Nature protection

Dieser Bestimmungsschlüssel beschreibt alle Libellenarten in Nord- und Mitteleuropa. Um die Ausbreitung der Arten aufgrund der Klimaerwärmung abzubilden, wurde der Schlüssel auf Nord-Spanien, Nord-Italien und die istrische Halbinsel erweitert. Er umfasst nun 115 Arten und Unterarten, die in kurzen Abschnitten mit ihren wichtigsten Merkmalen, Verbreitungskarten, Flugzeiten, Habitatansprüchen, Vorkommen und Gefährdungsstatus vorgestellt werden.
Für die Bestimmung werden bevorzugt morphologische Merkmale inklusive der Genitalien verglichen, die über die gesamte Lebensspanne konstant sind. So kann der Schlüssel im Feld, in der Sammlung und zur Beurteilung von Fotografien eingesetzt werden.
Die Anzahl der Abbildungen wurde für die 6. Auflage nochmals deutlich erhöht, die meisten der über 700 Abbildungen sind nach Lebendaufnahmen gezeichnet. Neu sind auch viele Abbildungen, welche die Libellen in typischen Haltungen und Situationen des Lebens zeigen, sowie eine maßstabsgetreue Übersicht der Gattungen.

The study in particular contains: a description of the natural, created and frontal features of the natural good; characteristics, or values ​​of the site; the existing state of resources with an assessment of their valorization; assessment of the state of the area; an opinion regarding the placing of a natural property under protection; the proposal of classifying a natural good according to importance; proposal of category and regime of protection (protection zone); cartographic display with boundaries marked, or with the mark of the location based on data from the cadastre of real estate; the concept of protection, improvement, sustainable development, the way of managing this area; the consequences that will result from the adoption of the decree on proclamation, especially with regard to ownership rights and economic activities, as well as the possible sources of necessary funds for the implementation of the act on the proclamation of a protected natural property and other elements of importance for putting under protection of a natural good.

According to the provisions of Article 35, paragraph 2 of the Law on Nature Protection ("Official Gazette of Montenegro", No. 51/08), the Institute for Nature Protection of Montenegro (ZZZP) was authorized to prepare the Study. Experts for different subjects of the research were contracted:
Dr Zlatko Bulić, dipl. biol. (prirodna osnova, biodiverzitet, zaštita prirode)
Mr Vasilije Bušković, dipl. biol. (biodiverzitet, zaštita prirode)
Prof. dr Miljan Radović, dipl.geog. (prirodna osnova, turizam)
Dr Ruža Ćirović, dipl. biol. (vodozemci, gmizavci)
Vesna Jovović, dipl ing. pejz. arh. (pejzaž)
Mr Jelena Koprivica, dipl. biol. (sisari)
Akademik Vukić Pulević, dipl. biol. (botanika)
Mr Sonja Kralj, dipl. biol. (biodiverzitet)
Prof. dr Dragomir Kićović, dipl. geog. (prirodna
osnova, turizam)
Prof. dr Miroslav Doderović, dipl. geog. (prirodna osnova, turizam)
Prof. dr Marko Knežević, dipl. geog. (prirodna osnova, turizam)
Nataša Miličković, dipl. prav. (pravni aspekt)
Đorđije Bogdanović, dipl. geod. ing. (kartografski prilozi) 
Darko Saveljić, dipl. biol. (ptice)
Prof. dr Dmitar Lakušić, dipl. biol. (botanika)
Mihailo Jovićević, dipl. biol. (ptice)
Mr Luka Mitrović, dipl. geog. (klimatske karakteristike)
Mr Nataša Stanišić, dipl. biol. (zaštita prirode)
Dr Gojko Nikolić (kartografski prikazi) 
Dr Gordana Kasom, dipl. biol. (gljive)
Dr Dragan Roganović, dipl. biol. (insekti)
Mr Biljana Telebak, dipl. biol. (puževi)
Mr Salija Adrović, dipl. biol. (biodiverzitet)
Mr Bogić Gligorović, dipl. biol. (insekti)
Dr Milka Rajković, dipl. biol. (ribe)
Aleksandra Gligorović, dipl. biol. (insekti)
Mr Sead Hadžiblahović, dipl. biol. (botanika)
Danijel Vincek, dipl. ing. (zaštita prirode i održivi razvoj)
Dr Snežana Dragićević, dipl.biol. (mahovine)
Jelena Nikčević, dipl. biol. (insekti)
Dr Rajko Tripić, dipl. biol. (botanika)
Mr Dragutin Nedić (biodiverzitet)

Ecological tourism in protected areas requires the visitors to act in a more disciplined manner than at other tourist destinations. They have to be aware of the importance of protection and sustainable use of environment and to have the knowledge about essential ecological processes and natural values. The implementation of precautionary measures is the most efficient way to prevent the deterioration of protected habitats and their endangered wildlife from the risks caused by tourist visits. The authors of this paper critically analyse current legal framework of the Republic of Serbia pertinent to various aspects of ecological tourism, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages and suggesting potential steps for its improvement. Moreover, they suggest introduction of a new term "eco-tourist" i.e. the visitor of protected natural sites who, as the holder of specific rights and obligations, is expected to possess a special permission or approval to perform certain activities on these areas, issued by an authorized state body.

At rewilding initiative the Oostvaardersplassen activists oppose Dutch wildlife management organization Staatsbosbeheer. They ask to stop animal suffering and try to feed the animals, stating that the large grazers are landlocked in a " concentration camp". Every year since the documentary film about Oostvaardersplassen, De Nieuwe Wildernis, won a selection prize at the Environmental Film Festival and was awarded 'Best Dutch Movie of the Year', discussion erupts about the need to make choices between " humane shooting " and starvation. Rewilding To understand better what is going on, let us discuss briefly the case of rewilding and then turn to the situation in Oostvaardersplassen. Rewilding is conservation that focuses on the restoration and protection of natural processes and wilderness areas, connecting these areas to one another and reintroducing apex predators and keystone species to their original habitats (known as " cores, corridors and carnivors "). It entails re-establishing natural ecosystem processes and reducing human control of landscapes.

Au sein d’un dossier spécial qui leur est consacré, cette contribution entend analyser les processus et les acteurs de la définition et de la constitution des premiers « espaces naturels protégés » français, du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la loi de 1960 sur les parcs nationaux.

Depuis plus d’un siècle la notion de « nuisible » fait l’objet d’une contestation de plus en plus vive. Pourtant elle connait une singulière persistance sociale en tant que concept opérationnel qui donne aux hommes une certaine légitimité pour gérer, et souvent détruire, certaines espèces.
À l’heure où la France vient d’adopter la loi sur la reconquête de la biodiversité, la question des « nuisibles » reprend une singulière acuité avec la multiplication d’espèces exotiques envahissantes et les vives controverses qui demeurent autour du loup, du renard mais aussi de l’utilisation des insecticides et des herbicides pour se défaire de « gêneurs ». Si la notion de « nuisible » demeure centrale dans la gestion du sauvage par nos sociétés, elle s’avère très variable selon l’époque, l’espèce, le territoire ou le groupe social considéré.
Pour dresser un état de la recherche, historiciser cette notion et éclairer les enjeux actuels, il convient de croiser les regards afin de caractériser les différentes conceptions de la notion de « nuisible » qui coexistent actuellement et d’en retracer les origines, tout en s’ouvrant aux acteurs du présent. Ainsi cet ouvrage entend contribuer à explorer les interactions entre les sociétés et la nature, et permettre de mieux saisir leurs coévolutions.

Comment to the  article "Turchin, Peter et al. (2018). A History of Possible Futures: MultipathForecasting of Social Breakdown, Recovery, and Resilience.
https://www.academia.edu/38070804/Turchin_Peter_et_al._2018_._A_History_of_Possible_Futures_Multipath_Forecasting_of_Social_Breakdown_Recovery_and_Resilience._Cliodynamics_The_Journal_of_Quantitative_History_and_Cultural_Evolution_9_2_124-139 from the point of view of evolutionary ecologist and biogeographer

Since the 1980s, biological diversity has been perceived by the scientific community as one of the fundamental properties of nature.To fully understand the role and reach of current studies of biodiversity and the social and economic implications of its preservatin and management, it is useful to consider the historical-scientific process whereby the concept of biodiversity was defined. These studies are unequivocally linked to recognition of multiple levels of biological organization (population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biosphere), and their origin and theoretical foundations lie in the history of ecology

Sustainable development is rooted in the history of movements for the preservation of nature and for the conservation of natural resources, and of their relationships with natural sciences, ecology having a central role. As a societal paradigm, at the same time ecological, political, and economical, sustainable development embodies ideal policy for all societies, and is supposed to overcome the opposition between these two diverging views of man-nature relationships. The analysis of international texts devoted to sustainable development emphasizes fundamental, interdependent, principles : true democracy, social sustainability, and respect for the resilience of ecological systems. Despite formal concessions to preservationists, by recognizing the intrinsic value of biodiversity, the sustainable development concept is clearly anthropocentric, and is in direct line of descent from conservationism. As its fundamental principles are not implemented in an integrated way, its ritual evocation fails to hide strong ethical and political contradictions, and it will get stuck with utopia.

Le concept de développement durable s’enracine dans l’his-toire des mouvements de préservation de la nature et de conservation des ressources naturelles et de leurs relations avec les sciences de la nature, en particulier l’écologie. En tant que paradigme sociétal, à la fois écologique, politique et économique, il se présente comme un projet  politique idéal applicable à l’ensemble des sociétés, qui prétend dépas-ser l’opposition entre ces deux visions profondément divergentes des relations homme-nature. L’analyse des textes internationaux pertinents  permet de dégager les principes fondamentaux, interdépendants, qui structurent ce paradigme : démocratie effective, soutenabilité sociale et respect de la capacité de renouvellement des systèmes écologiques. En dépit de concessions formelles aux préservationnistes, avec l’affirmation de la valeur intrinsèque de la biodiversité, le développement durable est explicitement anthropocentré et se situe dans la filiation directe du conservationnisme. Parce que ses principes fondamentaux ne sont pas mis en oeuvre de façon intégrée, son évocation rituelle ne réussit pas à cacher ses contradictions profondes, éthiques et politiques, lesquelles l’obligeront à rester dans le champ de l’utopie.

The karst area at the South Harz Mountains (Central Germany) are a landscape with a unique character based on its geology. It features small-scale diversity of semi-natural structures and is important for the conservation of certain species. The South Harz area forms a 100 km long continuous belt of evaporitic rock from the Upper Permian (Zechstein) stretching from Badenhausen (Lower Saxony, Göttingen district) via the Nordhausen district (Thuringia) to the southeastern edge of the Harz Mountains near Pölsfeld (Saxony-Anhalt). The most important characteristics are the large areas of outcropping gypsum rocks, the largest and thickest anywhere in Central Europe. The high solubility of gypsum in combination with high levels of precipitation has created intense karstification with an amazing diversity of gypsum karst features in a geologically short period of time. Amongst the more than 300 caves are the largest sulphate caves of Europe outside Ukraine and Moldavia. This is unique world-wide for sulphate karst areas. Only small areas of the landscape are effectively protected. Quarrying for gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite threatens core areas of the landscape, which is still lacking sufficient protection. This quarrying also endangers the sustainable development of the South Harz Mountain region. Protection in form of a large-scale biosphere reserve is only given in Saxony-Anhalt – the only one of its kind world-wide. This illustrates the under-representation of sulphate-karsts in the global network of protected areas and sites.

Sustainable development: Preservation and conservation of nature

The basic concepts in modern thinking about the environment were laid down in the mid-19th century. The sustainable-development paradigm is essentially a synthesis between two main currents of thought that emerged in that period, one calling for preservation, the other for conservation. A century and a half later, it is often still possible to recognize them in the paradigm.

In Zumberacka gora massif fluviokarst and karst developed in broken Upper Triassic and Upper Cretaceous carbonate beds predominate. In the eastern part of the massif, known as Samoborsko gorje, karst is partially developed in Myocene karbonate beds. Samples for water hardness analysis were collected from four caves, one karst spring and one sinking creek (just at the entrance of ponor). Total, Calcium and Magnesium hardness have been determined. Chemical
quality of karst waters depends on their mineral content dissolved during a flow in fissures and hollows. One of the important water quality parameters is water hardness. Since its amount is the result of carbonate beds dissolution it is a measure of karst corrosion. The analysis shows that waters from Izvor pod pećinom and Rogovac spring caves have middle amount of Calcium and Magnesium ions content while all other samples have higher content. Streams that flow in limestone beds (Izvor pod pecinom, Rogovac) have higher Calcium and lower Magnesium hardness and vice versa. Higher amount of Magnesium hardness of water from Bistrac spring is the result of flow over dolomite beds. The water sample was also taken at the entrance to alluvial ponor of a small sinking creek. After 170 m of subterrain flow it springs in syphon in the passage of Izvor pod pecinom spring cave. This connection was not determined by water tracing. It is presumed on passage and fissure directions and similar water hardness between sample points.

À partir du XIXe s., une partie de la faune sauvage passe du statut de « nuisible » à celui de « protégée ». Concentrer le regard sur les naturalistes français ainsi que sur les cas des oiseaux et du castor permet de révéler et de comprendre les dynamiques qui ont mené à ce renversement des valeurs et à la redéfinition – toujours en cours - des assemblages entre humains et autres qu’humains. Deux cheminements principaux conduisent les savants vers la protection de la nature. D’abord la nécessité de préserver un « équilibre naturel » perturbé par l’homme, dans une perspective plus biocentrée, s’impose. Ensuite, à l’orée du XXe s., une logique de patrimonialisation, scientifique, esthétique et éthique, associée à la crainte des extinctions, débouche sur la protection des premiers « nuisibles ». Ainsi le paradigme dominant de l’utilité/nuisibilité des espèces sauvages se trouve vivement contesté. Face à ces mutations les animaux ne sont pas restés passifs mais au contraire développent des capacités d’adaptation.

English yew is one of the most endangered species in Europe. Due to the specificity of this species, its natural re-generation is quite difficult. The aim of the study was to present the current situation of distribution, protection and restoration of the species in Ukraine. The study presents some characteristics of largest natural and artificial yew populations in the country and their protection. In situ and ex situ yew populations are quite different, in terms of bioclimatic conditions what does not affect to the growth characteristics of the populations. In addition, the activities related to the natural and artificial renaturalisation of the yew were analysed. Thus, tending of tree stands, where the natural regeneration of yew was inventoried can be recommended but it should be planned very individually regarding requirements of the site. The introduction of yew seedlings in the conditions of the managed forest is very difficult. Despite the complication of obtaining planting material and high cost, it is important measure to preserve the species. In Ukraine are successful examples of the seed transfer of yew populations by about 450 km in NorthEast direction (Carpathian yew population) and 700 km in North direction (Crimean yew population). It is an evidence of high ecological plasticity of the species. Moreover, some recommendations that could be useful for increasing the popularization of this species throughout the country were given in conclusions. The wider use of yew in public areas across the country due to unique value of species and more convenient protection of young seedlings. It is worth to continue the inventory of yew locations at the national level and study the possibilities to use as local sources to conservation of this species throughout the country.

Nature conservation in Croatia has a tradition since the late 19th or early 20th century. The article compares this tradition with Slovakia. It is interesting that in Croatia and Slovakia's first national parks established the same year: in 1949 (Plitvička jezera/Plitvice Lakes, Paklenica and Tatranský národný park). In Slovakia in 1969 based Slovakian Union conservation of nature and landscape (Slovak zväz ochrancov prírody a krajiny), which is under his wing gathered not only former members of the Section for the Protection of Nature (founded in 1958) of the National Museum Society, but also a variety of unorganized group of nature lovers. Slovakia Union security of nature and landscape has been particularly active in the 1980s and was influenced by, among other factors, on the development of Slovakia's environmental movement. On the emergence of environmental movement has certainly influenced industrialization that has upset the balance of the environment. In Croatia, the environmental movement occurs at the beginning of the 1970s, but he appeared in the system of socialist self-management that successfully prevents "subversive ecology", since the mid-1980s, there was environmental action "from below", which is reflected through the anti-nuclear movement, problems with waste, environmental spontaneous rebellion against the construction of hydroelectric power plants in other ways.

Chance comes into play at many levels in the explanation of the evolutionary process. This paper examines the various senses this concept takes at different levels, including mutation, genetic drift, genetic revolutions, ecosystems and macroevolution. Three main concepts of chance are identified: luck, randomness and contingency relative to a given theoretical system.

URBAN, J., REBROŠOVÁ, K., DOBROVOLNÝ, L., SCHNEIDER, J. 2010. Allometry of four European beech stands growing at the contrasting localities in small-scale area. Folia oecol., 37: 103–112. The aim of this study was to describe and compare biometrical parameters (such as breast height diameter (DBH), tree height, length of a crown, leaf area index (LAI), xylem biomass) of trees of four forest stands growing at contrasting sites in the small-scale area of 30 km2 and to calculate and compare their allometrical models of these parameters on DBH. All forest stands were monocoenoses of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) more than 160 year old. We found statistically significant differences among the localities almost in all investigated parameters. Also proposed allometrical models were different. None of the simple allometrical models from the literature fit to all of the localities. Thus allometric models should be used only with respect to local site conditions such as soil and climati...

The purposes of present study were: (i) to analyze changes in both the number of localities and distribution of Gentiana cruciata in Lower Silesia between the 19th and 21st century; (ii) evaluation of the category of threat in the region. As a result of conducted research historical and current distribution within individual ATPOL squares as well as current category of threat of Gentiana cruciata were determined. Methodology of the present study based on query of the historical and contemporary sources combined with the use of QGIS software confirmed the number of localities and the range of Gentiana cruciata in Lower Silesia have decreased over time from 21 10 x 10 km ATPOL squares to only 7 10 x 10 km squares. Therefore, the current conservation status of the species
(VU) does not reflect its level of threat and must be assigned to higher category (EN).

Sustainable development is rooted in the history of two divergent movements – for the preservation of nature, and for the conservation of natural resources – and of their relationship with the natural sciences. Ecology has played a central role in this history. As a societal paradigm that is at once ecological, political, and economic, sustainable development is supposed to embody ideal policy for all societies, and to overcome the opposition between these two diverging views of man‑nature relationships. An analysis of international texts devoted to sustainable development emphasizes certain fundamental, interdependent principles: true democracy, social sustainability, and respect for the resilience of ecological systems. Despite formal concessions to preservationists with the recognition of the intrinsic value of biodiversity, the sustainable development concept is clearly anthropocentric, and is in direct line of descent from conservationism. As its fundamental principles are not implemented in an integrated way, its ritual evocation fail to hide strong ethical and political contradictions, rendering it merely an impotent utopia.

The anthropic activities together with the demographic growth and the overexploitation of the natural resources represent the most important way of the biodiversity degradation, leading to the extinction of a large numbers of species. The main causes that lead to loss of the biodiversity are determined by the fragmentation, degradation and destruction of habitats, pollution, global climate changes, overexploitation, invasive species and diseases. Under these circumstances, the application of some measures for the biodiversity conservation becomes necessary and also an essential condition for life maintaining on Earth. Due to its geographical position, Romania has a rich and unique biodiversity both at the genetic level and at the ecosystems and species level. Lunca Pogănişului protected area, with an area of 75.5 hectares, is located in the west of Romania, in center of the Banat Region, at the limit of Sacoşu Turcesc and Tormac villages, with coordinates 45° 35 'N and respectively 21° 30' E. The main aim of the establishment of the 2736 Lunca Pogănişului protected natural area is to conserve the habitats and the species with national and community interest, declared under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. Lunca Pogănişului was declared a nature reserve, the objective of this reservation is the protection of variegated tulip species (Fritillaria meleagris), Mediterranean species of the Lily Family. The anthropic influence caused by: grazing, agriculture, chemical treatments, collection of biological material, illegal cutting of colorful tulips and woody vegetation, illegal storing of waste, presents a negative inflluence on the natural development of the protected ecosystems on the area surface. The destruction of the habitats and species from the Lunca Poganisului national interest protected area requires the implementation of some conservation measures. Local population know a few things about the status of the protected area, a lot of local people don’t even know of the existence of the protected natural area. The aim of this paper is to propose a minimum set of conservation measures for 2736 Lunca Poganisului national interest protected area, measures that lead to a better long-term conservation of the species and habitats present in the area.

This article aims to identify a "Thaw" in Soviet environmental history. Focusing on the attempts from some actors, above all writers and scholars of the Academy of Sciences to promote an ambitious law at the all-Union level in the second half of the 1950s, it uses new evidences from the central Russian archives to show the existence of an offensive by activists and experts in this field, but also their failure to obtain the creation of a unified state committee of ministerial rank. If the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature (VOOP) was sidelined in this battle, the 1960 Law on Nature Protection was significant for its members. It cited the VOOP as the main organ of control in the environmental field, and created an opportunity for new "social organizations" to emerge in the country: the Brigades for Nature Protection (DOP), the first of which was created at Moscow State University.

In the face of a rapidly changing global environment, detailed research into the actual role of protected areas (PAs) in preventing the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity became particularly important. Using 304 phytosociological relevés of oak forests from SW Poland, we monitored their state of preservation reflected by the share of synanthropes (Ws-c index) in relation to (i) duration of protection, (ii) status of protected area, (iii) main topographic factors, and (iv) bedrock type. We show that the Ws-c index of studied forests depends primarily on the habitat conditions, especially bedrock type, while both the duration and status of protection are not relevant. The most disturbed are forests developing on serpentine substrates regardless of whether they are protected or not. Within the rest of the investigated sites, the Ws-c index is significantly lower and does not meaningfully differ between protected and unprotected areas. On the one hand, our results suggest that the fact of establishing protection does not ensure a favourable state of conservation of forest communities. On the other hand, well-preserved forest communities can also be expected outside PAs what makes them an important target for nature protection in the future.

Hunting and mortality of hunting ungulates (red deer, roe deer and wild boar) in Poloniny National Park’ ve had increasing tendency from long-term point of view. On the base of evaluated data (from the hunting database) we assume, that establishment of Poloniny National Park in 1997 haven’t had visible influence on commercial use of hunting grounds inside of national park territory. In connection with changes in legislation and approval of Act No. 543/2002 Coll. on Nature and Landscape Protection, we’ve recorded decline in commercial use of hunting grounds inside of national park territory that is visibly showed in the case of influence on loss of wild boars.
In present, the commercial use of hunting grounds in surrounding area of national park is ca. 20 % higher than inside of national park. After the implementation of strict all year - long protection of the wolves biotopes (2013), the data of mortality of hunting ungulates in Poloniny National Park have stayed on the same level as before this implementation (18%). On the base of this fact we concluded that the implementation of strict protection of the wolves have no influence on commercial use of hunting grounds inside of national park territory. Quality of red deer hunting trophies on hunting grounds inside of national park is relative low and only a little bit bigger than on hunting grounds outside of national park.

Rijeka Slunjčica nalazi se u središnjem dijelu Karlovačke
županije, izvire 5 km južno od grada Slunja na 240 m n.m. i
nakon 6 km toka prema sjeveru ulijeva se u 30 m nižu Kora-
nu preko razgranatog slapišta u Rastokama.
Zbog svoje krajobrazne vrijednosti rijeka Slunjčica zašti-
ćena je 1964. godine u kategoriji značajnog krajobraza. Godine 2009. u okviru projekta Javne ustanove “Akcijski plan zaštite ugroženih staništa u području ekološke mreže Slunjčica” provedena su preliminarna speleološka i hidrogeološka istraživanja te geološko kartiranje dijela utjecajnog i potencijalno utjecajnog područja na tok Slunjčice,
odnosno ugrožena riječna staništa i vrste.
Evidentirane su hidrogeološke pojave koje su u
neposrednom kontaktu s tokom Slunjčice (izvori i pritoke),
kao i one koje mogu biti podzemno vezane na tok (ponori,
speleološki objekti) te je na 39 lokacija prijenosnim uređajima izmjereno nekoliko osnovnih parametara kvalitete
vode (temperatura, pH, elektrovodljivost, ukupna minerali-
zacija, redoks potencijal) i temperatura zraka.
U zaštićenom području i neposrednom utjecajnom okolišu locirana su divlja odlagališta, uz procjenu volumena i
vrste odloženog otpada. Radi preciznijeg određivanja zona veće i manje propusnosti, u prvoj fazi provedeno je geološko kartiranje dijela zaštićenog područja u mjerilu 1:10.000.
Podaci ukazuju na relativno dobro stanje voda u zaštićenom području, obzirom na postojeće antropogene utjecaje i evidentirane izvore zagađenja. Najveći problemi koji su postavljeni pred sektor zaštite prirode, a predstavljaju i opasnost za vodoopskrbni sustav na Slunjčici su neadekvatno zbrinjavanje otpadnih voda iz kućanstava putem septičkih jama s propusnim dnom, divlja odlagališta i poljoprivredne površine uz Slunjčicu te prometnica D1 koja dijelom prolazi uz samu granicu Značajnog krajobraza i vrlo blizu toka rijeke.

In the past, an indigenous chamois population inhabited Velebit Mountain, but the nature of its
taxonomic status is unknown. This indigenous population was exterminated at the beginning of the
20
th
century, probably because of such phenomena as poaching, disturbance by livestock and sheepdogs, and possibly diseases. The chamois was re-introduced to Northern Velebit twice. The first time
came in 1974, when 10 individuals were introduced from Mt Prenj in Bosnia and Herzegovina (R. rupicapra balcanica), and a second time in 1978, when 5 individuals were introduced from Kamniške Alpe
in Slovenia (R. rupicapra rupicapra). A genet ic analysis of t he recent chamois populat ion on t he Nort hern
Velebit showed a hybrid genetic structure, containing genes of both subspecies.
Historical data confirm that the presence of the chamois in the Paklenica National can  be traced
back to at least the year 1985. The presence of the northern chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Paklenica
was investigated in the period 2008-2012. The objective was to present the population status and the
shift in its distribution since 1985. It is likely that part of the population may move between the Park
and the neighbouring hunting areas.

Recreational use and protection of nature and landscape are usually perceived as two conflicting approaches taking place in urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes. Natural and semi-natural areas, especially those adjoining or well connected to urban areas, are often utilised for recreation, leisure activities or tourism. These uses can lead to conflict situations between protection and outdoor recreation. In this paper, we define those features of recreation which can have a negative impact on the landscape and we come up with contemporary design and planning strategies integrating recreation and protection into one inclusive approach. The aim is to lower the negative impact of leisure activities and develop a new, multipurpose approach in land use planning which could replace the conventional bipolar understanding of this problem. A properly designed outdoor recreational infrastructure, considering the multifunctionality of the landscape, can convert recreation from a stressing fac...

This toolkit is dedicated to national and international CSOs and activists that dare to stand for preservation of the last free-flowing rivers on the Balkans. It will guide you step-by-step through our fight against hydropower developments in the Mavrovo National Park. Furthermore, it will give an adequate explanation of the legal tools that were used to preserve one of Europe’s oldest national park. It contains descriptions of your power and rights in the decision-making processes behind hydropower development. Moreover, it will provide additional clarification on how to employ them under the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), and the adopted environmental and social policies of the international financial institutions which provide financial assistance for hydropower projects (i.e. World Bank and EBRD). The toolkit also contains collection of case studies derived from our own direct experiences in the protection of the Mavrovo National Park in R. Macedonia. Moreover, the case studies will help you understand whether the legal framework for nature protection or hydropower project permitting is incomplete, or inadequately used, so that you can prepare yourself for the obstacles in practicing your rights. In the last section you will find selection of events and actions that can be used as supplements to your legal procedures in order to keep the public informed. In addition, it will offer assistance solutions to gather local support or to put pressure on decision makers.
We genuinely hope that you will be inspired to take action. Together, we can make a difference in order to preserve the last free-fl owing rivers in Europe!
Follow the yellow coloured box for practical tips for your possible actions.

This paper focuses on the long-standing knowledge divide regarding urban dwellers' perceptions of, and attitudes towards, environmental management and protection in national parks in general and South Eastern Europe more specifically. The factors that lead contemporary tourists to visit such areas often remain unclear and inadequately connected to contemporary social science research. Therefore, we explore the profile and needs of urban visitors to the Pelister National Park in the Republic of Macedonia, with the aim of investigating the extent to which their motivation is driven by an intrinsic engagement with the natural features of the area itself, as opposed to a more superficial interest in its symbolic brand. The results of Keywords: nature protection, tourism, national parks, South-Eastern Europe, Macedonia this paper, which lean towards the latter, emphasise the need for the development of an effective visitor management strategy as an integral part of the overall governance of national parks.

The aim of the work is to show how, thanks to the GIS software, it is possible to increase the size of natural renovated surfaces. By concentrating a large amount of data and applying appropriate criteria, you can plan your business operations in a more accurate way. Along with the planned harvesting activities that are closely related to breeding work, for example, optimization of the export route network can be planned. The ESRI software that has been used in this work allows for and can facilitate planning in the long term of the forest management plan. The paper presents results of the analysis of habitats and pine stands suitable for natural regeneration, which in theory should give breeding success. The total area of the particles that meet all the conditions of multi-criteria analysis was 256.27 ha. This represents almost 43% of area (597.41 ha) of all planned to be implemented the total plots in the years 2015-2024 management plan. The analysis is a proposal for a wider use of GIS software for breeding purposes. With skilful planning and utilization of resources by foresters, the area of stands regenerated naturally can significantly increase. GIS software can be used for wider analyzes through to which resources of the Forest District will be properly used. By adopting appropriate criteria, you can carry out, among others, field analysis for the future construction of roads or designation of potentially the most-burdened export routes in decade, which can significantly affect the work comfort of foresters.

Un des principaux points de départ de ce cheminement vers la protection des oiseaux est le rapport entre les oiseaux et l’agriculture, du point de vue de l’utilité mais aussi de la destruction des premiers pour et par la seconde. Analyser le regard des savants sur les relations entre l’oiseau et l’agriculture permet de rendre compte de la transformation des rapports homme-nature qui a cours du milieu du xixe siècle au milieu du xxe siècle par le développement des sciences naturelles et la naissance de l’écologie, par la transformation des milieux que le « progrès » industriel, technique et agricole induit, par la manifestation d’une sensibilité à la nature, nouvelle au moins dans son expression.