Neurofeedback

The human body evolved while living in direct electrical contact (electrically grounded) with the earth. The question that arises is: Does loss of electrical contact with the earth affect human physiology? This double-blind study was designed to address this question by measuring several electrophysiological parameters of the body. Subjects were assigned to an experimental group that was grounded to the earth after a 28-minute baseline recording. Grounding the body (earthing) was achieved by placing electrode patches on the soles of the feet and connecting them to a conductive cable that was attached to a metal rod planted in the earth. The total recording time was 56 minutes. The control group was not grounded but "sham grounded." Part 1 of this study presented results from measurements taken with clinical biofeedback equipment. This paper presents results obtained on Jing-Well points using the SSVP (Single Square Voltage Pulse) method. With the SSVP method we were able to corroborate results presented in our first paper with the biofeedback system. The SSVP method results are that grounding the body produces a reduction in tension (relaxation) of the internal organs and a reduction in inflammation. We also postulated that the body was developed to take advantage of the contact with the earth through the feet by developing a system of distribution of electrons through the kidney meridian at K11. The present findings are consistent with the results of our previous study which concluded that grounded subjects experienced a reduction in stress and a normalization of the functioning of the autonomic nervous system after earthing. 6

Optimizing neurofeedback (NF) and brain–computer interface (BCI) implementations constitutes a challenge across many fields and has so far been addressed by, among others, advancing signal processing methods or predicting the user’s control ability from neurophysiological or psychological measures. In comparison, how context factors influence NF/BCI performance is largely unexplored. We here investigate whether a competitive multi-user condition leads to better NF/BCI performance than a single-user condition. We implemented a foot motor imagery (MI) NF with mobile electroencephalography (EEG). Twenty-five healthy, young participants steered a humanoid robot in a single-user condition and in a competitive multi-user race condition using a second humanoid robot and a pseudo competitor. NF was based on 8–30 Hz relative event-related desynchronization (ERD) over sensorimotor areas. There was no significant difference between the ERD during the competitive multi-user condition and the si...

Aim. One of the applications of the Neurofeedback methodology is peak performance in sport. The protocols of the neurofeedback are usually based on an assessment of the spectral parameters of spontaneous EEG in resting state conditions. The aim of the paper was to study whether the intensive neurofeedback training of a well-functioning Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport, could change the brain functioning reflected in changes in spontaneous EEG and event related potentials (ERPs). Case study. The case is presented of an Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport. He wanted to resume his activities by means of neurofeedback training. His QEEG/ERP parameters were assessed before and after 4 intensive sessions of neurotherapy. Dramatic and statistically significant changes that could not be explained by error measurement were observed in the patient. Conclusion. Neurofeedback training in the subject under stu...

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders and is usually associated with abdominal pain. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness and neurofeedback on quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Materials & Methods: The present study was a pretest-posttest control group design with a two-month follow-up. The study population included all women with irritable bowel syndrome referred to gastroenterology centers and clinics of Qazvin city in 2019. Patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups (n=45). The experimental groups underwent Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Neurofeedback (NFB). The Rome-III diagnostic criteria form and the WHOQOL-BREF were administered. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: There was significant difference between NFB and control group for total quality of life and all its components. The Mean between-group Difference (MD) of total quality of life score in NFB compared to control group was 21.2±2.58 in post-test and 15.4±2.35 in follow-up (P<0.05). MBCT group was significantly different with the control group in component of general health both in post-test (MD= 0.93±0.53) and follow-up (MD=0.73±0.53), (P<0.05). Conclusion: NFB therapy considerably improved the quality of life of patients with IBS that was remained after two months of follow-up, while MBCT was only effective on improvement of general health in comparison with the control group.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 2 computer attention training systems administered in school for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Children in second and fourth grade with a diagnosis of ADHD (n 5 104) were randomly assigned to neurofeedback (NF) (n 5 34), cognitive training (CT) (n 5 34), or control (n 5 36) conditions. A 2-point growth model assessed change from pre-post intervention on parent reports (Conners 3-Parent [Conners 3-P]; Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF] rating scale), teacher reports (Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn and Pelham scale [SKAMP]; Conners 3-Teacher [Conners 3-T]), and systematic classroom observations (Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools [BOSS]). Paired t tests and an analysis of covariance assessed change in medication. Results: Children who received NF showed significant improvement compared with those in the control condition on the Conners 3-P Attention, Executive Functioning and Global Index, on all BRIEF summary indices, and on BOSS motor/verbal off-task behavior. Children who received CT showed no improvement compared to the control condition. Children in the NF condition showed significant improvements compared to those in the C T condition on Conners 3-P Executive Functioning, all BRIEF summary indices, SKAMP Attention, and Conners 3-T Inattention subscales. Stimulant medication dosage in methylphenidate equivalencies significantly increased for children in the CT (8.54 mg) and control (7.05 mg) conditions but not for those in the NF condition (0.29 mg). Conclusion: Neurofeedback made greater improvements in ADHD symptoms compared to both the control and CT conditions. Thus, NF is a promising attention training treatment intervention for children with ADHD.

Media attention has highlighted the critical problem of concussion injuries in sport and the challenge of treating and rehabilitating individuals with traumatic brain injury. The authors present a framework for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography Z-score based neurofeedback and heart rate–variability biofeedback. The article advocates a comprehensive assessment process including the use of a 19-channel quantitative electroencephalogram, a heart rate variability baseline, and symptom severity questionnaires for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and anxiety. The initial medical assessment, neuropsychological assessment, and evoked potential studies also have potential for a more precise assessment of deficits in brain activation patterns, which assists the targeting of neurofeedback training.

Feedback on past queries is a valuable resource for improving retrieval performance on new queries. We introduce a modular approach to incorporating feedback information into given retrieval architectures. We propose to fusion the original ranking with those returned by rerankers, each of which trained on feedback given for a distinct, single query. Here, we examine the basic case of improving

This paper concerns dynamic neural networks for signal processing: architectural issues are considered but the paper focuses on learning algorithms that work on-line. Locally recurrent neural networks, namely MLP with IIR synapses and generalization of Local Feedback Multi-Layered Networks (LF MLN), are compared to more traditional neural networks, i.e. static MLP with input and/or output buffer (TDNN), FIR MLP and fully recurrent neural networks: simulations results are provided to compare locally recurrent neural networks with TDNN and FIR MLP. Moreover, we propose a new learning algorithm, based on the Back Propagation Through Time and called Causal Back Propagation Through Time (CBPTT), that is faster and more stable than the algorithm previously used for IIR MLP. The algorithm that we propose includes as particular cases the following algorithms: Wan's Temporal Back Propagation, Back Propagation for Sequences (BPS) and Back-Tsoi algorithm.

Recent years have seen huge advancements in the methods available and used in neuroscience employing EEG or MEG. However, the standard approach is to average a large number of trials for experimentally defined conditions in order to reduce intertrial-variability, i.e. treating it as a source of &quot;noise&quot;. Yet it is now more and more accepted that trial-to-trial fluctuations bear functional significance, reflecting fluctuations of &quot;brain states&quot; that predispose perception and action. Such effects are often revealed in a pre-stimulus period, when comparing response variability to an invariant stimulus. However such offline analyses are disadvantageous as they are correlational by drawing conclusions in a posthoc-manner and stimulus presentation is random with respect to the feature of interest. A more direct test is to trigger stimulus presentation when the relevant feature is present. The current paper introduces ConSole (CONstance System for OnLine Eeg), a software...

In our every day life, our brain is constantly processing information and paying attention, reacting accordingly, to all sorts of sensory inputs (auditory, visual, etc.). In some cases, there is a need to accurately measure a person's level of attention to monitor a sportsman performance, to detect Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, to evaluate the effectiveness of neuro-feedback treatment, etc.

It provides an explicit indicator of some physiological process, such as heartbeat or brain activation, so that an individual can attempt to regulate that activation or guide behaviour. Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Brain-machine interfaces, sometimes called direct neural or braincomputer interfaces, are direct communication pathways between the brain and external devices.

A striking example of the constructive nature of visual perception is how the human visual system completes contours of occluded objects. To date, it is unclear whether perceptual completion emerges during early stages of visual processing or whether higher-level mechanisms are necessary. To answer this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to disrupt signaling in V1/V2 and in the lateral occipital (LO) area at different moments in time while participants performed a discrimination task involving a Kanizsa-type illusory figure. Results show that both V1/V2 and higher-level visual area LO are critically involved in perceptual completion. However, these areas seem to be involved in an inverse hierarchical fashion, in which the critical time window for V1/V2 follows that for LO. These results are in line with the growing evidence that feedback to V1/V2 contributes to perceptual completion.

One of the applications of the Neurofeedback methodology is peak performance in sport. The protocols of the neurofeedback are usually based on an assessment of the spectral parameters of spontaneous EEG in resting state conditions. The aim of the paper was to study whether the intensive neurofeedback training of a well-functioning Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport, could change the brain functioning reflected in changes in spontaneous EEG and event related potentials (ERPs). Case study. The case is presented of an Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport. He wanted to resume his activities by means of neurofeedback training. His QEEG/ERP parameters were assessed before and after 4 intensive sessions of neurotherapy. Dramatic and statistically significant changes that could not be explained by error measurement were observed in the patient. Conclusion. Neurofeedback training in the subject under study increased the amplitude of the monitoring component of ERPs generated in the anterior cingulate cortex, accompanied by an increase in beta activity over the medial prefrontal cortex. Taking these changes together, it can be concluded that that even a few sessions of neurofeedback in a high performance brain can significantly activate the prefrontal cortical areas associated with increasing confidence in sport performance.

Background and objectives: Anxiety is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that can cause functional impairment, which necessitates development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and neurofeedback in reducing symptoms of anxiety. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Study population included 24 students with anxiety disorders who were referred to the psychological consultation center at Payame Noor University, Torbat-e Jam (Iran) in 2018. The subjects were selected based on psychiatric interview and the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. They were randomly divided into two groups: the first group received 10 weekly 90-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, while the second group received 10 weekly 30-minute sessions of neurofeedback. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20) at significance level of 0.05. Results: The groups were matched in terms of age and education level. The mean pretest score of anxiety did not differ significantly between the groups (P=0.01). After the intervention, the mean score of anxiety decreased significantly in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (P=0.001) and in the neurofeedback group (P=0.0001). There was a significant difference between the effects of neurofeedback and cognitive-behavioral group therapy (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Our results suggest that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and neurofeedback can significantly reduce symptoms of anxiety in students. However, the effectiveness of neurofeedback is significantly higher than that of cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing the symptoms of anxiety.

Brain dysfunction is a frequent complication of sepsis, usually defined as "sepsis-associated encephalopathy" (SAE). Its pathophysiology is complex and related to numerous processes and pathways, while the exact mechanisms producing neurological impairment in septic patients remain incompletely elucidated. Alterations of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) may represent a key component for the development of SAE. Reduction of CBF may be caused by cerebral vasoconstriction, either induced by inflammation or hypocapnia. Endothelial dysfunction associated with sepsis leads to impairment of microcirculation and cerebral metabolic uncoupling that may further reduce brain perfusion so that CBF becomes inadequate to satisfy brain cellular needs. The natural autoregulatory mechanisms that protect the brain from reduced/inadequate CBF can be impaired in septic patients, especially in those with shock or delirium, and this further contributes to cerebral ischemia if blood pressure drops below critical thresholds. Sedative agents alter cerebro-vascular reactivity and may significantly reduce CBF. Although disorders of brain perfusion and alteration of CBF and cerebral autoregulation are frequently observed in humans with sepsis, their exact role in the pathogenesis of SAE remains unknown. Brain perfusion can further become inadequate due to cerebral microcirculatory dysfunction, as evidenced in the experimental setting. Microvascular alterations can be implicated in the development of electrophysiological abnormalities observed during sepsis and contribute to neurological alterations in septic animals. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the pathophysiology of brain perfusion in sepsis, with a particular focus on human clinical investigation and novel tools for CBF monitoring in septic patients.

Persons with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders have a more persistent and refractory illness course than those without dual diagnosis. However, few studies have assessed the effects of cognitive-behavioral and biobehavioral treatments on brain function and behavioral indices in people with comorbid drug abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this conceptual review, we propose an integrated approach to assessment and treatment utilizing cognitive neuroscience methods, conventional psychotherapeutic treatment and neurofeedback therapy to assess the recovery of cognitive and emotional functions affected by chronic psychostimulant drug abuse co-occurring with PTSD. We review cognitive and motivational factors (e.g., craving, hypersensitivity to drug-and threat-related cues, deficient executive top-down control etc.) involved in addiction and PTSD, and discuss reasons for their persistence and high vulnerability to relapse in cocaine and methamphetamine users with co-morbid PTSD undergoing behavioral treatment. Incorporating neuroscience assessment methods to assess the effects of psychotherapy and neurofeedback interventions for comorbid disorders may provide significant potential for identifying side-by-side psychophysiological with clinical markers of treatment progress, and may also provide useful information for planning interventions.

Background. Many cancer survivors continue to experience ongoing symptoms, such as fatigue and cognitive impairment,
which are poorly managed and have few effective, evidence-based treatment options. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive,
drug-free form of brain training that may alleviate long-term symptoms reported by cancer patients. Objective. The purpose
of this systematic review of the literature was to describe the effectiveness and safety of neurofeedback for managing
fatigue and cognitive impairment. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using Joanna Briggs
Institute (JBI) methodology. A comprehensive search of 5 databases was conducted: Medline, CINAHL, AMED, PsycInfo,
and Embase. Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, cohort, case control
studies, and descriptive studies were included in this review. Results. Twenty-seven relevant studies were included in the
critical appraisals. The quality of most studies was poor to moderate based on the JBI critical appraisal checklists. Seventeen
studies were deemed of sufficient quality to be included in the review: 10 experimental studies and 7 descriptive studies. Of
these, only 2 were rated as high-quality studies and the remaining were rated as moderate quality. All 17 included studies
reported positive results for at least one fatigue or cognitive outcome in a variety of populations, including 1 study with
breast cancer survivors. Neurofeedback interventions were well tolerated with only 3 studies reporting any side effects.
Conclusions. Despite issues with methodological quality, the overall positive findings and few reported side effects suggest
neurofeedback could be helpful in alleviating fatigue and cognitive impairment. Currently, there is insufficient evidence that
neurofeedback is an effective therapy for management of these symptoms in cancer survivors, however, these promising
results support the need for further research with this patient population. More information about which neurofeedback
technologies, approaches, and protocols could be successfully used with cancer survivors and with minimal side effects is
needed. This research will have significance to nurses and physicians in oncology and primary care settings who provide
follow-up care and counseling to cancer survivors experiencing debilitating symptoms in order to provide information and
education related to evidence-based therapy options.

The thought-translation device (TTD) consists of a training device and spelling program for the completely paralyzed using slow-cortical brain potentials (SCP). During the training phase, the self-regulation of SCPs is learned through visual-auditory feedback and positive reinforcement of SCPs; during the spelling phase, patients select letters or words with their SCPs. A psychophysiological system for detection of cognitive functioning in completely paralyzed patients is an integral part of the TTD. The neurophysiological and anatomical basis of SCP-regulation was investigated by recording of BOLD-response in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results showed involvement of basal ganglia and premotor cortex for required SCP positivity. The clinical outcome of 11 paralyzed patients using the TTD and quality of life of severely paralyzed patients is described. First attempts to improve learning of brain regulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation were successful.

The following paper is a pilot study on the Bio Acoustic ctivation Device (BAUD) to treat anxiety. The BAUD is an neurofeedback device utilizing sound waves that theoretically stimulate the nervous system. Sixty teenaged participants from an inpatient facility were randomly assigned to two groups: 1) BAUD treatment and standard treatment, and 2) standard treatment only. Results indicated the BAUD treatment group experienced a significant decrease in anxiety, while standard treatment showed no overall cessation of anxiety. Results are discussed, limitations of the study are reviewed, and directions for further research are offered.

For long, people have wondered about the reasons for the superior performance of elite athletes. As it seems, researchers have been divided between reasons that pertain to nature and those that pertain to nurture. More recently, more complex interactionist theories have come to light. These theories posit that both genes and environment contribute to the development of motor expertise in a non-linear way. It is possible that this discussion might never be resolved. Here, we propose that instead of concentrating on the reasons " why " , we concentrate on the " how " , i.e., brain function associated to motor expertise. There is much support for specific neural activation associated to expertise in sports. Here we discuss some of the main findings in this area and propose that by understanding the motor expert brain, we might optimize training and, ultimately, performance. Crucially, we suggest that neurofeedback techniques might constitute an important tool to achieve this.

Šī pilotpētījuma mērķis bija noskaidrot, vai RigaBrain kabinetā pieejamā neiroloģiskās atgriezeniskās saites metode uzlabo kognitīvās funkcijas -verbālo atmiņu, vizuālo atmiņu, psihomotoro ātrumu, reakcijas laiku, kognitīvo elastību, dažādas uzmanības modalitātes, apstrādes ātrumu, vadības funkcijas un spriestspēju -normatīvi veselu pieaugušu indivīdu vidū. Pētījuma dalībniekiem tika veikts sākotnējais un atkārtotais kognitīvo spēju mērījums; starp tiem katrs no viņiem apmeklēja vienu RigaBrain procedūru (parasti rekomendējam apmeklēt aptuveni 10 seansus). Rezultātu analīzē izmaiņas tika konstatētas šādās izziņas spējās: kognitīvajā elastībā, vadības funkcijās un emociju atpazīšanā.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of neurofeedback in neuropsychological rehabilitation of attention in children with combined (C) and predominantly inattentive (IA) subtypes of ADHD. Method: This research is a quasiexperimental study by which, from among 7-12 year old children referred to the Atiyeh Psychiatric Center, 30 children diagnosed with either Combined or predominantly Inattentive subtypes of ADHD (15 children in each subtype) underwent 30 sessions (3 sessions per week) of neurofeedback therapy. For assessing children's cognitive performance, the children in both treatment groups were administered before and after treatment with a time interval of 10 weeks, both the visual and auditory continuous performance tests (IVA). Patient diagnosis for assignment to either of two ADHD subtypes was carried out with the Conner's rating scale, a Clinical Interview Checklist, and Psychiatrist evaluation. Results: Neurofeedback training significantly increased all IVA subscales scores, with the exception of the Balance scale, in all subjects, regardless of treatment group (subtype). Results of MANOVA analysis indicated that the two subtypes did not differ in terms of effectiveness of neurofeedback training with the exception of the Readiness scale. Conclusion: The present findings supported the efficacy of Neurofeedback training in increasing children's scores on the IVA-CPS battery of tests, regardless of subtype classification. These findings are interpreted within recent theoretical and developments regarding the validity of subtypes and the usefulness of a dimensional approach.

Dijagnoza "Deficit pažnje", "ADD", "ADHD"...nije odomaćena u kliničkoj praksi kod nas. Deca sa problemima pažnje dobijala su, uglavnom, neke druge dijagnoze kako bi se njihova simptomatologija uklopila u sliku nekog od problema koji su bliži znanjima naših stručnjaka. To su obično bile dijagnoze kao što su : "Pervazivni razvojni poremećaji", "hiperkinetički sindrom", "Poremaćaj ponašanja", i sl.
    Cilj ove knjige je da se naša stručna javnost detaljnije upozna sa specifičnostima ADD strukture ličnosti (ADD se ne može smatrati poremedjajem u užem smislu te reči.), dijagnostičkim metodama za otkrivanje ovog stanja i mogućnostima tretmana dece sa ADD strukturom. U ovom tekstu ponudićemo i konkretne savete koje psiholozi i drugi stručnjaci koji se bave tretmanom ADD dece mogu da ponude roditeljima i nastavnicima. Ponudićemo konkretne modele za modifikaciju ponašanja ADD deteta, organizaciju porodice, podešavanje porodice za uspeh, podešavanje sredine deteta za uspeh deteta u školi, metakognitivne strategije (učenje kako da se uči), savete za ishranu ADD deteta...kao i primere uspešnih i neuspešnih roditeljskih strategija u vaspitavanju deteta sa ADD temperamentom...

Biofeedback ist die direkte Rückmeldung einer Körperfunktion mit dem Ziel, diese Funktion in eine gewünschte Richtung zu verändern. Dazu ist es nötig, dass diese Funktion visuell oder akustisch zurückgemeldet und bewusst wahrgenommen wird. Die Biofeedback-Behandlung als therapeutische Anwendung gilt als ein Verfahren der Verhaltenstherapie und wird im Rahmen verhaltenstherapeutischer Interventionen eingesetzt. Der Biofeedbackansatz hat sich bei der Behandlung von Schmerzzuständen bewährt. Neueren Metaanalysen zufolge ergeben sich bei der Biofeedbackbehandlung der Migräne oder des Kopfschmerzes vom Spannungstyp hohe Evidenzen, weswegen gerade hier diese Verfahren als besonders effektiv gelten.

A ressonância das frequências cardíacas e respiratórias ocorre quando o ritmo cardíaco entra em fase com o ritmo respiratório, aumentando a amplitude das oscilações do batimento cardíaco e seu treino está relacionado à melhora de condições clínicas de ansiedade, depressão, estresse pós-traumático, insônia, alcoolismo e adicção, uma vez que promove a sensação de bem-estar físico e emocional do sujeito. Adicionalmente, a produção de ondas entre 11 e 15 Hz, captadas no vértice craniano, conhecidas como RSM (Ritmo Sensório-Motor), promove diminuição das interferências de estímulos irrelevantes, favorecendo a integração cognitiva do estímulo-tarefa, levando a estados de maior atenção seletiva e sustentada, bem como a diminuição de tensão motora. Dessa forma, a integração do treino em frequência ressonante e aumento de RSM estaria associado a uma melhora nos aspectos emocional e cognitivos.

The waveforms on an electroencephalogram (EEG) result directly from synaptic activity in brain networks, and neurofeedback offers the opportunity for patients to use operant conditioning to alter their waveforms and brain functioning. Quantitative EEGs (qEEGs) represent a patient's waveforms compared with normative EEG databases and may be corepresented with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging. qEEG, modern PET, magnetoencephalography, and fMRI studies concur in showing that the brain is organized by a small set of modules or hubs that represent clusters of neurons characterized by high within-cluster connectivity and sparse long-distance connectivity. During child development, functional brain connectivity is substantially reorganized, but several large-scale network properties seem to be preserved over time, suggesting that functional brain networks in children are organized like other complex systems in adults.

This research report includes examination of the process and results of using neurofeedback as a modality for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The subject of the study was a military retiree with three decades of active duty service who saw action in three counter-terrorism operations and observed the deaths of over two dozen service members. Sessions were conducted at Vitanya Wellness in Tempe, Arizona, from October 2018 through April 2019. The study included the subject taking part in a total of 36 sessions using neuro-guidance and brainwave entrainment technologies. Data was collected at each session and, coupled with assessments every six weeks, comprised the data set for this qualitative study. Statistical analysis indicated clinically significant improvements in both executive functioning (CEFI-A) and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) measurement areas at 12- and 24-week assessment points. Clinically significant improvement was also present in a trauma index (PCL-C) at the 24-week assessment point

Background. A customary route for research in the life sciences is to begin with animal studies, and only after thorough evaluation, attempt the same procedure with humans. In this pilot clinical outcomes study, the inverse procedure is followed. Encouraging results in the areas of CNS regulation led clinicians to explore whether the method is equally effective with animals who suffered the same problems as humans. The qualities studied included aggressiveness, mood instability, hypervigilance, inability to learn from experience. Species studies over about three years consisted of horses, dogs, and cats.

Tourette’s syndrome is characterised by involuntary tics, repetitive movements and vocalisations and can lead to significant disturbance when engaging in daily activities.

Clinical neurofeedback is based on the concept of the neuroplasticity and the mechanism ofaction is operant conditioning. Clinical neurofeedback has been found to be effective in improving brain function.

Clinical hypnotherapy is said to deal with the unconscious processes of the mind and can be used to help treat a variety of disorders. In this case study, with a client diagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome, intervention included a combination of clinical neurofeedback and hypnotherapy.

This combination of interventions led to a significant improvement in the client’s condition over time. Future studies might make more use of psychological testing to understand client’s progress and also include long term follow up

There is a need for effective interventions to address the core symptoms and problems associated with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Behavior therapy improves communication and behavioral functioning. Additional treatment options include psychopharmacological and biomedical interventions. Although these approaches help children with autistic problems, they may be associated with side effects, risks or require ongoing or long-term treatment. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive approach shown to enhance neuroregulation and metabolic function in ASD. We present a review of the literature on the application of Neurofeedback to the multiple problems associated with ASD. Directions for future research are discussed.

Neurofeedback draws on multiple techniques that propel
both healthy and patient populations to self-regulate neural activity. Since the 1970s, numerous accounts have promoted electroencephalography-neurofeedback as a viable
treatment for a host of mental disorders. Today, while the
number of health care providers referring patients to neurofeedback practitioners increases steadily, substantial methodological and conceptual caveats continue to pervade empirical reports. And yet, nascent imaging technologies (e.g., real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging) and increasingly rigorous protocols are paving the road towards
more effective applications and a better scientific understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we outline common neurofeedback methods, illuminate the tenuous state of the evidence, and sketch out future directions to further unravel the potential merits of this contentious therapeutic prospect.

The effectiveness of neurofeedback is widely researched and utilized as intervention of medical refractory neurological disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, depression, epilepsy etc. Hence introducing neurofeedback into Malaysia, where 4 cases of children with ADHD primary symptoms (e.g. hyperactive) were picked by fulfilling the age and symptoms requirements. Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) was used before neurofeedback training to indicate ADHD symptoms and comorbidity. Child Anxiety Life Interference Survey (CALIS) was also utilized to measure anxiety level in each child. Each cases’ individual progress (up-to-date) following improvements in brainwaves are then presented accordingly.
Keywords: Neurofeedback, ADHD, children, Malaysia, VADPRS, CALIS