79%; 14.47%; and 53.95% of the initial strength of concrete without combustion. The porosity of concrete will ris...

Bilateral asymmetry is one of the widely used features by proxy as an indicator of environmental and occupational stress and developmental instability. However, its application in personal identification has not been well elucidated in the literature. The present study strives to investigate the forensic implication of fingerprint white line count (FWLC) quantity and asymmetry and the potential of their utilization as complementary tools in personal identification. The objectives of the study were to determine the potential of FWLC asymmetry as a possible feature for sex and left or right of digit determination and its possible forensic implication among the Hausa population of Kano state, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional type which comprises of 300 participants. A plain fingerprint captured using live scan techniques to determine the FWLC. Wilcoxon signed ranks and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the paired and independent variables. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed for determination of sex and left or right of the digit. The result shows statistically significant differences between the left and right FWLC in both sexes. FWLC exhibited leftward asymmetry in all the digits in both males and females. Significant sexual dimorphism in FWLC asymmetry was observed in all the digits except for the middle digits. Regarding the sex and left or right determination, the coefficients of discrimination of sex and left or right of digit were found to be significant for all the digits except for the middle digits for sex. The variance of sex and left or right of the digits explained by FWLC asymmetry was higher for index and ring digits. The group membership prediction was best for index and ring digits. In conclusion, the FWLC asymmetry exhibits potential in sex and left or right of the digit prediction among Hausa population. Index and ring digits were the best digits that expressed the level of dimorphism and discrimination. RÉSUMÉ L'asym etrie bilat erale est l'une des caract eristiques largement utilis ees comme indicateur de stress environnemental et professionnel et de l'instabilit e d eveloppementale. Cependant, son application dans l'identification n'est pas bien etudi ee dans la ARTICLE HISTORY

Ethanol consumption has been linked with social and medical problems, coupled with damage of multiple organs including the cerebellum. The present study is aimed at investigating the histological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum of Wistar rats associated with ethanol exposure. The experimental animals were grouped into five groups designated as Group 1 which served as the control group and was given distilled water, Groups 2,3,4 and 5were given 40%, 25%, 12% and 5% v/v of ethanol respectively. Each of the experimental animals was administered 10mls/kg body weight of the stock solution for 42days after which the animals were sacrificed humanely. The cerebellum was removed, fixed in Bouins fluid for histological study while brain homogenates were prepared and used for the biochemical studies. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Post-Hoc comparison test was used to determine where the difference lies. Oxidative stress studies showed significant increase and dec...

Indiscriminate consumption of herbs or medicinal plants is said to be harmful without caution. Overtime, the effects of consumption of many of these plants on the brain have remained mysterious. Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) is one of such numerous herbs commonly used in Nigeria. This study was undertaken to determine the activity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the prefrontal cortical area of lead II acetate exposed wistar rats. Twenty five (25) Wistar rats of five (5) rats each were divided into five (5) groups. With Group one (1) being control group (fed with standard rat diet and water only), Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 formed the experimental group and respectively received 252.98 mg/kg of body weight (bwt)/day of aqueous Ocimum Gratissimum leaves extract for 35 days, 180 mg/kg of lead II acetate for 21 days, 180 mg/kg of lead II acetate for 21 days with continued treatment of 126.49 mg/kg bwt of Ocimum Gratissimum leaves extract for 35 days, and 180 mg/kg of lead II acetate f...

In the present study, the performances of two well-known linear filtering techniques are compared for extraction of auditory Evoked Potential (EP) from a relatively small number of sweeps. Both experimental and simulated data are filtered by the two algorithms into two groups. Group A consists of Wiener filtering (WF) applications, where conventional WF and Coherence Weighted WF (CWWF)) have been assessed in combination with the Subspace Method (SM). Group B consists of the well-known adaptive filtering algorithms Least Mean Square (LMS), Recursive Least Square (RLS), and one-step Kalman filtering (KF). Both groups are tested with respect to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement by comparing to the traditional ensemble averaging (EA). We observed that KF is the best method among them. The application of the SM before filtering improves the performance of the LMS and the assessments of WF where the CWWF works better than the conventional WF in that case. In conclusion, most of the linear filters show definitely better performance compared to EA. KF effectively reduces the experimental time (to one-fourth of that required by EA). The SM that has recently been revealed in EP estimation is found to be a meaningful pre-filter as it significantly reduces the noise level of EEG raw data.

In vivo imaging of cerebral vasculature and blood flow provides highly valuable information for clinicians as well as researchers. Nevertheless, currently available methods are complex, time-consuming and expensive. Here, we present a novel, minimally invasive method for vascular imaging through the sufficiently transparent intact skull of young mice. Our method combines laser speckle and fluorescent imaging with dynamic color mapping and image fusion. Quickly generated wide-field images present clear visual information on blood flow and perfusion in the cerebral cortex and meninges. The ability of the method to visualize hemodynamic changes is demonstrated by induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The compact and easily operated system comprises of several pieces of standard and affordable laboratory equipment. This simple, robust and inexpensive method may become an important tool for assessment of brain hemodynamics in preclinical studies.

In vivo imaging of cerebral vasculature and blood flow provides highly valuable information for clinicians as well as researchers. Nevertheless, currently available methods are complex, time-consuming and expensive. Here, we present a novel, minimally invasive method for vascular imaging through the sufficiently transparent intact skull of young mice. Our method combines laser speckle and fluorescent imaging with dynamic color mapping and image fusion. Quickly generated wide-field images present clear visual information on blood flow and perfusion in the cerebral cortex and meninges. The ability of the method to visualize hemodynamic changes is demonstrated by induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The compact and easily operated system comprises of several pieces of standard and affordable laboratory equipment. This simple, robust and inexpensive method may become an important tool for assessment of brain hemodynamics in preclinical studies.

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on hematological parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male rats (150-200 g) were randomly grouped into five as control, normal + OG, diabetic untreated, diabetic + OG, and diabetic + glibenclamide groups. Diabetes was induced by 100 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate in the diabetic untreated and diabetic + OG groups followed by treatment with distilled water and 400 mg/kg OG, respectively, whereas control, normal + OG, and diabetic + glibenclamide groups were treated with distilled water, 400 mg/kg OG, and 5 mg/kg glibenclamide, respectively. Body weight and fasting blood glucose level were monitored weekly. After 28 days of treatments, under anesthesia induced by 50 mg/kg sodium thiopental i.p., blood samples were obtained for hematological analysis, malondialdehyde (MDA) level determination, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Data were compared using analysis of variance and Student's t-test. Results: There was a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose of the diabetic + OG animals compared to the diabetic untreated and the initial reduction in weight observed in this group was reversed at the end of the experiments. Packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the diabetic + OG when compared with the untreated group. The MDA concentration was significantly lowered (P < 0.01) in the diabetic + OG group when compared with diabetic untreated while SOD activity was significantly reduced in the diabetic untreated group. Conclusion: It was concluded that OG reverses anemia secondary to alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats probably via its antioxidant activity.

Lead is a heavy metal that has been known for its adverse effects on many body organs and systems and thus their functions. In this study, the toxic effect of lead on blood was investigated, and ethanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;Phoenix&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;dactylifera&lt;/em&gt; L. (EPD) (a well known nutritious, antioxidant, and medicinal fruit) was administered orally to prevent lead&#39;s toxicity. Forty adult male Wister rats, randomly divided into four groups (n = 10), were used for this study Group B and Group D were given 200 g of EPD/Kg Body Weight/Day (orally) and 1% sodium acetate and Lead acetate respectively, while group A (control) and group C were given sodium acetate and lead acetate respectively. All treatments were for eight weeks. The animals were weighed and then sacrificed twenty-four hours after the last treatment. Hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts (RBC and WBC), differential count, hemoglobin concentration and other hematological parameters were determi...

The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on mercury-induced changes on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats of average weight of 200g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. The animals in Group 1 (control) were administered with distilled water, Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 52mg/kg and 26.25mg/kg body weight of HgCl 2 respectively while Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 52mg/kg of HgCl 2 and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 26.25gm/kg of HgCl 2 and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid respectively, while Group 6 was administered with 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid. The administration was through the oral route, daily for 3 weeks and the animals were humanely sacrificed. Thereafter, blood and tissue samples were harvested for analysis. Results: The result of the biochemical parameters showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean SOD and LPO values after the administration of mercuric chloride and ascorbic acid. Histological observation of the cerebellar cortex showed normal histo-morphology in Groups 1 and 6 while, the cerebellum in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed some degenerative, necrotic and cellular changes. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid administration has shown to ameliorate the induced degenerative changes in the cerebellum caused by mercuric chloride toxicity in Wistar rats.

Ethanol consumption has been linked with social and medical problems, coupled with damage of multiple organs including the cerebellum. The present study is aimed at investigating the histological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum of Wistar rats associated with ethanol exposure. The experimental animals were grouped into five groups designated as Group 1 which served as the control group and was given distilled water, Groups 2,3,4 and 5were given 40%, 25%, 12% and 5% v/v of ethanol respectively. Each of the experimental animals was administered 10mls/kg body weight of the stock solution for 42days after which the animals were sacrificed humanely. The cerebellum was removed, fixed in Bouins fluid for histological study while brain homogenates were prepared and used for the biochemical studies. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Post-Hoc comparison test was used to determine where the difference lies. Oxidative stress studies showed significant increase and dec...