Network Morphology

Hydrogels of poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were produced by UV irradiation of aqueous solutions of the polymer in presence of hydrogen peroxide, used as crosslinker. The mechanical and the nano-structural properties of the gels were characterized by a combination of experimental techniques including rheology, low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LFNMR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Different irradiation doses as well as polymer and crosslinker concentrations were tested in the characterization. The study elucidates the relationship between different methods to estimate the mesh size of the gel polymeric network. Moreover, a novel correlation model was developed based on Chui and Scherer theories for the interpretation of LFNMR dataset of polymer solutions and networks.

The Nakh languages Chechen and Tsova-Tush each have a five-valued gender system: masculine, feminine, and three "neuter" genders named for their singular agreement forms: B, D and J. Gender assignment in languages is generally analysed as being dependent on both form and semantics (e.g. Corbett 1991), with semantics typically prevailing over form (e.g. Bellamy & Wichers Schreur 2022, Allassonnière-Tang et al. 2021). Most previous studies have considered only binary or tripartite gender systems possessing one masculine, one feminine, and one neuter value. The five-valued system of Nakh thus represents a more complex and insightful case study for analysing gender assignment. In this paper we build on the existing qualitative linguistic analyses of gender assignment in Tsova-Tush (Wichers Schreur 2021) and apply three machine-learning methods to investigate the weight of form and semantics in predicting grammatical gender in Chechen and Tsova-Tush. Our main aim is thus to show how three different computational classifier methods perform on a novel set of non-Indo-European data. The results show that while both form and semantics are helpful for predicting grammatical gender in Nakh, semantics is dominant, which supports findings from existing literature (Allassonnière-Tang et al. 2021), as well as confirming the utility of these computational methods. However, the results also show that the coded semantic information could be further fine-grained to improve the accuracy of the predictions (see also Plaster et al. 2013). In addition, we discuss the implications of the output for our understanding of language-internal and family-internal processes of language change, including how loanwords are integrated from Russian, a three-gender language.

The prevailing assumption is that anResearch underlying this study was conducted with support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant #17-06-00460.agreement feature originates in one linguistic element, that is a controller, and is copied onto another one, a target. This form-to-form approach encounters massive difficulties when confronted with data, such as missing controllers or feature mismatches. A cognition-to-form mapping approach is proposed instead, suggesting that agreement features, such as person, number, and gender, are associated with referents in the cognitive representation. They serve to specify referents on either notional or conventional grounds, and are thus referential features. Referential features are mapped onto various sites in linguistic structure, including inflections. Parallel agreement between various sites is observed, as a side effect of mappings from the same cognitive source. Languages differ in which and how many sites for marking referen...

There are various factors that affect walking and cycling in urban areas, such as density, diversity and design, but there have been few studies that examine the relationship between urban morphology factors such as street network and green travel modes (e.g., walking and cycling) at the city-level (macro-level). Thus, this paper focuses on this relationship by introducing street network morphology factors, such as blocks per area, nodes per blocks and nodes per area. The street network in this study includes interconnecting lines and points that present streets, roads, motorways, intersections and blocks. The percentage of daily trips on foot and by bicycle data that represents walking and cycling are collected from the International Association of Public Transport's (UITP) database. The blocks per area, nodes per area and the nodes per blocks are estimated by modifying and analyzing Open Street Maps (OSM). The data that are used in this study are from 30 cities in different parts of the world. The strength of the relationship in this study was found using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results show that increase in daily trips on foot and by bicycle is correlated with increasing number of blocks per area and number of nodes per area while daily trips on foot and by bicycle has negative relationship with number of nodes per blocks. Because the urban street network is the result of macroscale planning decisions, considering the relationship between street network morphology and travel behavior can lead to better planning decisions.

Lexicon schemas and their use are discussed in this paper from the perspective of lexicographers and field linguists. A variety of lexicon schemas have been developed, with goals ranging from computational lexicography (DATR) through archiving (LIFT, TEI) to standardization (LMF, FSR). A number of requirements for lexicon schemas are given. The lexicon schemas are introduced and compared to each other in terms of conversion and usability for this particular user group, using a common lexicon entry and providing examples for each schema under consideration. The formats are assessed and the final recommendation is given for the potential users, namely to request standard compliance from the developers of the tools used. This paper should foster a discussion between authors of standards, lexicographers and field linguists.

This article presents a set of gender assignment rules for Old Norse, which generates gender for the nouns found in Fritzner's Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog (Fritzner, 1973). The rule set covers approximately 22 500 of the 26 900 nouns in this dictionary, or 81%. If final-r is taken as a sufficient criterion for masculine (i.e. if we do not ask why the-r is there), the percentage rises to 25 000 of 26 900, or 93%. The rules are semantic, morphological and phonological. The article argues that Old Norse has neuter as its default gender, and it thereby supports Steinmetz' (1985, 1986, 2001) Great Gender Shift model. Contrary to Steinmetz, it is here argued that the Germanic Gender Shift cannot be seen as a result of the loss of nom.sg.-r alone, but must be seen as a result of the weak status of the default n(euter) gender, as opposed to the default masculine gender of Modern Norwegian. The weak status of neuter is suggested to be a result of neuter being both numerically small and outside the semantic core of the system (where masculine and feminine denoted living beings of opposite sex), and the unstable situation opening for the shift in default gender is due not only to the loss of-r, but to the marginal position of neuter and to the changes in the declension class system of Old Norse.

Hydrogels are proving to be an excellent class of materials for biomedical applications. The molecular self-assembly of designed MAX1 β-hairpin peptides into fibrillar networks has emerged as a novel route to form responsive hydrogels. Herein, computational modeling techniques are used to investigate the relative arrangements of individual hairpins within the fibrils that constitute the gel. The modeling provides insight into the morphology of the fibril network, which defines the gel's mechanical properties. Our study suggests polymorphic arrangements of the hairpins within the fibrils; however, the relative populations and the relative conformational energies of the polymorphic arrangements show a preference toward an arrangement of hairpins where their turn regions are not capable of forming intermolecular interaction. Repulsive intramolecular electrostatic interactions appear to dictate the formation of fibrils with shorter, rather than longer, persistent lengths. These repu...

There are various factors that affect walking and cycling in urban areas, such as density, diversity and design, but there have been few studies that examine the relationship between urban morphology factors such as street network and green travel modes (e.g., walking and cycling) at the city-level (macro-level). Thus, this paper focuses on this relationship by introducing street network morphology factors, such as blocks per area, nodes per blocks and nodes per area. The street network in this study includes interconnecting lines and points that present streets, roads, motorways, intersections and blocks. The percentage of daily trips on foot and by bicycle data that represents walking and cycling are collected from the International Association of Public Transport’s (UITP) database. The blocks per area, nodes per area and the nodes per blocks are estimated by modifying and analyzing Open Street Maps (OSM). The data that are used in this study are from 30 cities in different parts ...

The Maillardation of proteins has been used as a natural alternative to improve its functionality by covalent coupling of proteins with saccharides. However, the impact of Maillard reaction on the structural aspects of protein networks and, as a consequence, the mechanical breakdown properties of the gel networks has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the attachment of linear oligo-sugar moieties onto ovalbumin affects its aggregation, network morphology, and consequently the mechanical deformation properties including the ability of the networks to elastically store energy in this material. To potentially alter the morphology of the network structure, ovalbumin was modified by conjugating some of its amino groups with fructooligosaccharide (FOS) moieties via the Maillard reaction. It was demonstrated that the attachment of FOS to ovalbumin does not affect the integrity of the secondary and tertiary structure as characterized using circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence. Differences in the network morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy for FOS-modified ovalbumin variants. Upon increased modification, the microstructure of the gels had more and larger pores and had thinner strands than nonmodified variants. Evaluation of the large deformation properties of the gels demonstrated that FOS-modified gels were less strong and less brittle and showed lower stiffness than nonmodified variants. The recoverable energy (elastically stored energy) of gels reduced with an increase in the degree of modification. The results show that the attachment of FOS to ovalbumin alters the structural and mechanical (large) breakdown properties of the protein gels. The consequences of the alteration of the network structure and large deformation properties of FOS-modified ovalbumin offer opportunities to efficiently design food materials with desirable techno-functional applications.

Mayali has four genders and five morphological classes, with formal identity between the gender prefixes and four of the morphological class prefixes. Gender and morphological class are assigned according to different but largely overlapping semantic principles. We analyze these partially overlapping systems within the NETWORK MORPHOLOGY framework; an implemented model demonstrates that the analysis gives the correct forms for the majority of nouns in a basic lexicon, and further extends to understanding assignment in the avoidance register. Our account depends on recognizing two different types of default: NORMAL CASE DEFAULT, the expected outcome in a given domain, and EXCEPTIONAL CASE DEFAULT, the last resort short of full lexical specification.* * The research reported here was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (UK) under grant number R000238228. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Evans would further like to thank the Australian Research Council (grants Polysemy and Semantic Change in Australian Languages and Reference Grammar of Mayali: Cross-dialectal materials), as well as the Humboldt Foundation, for supporting his fieldwork and writing up of the Mayali material. We thank Toby Gangele, Eddie Hardy, David Karlbuma, Ruby Ngalmindadjek, Mick Kubarkku and Big Bill Birriya-birriya for furnishing information on Mayali, and Ken Hale and Murray Garde for generously making available their lexical files, and Murray Garde a second time for checking out some of the gender assignments in the field. Versions of this work were presented at the ESRC seminar Challenges in

This work aims to contribute to the analysis of the morphosyntactic processes of gender assignment and gender agreement in inflectional languages, through the study of gender variation in Russian. We will focus on the data of a special contact variety, Odessa Russian (OdR), and compare it to standard, dialectal, child Russian, as well as other contact varieties of Russian. OdR is a linguistic variety slightly decomplexified by non-native acquisition, which arises from a special language contact situation; it originated as a lingua franca, and was passed on later to successive generations of speakers as a native variety. Some of the most striking features of OdR are its divergences in gender assignment and agreement with respect to Standard Russian. The specific processes analysed in this paper are classified in three groups: (i) loss of a gender value (neuter gender), by virtue if a strategy of gender (re)assignment; (ii) transfer or 'migration' of gender according to the phonological shape of the words involved (masculine into feminine and feminine into masculine); interestingly, formal rules in this group of processes can sometimes prevail over semantic rules (i.e. over natural gender); and (iii) disruptions of gender agreement (associated with disruption of grammatical case), which can be interpreted as the simplification of the corresponding syntactic tree by eliminating uninterpretable gender features in the language. We will show that these processes go beyond mere substrata effects, and proceed according to more general processes that partially take place also in other (contact and non-contact) varieties of Russian. More specifically: (i) occasional changes in the assignment and agreement of gender are reminiscent of dialectal Russian, but are more widespread in OdR (closer to child language) than in those varieties; (ii) even if gender in OdR was not lost as a grammatical category, some productions point to a partial loss of gender features, reminding us of pidgins and heritage languages.

Hydrogels of poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were produced by UV irradiation of aqueous solutions of the polymer in presence of hydrogen peroxide, used as crosslinker. The mechanical and the nano-structural properties of the gels were characterized by a combination of experimental techniques including rheology, low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LFNMR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Different irradiation doses as well as polymer and crosslinker concentrations were tested in the characterization. The study elucidates the relationship between different methods to estimate the mesh size of the gel polymeric network. Moreover, a novel correlation model was developed based on Chui and Scherer theories for the interpretation of LFNMR dataset of polymer solutions and networks.

Czech, a West Slavic language with a rich system of noun inflection, provides two general ways of treating borrowed nouns. They either get assigned to a morphological class thus joining an inflectional paradigm or remain indeclinable, lacking the inflectional paradigm altogether. In this paper, we will look at the regularities of the assignment of borrowings to inflectional classes in Czech. In particular, some borrowed nouns are supplied with the -a ending, even in cases when these borrowings do not violate native phonotactics. Word-final -a is a marker of feminine gender in Czech, however, while inanimate borrowings with non-etymological final -a are treated as belonging to feminine gender, animate borrowings which acquire this ending are assigned to a small class of a-final masculines.

This paper investigates the loss of agreement under first language attrition, with special focus on gender agreement within a noun phrase in Immigrant Russian. It is argued that the seemingly haphazard patterns of occasional agreement and occasional disagreement reflect the loss of syntactic agreement (i.e., feature checking or feature matching). It is further argued that the attrition data cannot be explained by either performance problems or differences in gender allocation. Instead, it is proposed that Immigrant Russian speakers resort to certain "camouflage" strategies described and analyzed in this paper, which allow them to pick an "agreement" ending without syntactic agreement. In addition, it is also shown that the same strategies are employed in a similarly random fashion in Standard Russian where normal syntactic agreement mechanisms are suspended, such as in loanword borrowing, acronym formation and during first language acquisition.

Lexemes may be split internally, by phenomena such as suppletion, periphrasis, heteroclisis and deponency. Generalizing over these phenomena, which split a lexeme’s paradigm, we can establish a typology of the possible internal splits. There are also lexemes whose external requirements are split: they induce different agreement, for instance. Again, a typology of these splits has been proposed. The next logical step is to attempt a typology of the possible relations between internal and external splits. This is not straightforward, since we need to avoid spurious linkages. Four lines of argument are offered: (i) general plausibility: the internal-external linkage is compelling, and so other accounts require a degree of coincidence which is unlikely; (ii) overabundance: alternative inflectional forms link to different external requirements; (iii) variation in time and space: splits in inflection and in external requirements vary, while maintaining their linkage; (iv) pluralia tantum ...

Every adult native speaker of Russian knows that kon’ is masculine and lan’ is feminine, although 3rd declension nouns present some difficulties in the first and second language acquisition. However, will the fact that these nouns are less frequent than masculine nouns ending in a consonant or feminine nouns ending in -a/ja play a role for online subject-predicate agreement processing? Or will subject-predicate agreement processing be more problematic with subjects of a certain gender? Finally, some final consonants are more characteristic for feminine gender, while the others for masculine gender. Are speakers sensitive to this? We present two experiments addressing these questions. We found that all three factors play a role, but for different tasks (online agreement processing or determining the gender of a novel word) and at different processing stages.

Much recent research on the design of natural language lexicons has made use of nonmonotonic inheritance networks as originally developed for general knowledge representation purposes in Artificial Intelligence. DATR is a simple, spartan language for defining nonmonotonic inheritance networks with path/value equations, one that has been designed specifically for lexical knowledge representation. In keeping with its intendedly minimalist character, it lacks many of the constructs embodied either in general-purpose knowledge representation languages or in contemporary grammar formalisms. The present paper shows that the language is nonetheless sufficiently expressive to represent concisely the structure of lexical information at a variety of levels of linguistic analysis. The paper provides an informal example-based introduction to DATR and to techniques for its use, including finite-state transduction, the encoding of DAGs and lexical rules, and the representation of ambiguity and al...

DATR is a declarative language for representing a restricted class of inheritance networks, permitting both multiple and default inheritance. The principal intended area of application is the representation of lexical entries for natural language processing, and we use examples from this domain throughout. In this paper we present the syntax and inference mechanisms for the language. The goal of the DATR enterprise is the design of a simple language that (i) has the necessary expressive power to encode the lexical entries presupposed by contemporary work in the unification grammar tradition, (ii) can express all the evident generalizations about such entries, (iii) has an explicit theory of inference, (iv) is computationally tractable, and (v) has an explicit declarative semantics. The present paper is primarily concerned with (iii), though the examples used may hint at our strategy in respect of (i) and (ii).

In this introduction to the special issues, we begin by outlining a concrete example that indicates some of the motivations leading to the widespread use of inheritance networks in computational linguistics. This example allows us to illustrate some of the formal choices that have to be ...

This paper contributes to a debate about the treatment of conflicts in the assignment of nouns to gender categories. In a series of talks and papers, Stein-metz (1985, 1986, et seq.) has proposed that a noun's gender-relevant features contribute equally to the ...

This paper describes a unification-based lexicon system for NLP applications that incorporates mechanisms for multiple default inheritance. Such systems are intractable in the general case-the approach adopted here places a number of restrictions on the inheritance hierarchy in order to remove some of the sources of complexity while retaining more desirable properties. Implications of the design choices are discussed, comparisons are drawn with related work in computational linguistics and AI, and illustrative examples from the lexicons of German and English are given.

Lexicon schemas and their use are discussed in this paper from the perspective of lexicographers and field linguists. A variety of lexicon schemas have been developed, with goals ranging from computational lexicography (DATR) through archiving (LIFT, TEI) to standardization (LMF, FSR). A number of requirements for lexicon schemas are given. The lexicon schemas are introduced and compared to each other in terms of conversion and usability for this particular user group, using a common lexicon entry and providing examples for each schema under consideration. The formats are assessed and the final recommendation is given for the potential users, namely to request standard compliance from the developers of the tools used. This paper should foster a discussion between authors of standards, lexicographers and field linguists.

The notion of grammatical gender is defined and criteria for assigning nouns to genders are discussed, in particular semantic and formal criteria. Data from child language acquisition show that both semantic and formal criteria can be the basis of children's overgeneralizations, although the question of to what extent more opaque semantic or formal gender assignment criteria are available to children remains to be ascertained. Grammatical gender, also called noun class, and hereafter referred to simply as gender, may be defined, following Matthews (1997, p. 248) as a system in which the class to which a noun is assigned is reflected in the forms that are taken by other elements syntactically related to it. In German, for instance, the masculine nouns Mann "man" and Loffel "spoon" require the masculine form of the definite article der, while the feminine nouns Frau "woman" and Gabel "fork" require the feminine form die and neuter nouns like Kind, "child" and Messer "knife" require the neuter form das. Crucial to the concept of grammatical gender is thus agreement in gender between the noun and other items. Linguists are fortunate in having an excellent monograph that covers the major descriptive, analytical, and theoretical issues that arise in connection with gender, namely Corbett (1991). The present article, especially this section, is to some extent an abbreviation of the discussion of some key points from this book, although in the next section I try also to address some issues that are relevant to psycholinguistics, especially child language acquisition.

Lexicon schemas and their use are discussed in this paper from the perspective of lexicographers and field linguists. A variety of lexicon schemas have been developed, with goals ranging from computational lexicography (DATR) through archiving (LIFT, TEI) to standardization (LMF, FSR). A number of requirements for lexicon schemas are given. The lexicon schemas are introduced and compared to each other in terms of conversion and usability for this particular user group, using a common lexicon entry and providing examples for each schema under consideration. The formats are assessed and the final recommendation is given for the potential users, namely to request standard compliance from the developers of the tools used. This paper should foster a discussion between authors of standards, lexicographers and field linguists.

This article presents results from a study on agreement with conjoined singular noun phrases in Icelandic. A survey was conducted to elicit agreement choices on two agreement targets (predicate adjectives and personal pronouns) with agreement controllers from four individuation levels (human, animal, countable object, uncountable abstract). The aim was to provide an overview of the strategies for determining agreement with conjoined noun phrases in Icelandic, and examine whether two typological hierarchies-the Agreement Hierarchy and the Individuation Hierarchy-can predict the distribution of agreement options. This research identifies and examines five different agreement strategies with conjoined singular noun phrases in Icelandic. The distribution of these patterns in relation to the two hierarchies is evaluated with the aim of discerning what influences agreement choices. Both typological hierarchies are shown to affect the choice of agreement strategies. In addition to discussing semantic resolution, syntactic resolution, and partial agreement in Icelandic-this paper identifies and argues for two types of neuter default agreement. The first is neuter plural, a fixed value for agreement with conjoined noun phrases, and the second is neuter singular: semantic default agreement triggered by referents that are low on the Individuation Hierarchy. This research presents new data that has implications for the understanding of agreement with conjoined noun phrases and the function of neuter in Icelandic and related languages.

In bilingual speech, as evidenced by extensive contact linguistics literature, nouns from one language (embedded language) are regularly inserted into sentences framed by the other language (matrix language). When marked for the plural, these nouns either receive plural markers from the matrix language or retain embedded-language plural markers. Although several explanations of this variation have been proposed, none of them has been studied systematically thus far, nor have they been analyzed jointly as competing probabilistic explanations. The purpose of this article is to systematically investigate plural marking on noun insertions in bilingual speech involving two fusional languages, Russian and German. The choice between Russian and German plural markers with German noun insertions depends on the interaction of three factors: the frequency with which the plural form is used in the embedded language, i. e. German; its phonetic shape; and the morphological case projected by the Russian matrix structure on the slot the noun is inserted into.

In this paper we describe the mapping of Zaliznjak's (1977) morphological classes into the lexical representation language DATR (Evans and Gazdar 1996). On the basis of the resulting DATR theory a set of fully inflected forms together with their as-sociated morphosyntax can ...

Introduction STUDIES in Russian morphology' make a distinction between inflec-tional morphology (slovoizmenenie) and derivational morphology or word-formation (slovoobrazovanie). This is because in Russian, as in many languages, inflectional and derivational operations differ ...

This article presents a set of gender assignment rules for Old Norse, which generates gender for the nouns found in Fritzner's Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog . The rule set covers approximately 22 500 of the 26 900 nouns in this dictionary, or 81%. If final -r is taken as a sufficient criterion for masculine (i.e. if we do not ask why the -r is there), the percentage rises to 25 000 of 26 900, or 93%. The rules are semantic, morphological and phonological. The article argues that Old Norse has neuter as its default gender, and it thereby supports Steinmetz' (1985, 1986, 2001) Great Gender Shift model. Contrary to Steinmetz, it is here argued that the Germanic Gender Shift cannot be seen as a result of the loss of nom.sg. -r alone, but must be seen as a result of the weak status of the default n(euter) gender, as opposed to the default masculine gender of Modern Norwegian. The weak status of neuter is suggested to be a result of neuter being both numerically small and outside the semantic core of the system (where masculine and feminine denoted living beings of opposite sex), and the unstable situation opening for the shift in default gender is due not only to the loss of -r, but to the marginal position of neuter and to the changes in the declension class system of Old Norse. # 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

This article presents a set of gender assignment rules for Old Norse, which generates gender for the nouns found in Fritzner’s Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog (Fritzner, 1973). The rule set covers approximately 22 500 of the 26 900 nouns in this dictionary, or 81%. If final -r is taken as a sufficient criterion for masculine (i.e. if we do not ask why the -r is there), the percentage rises to 25 000 of 26 900, or 93%. The rules are semantic, morphological and phonological. The article argues that Old Norse has neuter as its default gender, and it thereby supports Steinmetz’ (1985, 1986, 2001) Great Gender Shift model. Contrary to Steinmetz, it is here argued that the Germanic Gender Shift cannot be seen as a result of the loss of nom.sg. -r alone, but must be seen as a result of the weak status of the default n(euter) gender, as opposed to the default masculine gender of Modern Norwegian. The weak status of neuter is suggested to be a result of neuter being both numerically small and outside the semantic core of the system (where masculine and feminine denoted living beings of opposite sex), and the unstable situation opening for the shift in default gender is due not only to the loss of -r, but to the marginal position of neuter and to the changes in the declension class system of Old Norse.

Linguistic forms are inherently multi-dimensional. They exhibit a variety of phonological, orthographic, morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties. Accordingly, linguistic analysis involves multi-dimensional exploration, a process in which the same collection of forms are laid out in many ways until clear patterns emerge. Equally, language documentation usually contains tabulations of linguistic forms to illustrate systematic patterns and variations. In all such cases, multi-dimensional data is projected onto a two-dimensional table known as a linguistic paradigm, the most widespread format for linguistic data presentation. In this paper we survey a representative sample of paradigms and develop a simple relational data model. We show how XML technologies can be used to store and render paradigms. The result is a flexible and extensible model for the storage, interchange and delivery of linguistic paradigms.

В работе при помощи методики сетей рассматривается морфология башкирского языка. Представляется, что некоторые характеристики сети, вершинами которой являются аффиксы, отражают некоторые языковые явления. При помощи такой сети мы рассматриваем следующие вопросы:
1) длина максимально длинной зафиксированной цепочки;
2) степень транскатегориальности в языке;
3) нарушение правил сингармонизма;
4) линейный порядок аффиксов в башкирском языке.

There are fascinating problems at the syntax-morphology interface which tend to be missed. I offer a brief explanation of why that may be happening, then give a Canonical Typology perspective, which brings these problems to the fore. I give examples showing that the henomena could in principle be treated either by syntactic rules (but these would be complex) or within morphology (but this would involve redundancy). Thus ‘non-autonomous’ case values, those which have no unique form but are realized by patterns of syncretism, could be handled by a rule of syntax (one with access to other features, such as number) or by morphology (with resulting systematic syncretisms). I concentrate on one of the most striking sets of data, the issue of prepositional government in Latvian, and outline a solution within Network Morphology using structured case values.

This paper analyses constraints on inflectional syncretism and inflectional allomorphy using frequency information. Syncretism arises where one form is associated with more than one function, whereas inflectional allomorphy occurs where there is more than one inflectional class, and a single function is associated with two or more forms. If high frequency is associated with more differentiation on both sides, we expect, on the one hand, that a frequent function will have a high number of forms and, on the other, that a frequent
form will have a high number of functions. Our study focuses on Russian nominals, in particular nouns, which exhibit both syncretism and inflectional
allomorphy. We find that there is a relationship between frequency and differentiation, but that it is not exceptionless, and that the exceptions can be
understood in terms of the use of referrals as default rules.

In spite of the central position that the concept word has among the basic units of language structure, there is no consensus as to the definition of this concept (or network of related concepts). Many perspectives are needed in order to gain even a schematic idea of what words are, how words may be composed, and what relationships there might be between words. Many linguists have put forward frameworks for describing the domain of morphology, each framework proceeding from its author's assumptions, prioritizing distinct formal and functional dimensions, and therefore entering into de facto competition. This book addresses the needs of the language scholar/student who finds her/himself engaged in morphological analysis and theorizing. It offers a guide to existing approaches, revealing how they can either complement or compete with each other and ranks them on multiple continua.

In this paper we describe the mapping of morphological classes into the lexical representation language DATR (Evans and Gazdar 1996). On the basis of the resulting DATR theory a set of fully inflected forms together with their associated morphosyntax can automatically be generated from the electronic version of Zaliznjak's dictionary . From this data we plan to develop a wide-coverage morphosyntactic lemmatizer and tagger for Russian.

This paper analyses constraints on inflectional syncretism and inflectional allomorphy using frequency information. Syncretism arises where one form is associated with more than one function, whereas inflectional allomorphy occurs where there is more than one inflectional class, and a single function is associated with two or more forms. If high frequency is associated with more differentiation on both sides, we expect, on the one hand, that a frequent function will have a high number of forms and, on the other, that a frequent form will have a high number of functions. Our study focusses on Russian nominals, in particular nouns, which exhibit both syncretism and inflectional allomorphy. We find that there is a relationship between frequency and differentiation, but that it is not exceptionless, and that the exceptions can be understood in terms of the use of referrals as default rules.

This article presents a set of gender assignment rules for Old Norse, which generates gender for the nouns found in Fritzner's Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog (Fritzner, 1973). The rule set covers approximately 22 500 of the 26 900 nouns in this dictionary, or 81%. If final -r is taken as a sufficient criterion for masculine (i.e. if we do not ask why the -r is there), the percentage rises to 25 000 of 26 900, or 93%. The rules are semantic, morphological and phonological. The article argues that Old Norse has neuter as its default gender, and it thereby supports Steinmetz’ (1985, 1986, 2001) Great Gender Shift model. Contrary to Steinmetz, it is here argued that the Germanic Gender Shift cannot be seen as a result of the loss of nom.sg. -r alone, but must be seen as a result of the weak status of the default n(euter) gender, as opposed to the default masculine gender of Modern Norwegian. The weak status of neuter is suggested to be a result of neuter being both numerically small and outside the semantic core of the system (where masculine and feminine denoted living beings of opposite sex), and the unstable situation opening for the shift in default gender is due not only to the loss of -r, but to the marginal position of neuter and to the changes in the declension class system of Old Norse.

Our primary focus in this paper is on the distribution of allomorphs for the Russian genitive plural. The Russian genitive plural has been a topic of interest to morphological theory because various authors have claimed that its derivation involves some or all of the following grammatical principles:(1) a. Inflectional paradigms aspire to “avoid homophony”. The Russian nominative singular and genitive plural endings reflect a transderivational attempt to minimize homophony across inflectional endings. b.

In this paper, I give an analysis of Slovene noun declension within the framework of Distributed Morphology. To adequately account for the data, I decompose case, number and declension classes into more primitive features. Furthermore, I employ the process of impoverishment to capture the systematic properties of Slovene noun declension. The insertion of markers in the respective insertion contexts follows the subset and the specificity principles. I assume one rule which readjusts the results of impoverishment and vocabulary insertion. Finally, in the last section, I briefly outline and reject an alternative approach to the data, one that makes reference to what might be considered residues of former theme vowels.