Natural Science

Lotfi A. Zadeh, in his article entitled “The Birth and Evolution of Fuzzy Logic” discusses R.E. Kalman’s and W. Kahan’s strong criticisms of fuzzy logic and presents his answers to these criticisms. The main subject of this debate consisted of a discussion of the criticisms targeting at the concept of the linguistic variable and, consequently, at fuzzy logic. The main aim of my paper is to expose the methods of the positive natural sciences which generally form the basis of these criticisms, to analyze and to evaluate scientific and epistemological theories of science historians and philosophers of science such as T.S. Kuhn and K.R. Popper, and to try to show the importance of fuzzy logic in this context. There is a huge amount of work to be done within the framework of the philosophy and sociology of science in order to provide some hints about the future of fuzzy logic, therefore it must be stated that this paper can only be considered as a modest contribution to this vast field.

Snowflakes and silicate mushes are two examples of the terrestrial regimes that may be characterized as partially solidified systems. Change of phase in clouds and magma chambers as well as in the earth's mantle and core introduces a variety of phenomena to challenge both the mathematical modeler and the experimentalist intent upon understanding the nature of such processes. Paralleling the efforts of researchers in the natural sciences, metallurgists and materials scientists have extensively investigated solidification in alloy melts to discover the controlling mechanisms for undesirable behavior such as melt segregation, freckling (Figure 1), and crystal dislocation. Unfortunately, most of the studies, whether in the geosciences or in material sciences, have focused on highly specialized problems with little or no attempt at generalizing the results or methods to other physical systems. During May 12-16, 1986, at the Stanford University Conference Center at Fallen Leaf Lake, ...

In the Andes of Central Chile, flowering commences 1–2 months earlier on equatorial-(north-) facing than on polar-(south-) facing slopes, and pollinator assemblages also differ between these habitats. In order to understand the potential influence of these differences on gene flow, we monitored flowering periods and insect visitation rates to flowers of 60 individuals of Anarthrophyllum cumingii (Papilionaceae) on two equatorial-and two polar-facing slopes in the Andes of central Chile (33 35 0 S;70 32 0 W). Flowering began about 30 days earlier on equatorial-facing slopes. Flowering periods of individuals on slopes with the same aspect had a mean overlap of 0.52, while those on opposite slopes had a mean overlap of 0.15. On equatorial-facing slopes Yramea lathionoides (Lepidoptera) accounted for 60% of the visits to flowers of A. cumingii, while on polar-facing slopes Centris cineraria (Hymenoptera) was responsible for more than 80% of flower visits. Average similarities of visitor assemblages among individual plants on slopes with the same aspect was 0.83, while the mean similarity between individuals on opposite slopes was only 0.23. Within slopes fluorescent dyes were dispersed up to 40 m from the donor plants, but there was no movements of dyes between individuals growing on opposite slopes, even when they were separated by less than 10 m. Synchronous blooming and a common pollen vector are necessary conditions for pollen exchange between individuals. The overall probability of pollen exchange estimated by multiplying the inter-individual overlap for both factors, was nearly 0.5 for individuals growing on slopes with the same aspect, and less than 0.04 for individuals growing on opposite slopes. Consequently, at equivalent distances, the probability of pollen exchange between individuals growing on slopes of opposite aspect is more than 10-times lower than between those growing on the same slopes. Seed dispersal cannot compensate for restricted gene flow through pollination, because seeds of A. cumingii were dispersed less than 2 m away from a parent plant. Presumably, restricted gene flow could enhance genetic divergence between populations on slopes of contrasting aspects. This factor could be important in contributing to the high diversity and endemism in the Chilean Andes.

ABSTR.~kCT. The problem of multiprogram scheduling on a single processor is studied from the viewpoint of the characteristics peculiar to the program functions that need guaranteed service. It is shown that an optimum fixed priority scheduler possesses an upper bound to processor utihzation which may be as low as 70 percent for large task sets. It is also shown that full processor utilization can be achieved by dynamically assigning priorities on the basis of their current deadhnes. A combination of these two scheduling techmques is also discussed.

In his 1895 "Project for a Scientific Psychology" Freud attempted to construct a model of the human mind in terms of its underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In this endeavor "to furnish a psychology which shall be a natural science," Freud introduced the concepts that to this day serve as the theoretical foundation and scaffolding of psychoanalysis. As a result, however, of his ensuing disavowal of the Project, these speculations about the fundamental mechanisms that regulate affect, motivation, attention, and consciousness were relegated to the shadowy realm of "metapsychology." Nonetheless, Freud subsequently predicted that at some future date "we shall have to find a contact point with biology." It is argued that recent advances in the interdisciplinary study of emotion show that the central role played by regulatory structures and functions represents such a contact point, and that the time is right for a rapprochement between psychoanalysis and neuroscience. Current knowledge of the psychobiological mechanisms by which the right hemisphere processes social and emotional information at levels beneath conscious awareness, and by which the orbital prefrontal areas regulate affect, motivation, and bodily state, allows for a deeper understanding of the "psychic structure" described by psychoanalytic metapsychology. The dynamic properties and ontogenetic characteristics of this neurobiological system have important implications for both theoretical and clinical psychoanalysis.

The application of formal research ethics and governance structures in social work research have lagged behind those applicable in health, although in the UK, social care has been deemed to be covered by those that were used in the NHS. Whilst this link is useful, it does not facilitate researcher involvement in the small-scale qualitative studies that feature in social work more than in health. Our exploration of the subject reveals that the dominance of the natural sciences paradigm in the social science is evident nationally, regionally and internationally. So, in this sense, the UK follows the usual paths that favour quantitative studies. In this article we explore the trajectory of governance structures in social work research in the UK to argue that social work needs its own ethics and governance structures, but that some agreement should be sought with other professions, particularly in those projects that cross professional and discipline boundaries so that social work research does not have to undergo dual processes for ethical approval. This implies a broader recognition of social work research ethics and governance structures than currently exist.

Although there is strong consensus among scientists that global climate change is real and dangerous, and there is increasing belief of this among the general public, there still remains a significant gap between scientific opinion and that of the public. The academic environmental community, therefore, has a clear opportunity and responsibility to teach the facts of global cli-mate change, particularly to non-environmental majors, those people who are the voters of the future. The article presents several ideas along these lines, and calls for a revitalized effort to teach climate change to undergraduate stu-dents.

The Robinson curriculum contains a novel approach to improve the engineering education, to enhance technological literacy of students from non-engineering fields and to increase in the number of students, especially young women, in the fields of engineering and natural sciences. Since robotics holds a special fascination among all the technological fields -due to its cross-disciplinary approach as well as its popularity through movies and literature -, this field allows hands-on teaching of scientific and engineering methodologies at an early stage of the academic education, not limited to engineering students but encompassing students from all academic -and even pre-

This study examines the impact of university spillovers on the locational choice of firm formation. Based on a unique and hand-collected data set of high-technology start-ups publicly listed in Germany, this paper tests the propositions that geographic proximity to the university is influenced by the kind of science and type of knowledge spillover. The results provide evidence that while academic research spillovers by articles and graduates seem to be less important as a location decision in the past, become a significant determinant for young and high-tech firms.

This paper introduces the AHP method integrated with GIS technology to provide information for flood hazard analysis in the Ngan Sau and Ngan Pho river basins. The factors ìnluencing the occurrence of floods in a study area include slope, rainfall, drainage density, soil, relative slope length, and land cover. These data are used for establishing a flood hazard zone map in a GIS environment. The obtained results indicate that the two main causes of flooding are rainfall and slope with weights of 45% and 25.5%, respectively. The resultant map has shown about 82.78% of the total catchment area is having a high and very high probability of flood and areas under high flood hazard only covers 17.22% of the study area. The validation of the flood hazard zone map was conducted based on flood evens in the field. The results showed that the AHP technique and GIS are reliable methods for the assessment of the flood hazard potential, specifically in spare-data regions.

Trí nhớ ngắn hạn thị giác và thính giác tăng dần theo tuổi. Trẻ 6 đến 10 tuổi có khả năng ghi nhớ bằng mắt tốt hơn bằng tai nên cần tăng cường phương pháp trực quan trong dạy học ở bậc tiểu học. Ở các khu vực sinh thái khác nhau, sự phát triển trí tuệ của trẻ khác nhau, học sinh vùng thành thị có sự phát triển năng lực trí tuệ tốt nhất trong ba khu vực. Điều này cho thấy sự ảnh hưởng của môi trường sống đối với sự phát triển tư duy của trẻ.

In this work we present final solving Millennium Prize Problems formulated Clay Math. Inst., Cambridge. A new uniform time estimation of the Cauchy problem solution for the Navier-Stokes equations is provided.Describes the loss of smoothness of classical solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations.

Radioactive nuclides as 131 I and 133 Xe are increasingly used for both clinical diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of the patient. For example, 131 I is used for the treatment of thyroid gland cancer. Otherwise, 133 Xe is used in ventilation studies to assess and evaluate pulmonary function and to provide images of the lungs in both cardiac and pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, carcinoma of the lung, and pulmonary embolism 1,2. Furthermore, cerebral blood flow is measured using 133 Xe inhalation. In this study, the X and -rays emission probabilities in the decay of 131 I and 133 Xe were precisely measured with a calibrated Si(Li) detector. Results of this study were compared using available results in the literature. Good agreement was observed between our results and available results in the literature.

Cirrhosis is the end result of hepatocellular injury that leads to both fibrosis and nodular regeneration throughout the liver, the clinical features result from hepatic cell dysfunction, porto systemic shunting, and portal hypertension (Beli et al., 2001; Keefe et al., 2003).

Purpose -The purpose of this study is to propose a knowledge-based mobile learning framework that integrates various types of museum-wide content, and supports ubiquitous, context-aware, personalized learning for museums. Design/methodology/approach -A unified knowledge base with multi-layer reusable content structures serves as the kernel component to integrate content from exhibitions for education and collection in a museum. The How-Net approach is adopted to build a unified natural and cultural ontology. The ontology functions as a common and sharable knowledge concept that denotes each knowledge element in the unified knowledge base, and associates each learner's learning context and usage with a content and usage profile respectively. Data mining algorithms, e.g. association mining and clustering, are applied to discover useful patterns for ubiquitous personalization from these content and usage profiles. Findings -A pilot project based on the proposed framework has been successfully implemented in the Life Science Hall of the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS), Taiwan, demonstrating the feasibility of this framework. Originality/value -This study proposes a mobile learning framework that can be replicated in many museums. This framework improves learners' learning experiences with rich related content, and with ubiquitous, proactive and adaptive services. Museums can also benefit from implementing this framework through outreach services for educational, promoting and usability needs from combining mobile and Internet communication technologies and learning services.

The present investigation proposes that the nominalization index (the ratio of nouns to verbs in a given text) successfully predicts the academic-scientific character of a text. The results of a computer-assisted analysis of a 12.7 million word corpus show that this index is sensitive to the opposition between scientific/academic texts and letters to the editor/journalistic texts. It is likewise sensitive to the differences between applied sciences, natural sciences, social sciences and humanities texts, although there is a certain amount of overlap between these last two. When contrasting expert and novice texts, the index is only sensitive in the case of applied and natural sciences. It is suggested that the greater relative occurrence of nouns could be related to the construction of an object-centric depersonalized discourse in which the vicissitudes of actors' mental processes are believed to be irrelevant in the interpretation of discourse-coherence relationships. La determinación de géneros y registros discursivos constituye una tarea tradicional de los estudios del discurso . En términos muy generales, pueden distinguirse dos grandes perspectivas en esta materia: de un lado, estudios trascendentes que intentan caracterizar los géneros atendiendo a la relación entre los textos y sus contextos sociales y cognitivos; del otro, indagaciones inmanentes que persiguen dar cuenta de los registros considerando sus rasgos lingüísticos formales. Mientras los primeros predominan en estudios de corte retórico y literario, los segundos son desarrollados en su mayoría por lingüistas. Ciertamente, ambas orientaciones no son incompatibles, toda vez que, en primer término, la determinación de rasgos lingüísticos presupone, normalmente, alguna referencia al valor en uso de estos, y, en segundo lugar, la relación entre texto y contexto se manifiesta en

Objectives: The aim of this position paper is to consider the decision-making process as an integral part of goal-directed behaviour influenced by functional constraints at the scale of the environment-athlete relationship. To achieve this aim we discuss relevant theoretical ideas from ecological psychology, focusing particularly on ecological dynamics, as a contrast to more traditional perspectives on decision making behaviour. To support the argumentation we briefly describe some recent empirical data from studies of sports that emphasize this alternative perspective on decision making. We conclude that traditional approaches analyse decisions as if they were not grounded, i.e., expressed behaviourally through actions in performance contexts. It is argued that an ecological approach should analyse affordances or action possibilities, when studying cognition in sport, demanding an integration of theories and ideas from the natural sciences in order to understand concepts like information and intentionality.

Laccases belong to the multi-copper oxidases family and catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of aromatic compounds in the presence of oxygen. Laccases have been widely used in various industries, especially in textiles and dyes industries, and the treatment of environmental pollutants. Laccase encoding gene from ascomycete fungus F. oxysporum HUIB02 was isolated through the PCR amplification using specific primers, resulting in a PCR product of 2 kb. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. The result indicated Folac3 had a length of 1957 nu which comprised of 3 exons and 2 introns as well as encoded for a 617 aa protein. The primary analysis of the protein structure showed that Folac3 was an intracellular protein without a signal peptide sequence with 7 positions for Nglycosylation. The secondary structure analysis revealed that Folac3 had 6 α helices and 30 β sheets, while three dimension structure analysis showed that Folac3 was highly identical with a multi copper oxidase from S. cerevisiae. Our results would provide an important genetic source for further study on the heterologous expression as well as the application of recombinant laccase.

Over the past decade the use of large size glazing has increased with timber structures. Most of the research works done so far have focused on the building physics aspects of the glazing. This paper, however, deals with the seismic behaviour of timber-glass systems. A series of experiments were performed on the shaking table of the IZIIS institute in Skopje, Macedonia. One-and two-story full scale structures were subjected to a series of ground motions, namely sinus sweep testing, natural and modified ground motion accelerograms. All together 8 different setups were tested in elastic and inelastic behaviour range. Displacements and accelerations were measured in each floor as well as the slipping of walls, uplifting of their corners and the shear deformation of the adhesive between the glass panels and the timber frames. The tested combination of timber-glass walls exhibited a rocking type of behaviour, resulting in a desirable ductile failure of steel hold-downs and not brittle failure of the glazing nor failure of the adhesive. Hence such a combination of glass and timber in wall systems could potentially be used in seismically active areas.

Different disciplines have landscape as the focal point of their research. They are successful in presenting new ®ndings about landscapes within their specialisation, but collaborationÐand thus, transfer of knowledge across disciplinary boundariesÐis seldom realised because a common approach that bridges the gaps between disciplines is missing. Instead, different landscape concepts exist side by side. Yet, cooperation is required to tackle the various environmental and social problems related to landscapes. This paper provides an overview of the historical development of landscape concepts originating from different cultural and scienti®c trends, and presents a new complex concept of landscape, which is designed to enable transdisciplinary landscape research. The transdisciplinary landscape concept is based on ®ve dimensions of landscapes: the spatial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the nexus of nature and culture, and the systemic properties of landscapes. In contrast to other approaches, it unites dimensions that are usually the domain of individual disciplines and makes it, thus, possible to capitalise on plurality in landscape research. The concept promotes landscape as the combination of the subsystems known as the geo-, bio-and noo-sphere, and is illustrated by the people±landscape interaction model. The concept can be applied to all human±landscape-related research, but is exempli®ed by two studies that have investigated the relationship between landscape and second-home tourism, and landscape and farming, respectively.

The pollutant gases nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) are two of the commonly monitored parameters for air quality assessment in the Philippines. In this study, several active and passive sampling methods for the analysis of the two gases were tested. Of the methods for NO 2 first tested indoors, the NaI sorbent passive sampling method was found most promising and was tested for ambient air NO 2 (using both Ferm and Korean passive samplers) against a collocated automated chemiluminiscence sampler. For SO 2 , ambient levels were simultaneously measured using NaOH sorbent in a Ferm passive sampler and a collocated automated fluorescence sampler. Correlation and t testing indicate a positive bias for the NO2 Ferm method and a negative one for the SO 2 Ferm method in comparison with their corresponding automated methods. The results of the study support the 1997 annual average SO 2 and NO2 findings of a UP Natural Sciences Research Institute (NSRI) study (Quirit et al, 1999) which used Ferm passive samplers in various Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Metro Manila air sampling stations.

Wilson’s book is an attempt to demonstrate the unifying potential of natural science, particularly of modern biology, as a general paradigm for all of science, on the grounds that all living activities are ruled by information in the genes. Wilson’s attempt for proposing a unifying conception of science, to counteract the prevailing mainstream fragmentation and specialization of disciplines, has found

The conflict in families disputing child custody cases across international borders continues to grow worldwide resulting in an epidemic of parental abduction. Governments and international bodies continue to work toward creating effective solutions through cross border family mediation programs. Ensuring a voluntary process that does not culturally alienate or marginalize participants is a challenge that often creates ethical dilemmas that may go unnoticed, minimized or ignored. When an individual is marginalized or disenfranchised during any alternative dispute resolution process as a result of cultural dilemmas, inequitability is created. Cultural bias and ignorance limits or prevents creative exploration of problem solving strategies, forcing parties into predesigned agreements. In 2012, the Hague Bureau on Private International Law released the first publication on mediation standards and guide for cross border family mediation as an extension of international family law. Building on these efforts, this paper provides a look at how culture shapes identity and influences problem solving in a multicultural context through a review of the literature and actual case examples.

Though it focuses partly on dreams and the occult, the ulterior subject of Emerson’s “Demonology”—published in the North American Review in 1877, almost forty years after it was first delivered in lecture form—is not just contradiction, but the arcane inversions, doublings, and self-dismantlings of transcendentalism itself. Between many of Emerson’s pronouncements falls this shadow of Demonology, which I treat as a key aspect of his theories and essays of experience—that is, those in which his contradictions are preeminent, unsettling, and thematic. If Emerson’s transcendental pantheism is suffused with, or structured by, contradiction and doubling, “Demonology” is the essay that most fitfully “performs” those inversions; in which the double emerges as twin and negative; and in which polar opposites become both coterminous and sequential in any direction (and therefore almost never linear in exposition).
Both as the essay and concept I focus on in this article, Demonology is not a tangent or coda to Emerson’s work, but the cumulative residue of an attempt to codify that which resists his overarching theory that all forces, processes and attributes of nature are consistent, explicable, rational, and ultimately commensurate. Both its problematic provenance as an essay revised while Emerson suffered from failing mental acuity, and the way its tenets resist formalization, have led most scholars to treat “Demonology,” as an essay and concept, either as a digression or embarrassment. Critics of the day, however, seemed to realize that a protean Demonology was one of the definitive components of Emerson’s pantheism. I reassess “Demonology”—not just in spite of its inchoate status and troubled provenance, but in part because of it—as an overlooked encapsulation of many of Emerson’s ulterior tenets and a capstone of his metaphysics. In Lacanian terms, the contradictory or seemingly anomalous elements of “Demonology” represent the necessary remainders or gaps in his work that allow Emerson to address nature, a scenario complicated by the fact that the subject of these remainders is remainders. In other words, the subject of the essay is, implicitly, the cause of its own fragmentary nature. In never entirely stable ways, the demonological for Emerson represents specific forces within nature, but is also immanent to the system of nature.
I also attempt to counter the lingering perception of Emerson as both a rationalist and idealist. No consistent transcendentalism generates or allows for Emerson’s inconsistent pronouncements, because the inconsistency precedes the pronouncements at the level of ontology. A negation of the negation, Emerson’s Demonology does not emerge in the register of symbolic spiritual transcendence, nor as part of an uplifting imaginary vision, but as a dark, racialized, feminized, and materialized “real” limit on established conventions.  Emerson’s exposition of nature’s Demonology, both in the eponymous essay and throughout his writings, thereby corroborates some poststructuralist as well as transcendental postulates.  Emerson’s repeated emphasis on limitation, especially the limits of reason, bear some surprising affinities with Slavoj Žižek’s formulation of the Lacanian Real, which is why Žižek offers a useful interpretative language for approaching “Demonology” in particular.

Cette communication vise à comprendre l’apparition et la persistance d’une controverse environnementale au moment du débat public du parc éolien en mer de Saint Brieuc de 2013. L’étude a spécifiquement porté sur le rôle particulier « d’expert civique » (Bonneuil, Joly, 2013) des naturalistes. La baie de Saint Brieuc compte historiquement un réseau important d’associations naturalistes, composées d’experts profanes et de spécialistes, qui ont développé une connaissance très fine de la très riche biodiversité locale. Ces savoirs scientifiques ont été mobilisés à de nombreuses reprises dans le passé à l’occasion de mouvements sociaux en faveur de l’environnement. Leur compétence reconnue, y compris institutionnellement à travers des dispositifs de cogestion ou de commandes d’études scientifiques, a pu être confrontée à l’expertise dirigée par le maître d’ouvrage lors du débat public et faire l’objet d’une forte contestation sur le plan scientifique. Les impacts incertains de ce projet sur le milieu ont beaucoup inquiété les naturalistes, notamment au sujet de la modification de l’habitat naturel d’espèces protégées la production de vibrations ou la disparition de la flore sous-marine du fait du manque de lumière.
La mise en perspective avec les mutations récentes de l’action publique environnementale et du marché de l’énergie permet de montrer les limites de la délibération dans ce cadre de démocratie participative. Nous souhaitons particulièrement questionner les limites de la compatibilité des différentes « cultures épistémiques » (Knorr Cetina, 1999). La démarche scientifique des acteurs naturalistes basée sur l’ouverture des données et les pratiques collaboratives de constitution des connaissances entre en contradiction avec les principes de secret industriel du maître d’ouvrage. Cela participe d’un éloignement des principes des « forums hybrides » (Barthe, Callon, Lascoumes, 2001) en privant les parties prenantes des informations scientifiques possédées par le maître d’ouvrage ou ses prestataires nécessaires à la discussion (protocoles d’études, premiers résultats …).  Par ailleurs, le recours à l’appel d’offres pour l’attribution du parc éolien a de fait écarté plusieurs acteurs, notamment locaux, au profit des grands groupes énergétiques. Je propose de revenir sur les implications locales de cette mise en économie de l’environnement (Pestre 2015).

Allium humile belongs to family Alliaceae, is rich in sulfur containing compounds with distinct biological activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals profile, urease inhibitory and antibacterial effects of extract/fractions of Allium humile. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids. When studied for urease inhibition, the ethyl acetate fraction evoked marked inhibition with IC50 value of 45.5 mg/mL. The extract and all fractions also caused significant antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia with zone of inhibition in range from 12 to 18 mm. It is concluded that the extract/fractions of A. humile could be useful natural source of urease inhibitors and antibacterial agents.

In 1877, the newly founded British journal Mind published two papers on child development. The earlier, by Hippolyte Taine, prompted the second article: an account of his own son's development by the naturalist Charles Darwin. In its turn, Darwin's paper, "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant," influenced others. Diary studies similar to Taine's and Darwin's appeared in Mind from 1878. In addition, the medical profession started to consider normal child language acquisition as a comparison for the abnormal. Shortly before his death in 1882, Darwin continued with his theme, setting out a series of proposals for a program of research on child development with suggested methodology and interpretations. Darwin, whose interest in infants and the developing mind predated his 1877 paper by at least 40 years, sought to take the subject out of the nursery and into the scientific domain. The empirical study of the young child's developing mental faculties was a source of evidence with important implications for his general evolutionary theory. The social status of children in England was the subject of considerable discussion around the time Darwin's 1877 paper appeared. Evolutionary theory was still relatively new and fiercely debated, and an unprecedented level of interest was shown by the popular press in advance of the publication. This article considers the events surrounding the publication of Darwin's article in Mind, the notebook of observations on Darwin's children (1839-1856) that served as its basis, and the research that followed publication of "Biographical Sketch." We discuss the impact this article, one of the first infant psychology studies in English, made on the scientific community in Britain in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

ÁRBOL (origen etimológico) es una comunicación por la cual Enrique Cabrejas pone en conocimiento que las palabras españolas no son tal y como las conocemos en la actualidad, se refiere a que fueron pensadas de otro y de distinto modo al idioma latín. Ni lo imaginan. Sí, lo que vemos como letras no son únicamente grafemas, unidades mínimas de escritura sino ideas. La ortografía española es una escritura fonética, figurativa y también significada -según Cabrejas-. Nuestros caracteres son ideogramas. ¡Asombroso!

This present aims at identifying and describing the misconception faced by primary school teachers in natural science subject. This is a descriptive qualitative study which is conducted to 50 primary school teachers. The data are gathered through observation sheet, interview, and diagnostic test. The data are further analyzed descriptively through four stages analysis, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and making conclusion. The result of the study shows that there are 74.6 % of total responses of misconception and non-misconception. On the other hand, there are 25.4% who have the scientific concepts. Mostly, the misconception occurs on, 1) the concept of substances which are needed for photosynthesis on plants, 2) concepts of the needs of sunlight in photosynthesis, 3) the concepts of substance density, and 4) the concepts of free fall motion. Article visualizations:

The term community-based wildlife conservation (CWC) refers to wildlife conservation efforts that involve indigenous people as an integral part of wildlife conservation policy. The key elements of such program are that the local communities participate in resource planning and management and the gain economically from the wildlife preservation in diverse ways. CBC is seen as an alternative to the more rigid protectionist policies of the past which often alienated indigenous people from conservation policy planning. This new approach acts to make the rural people a constituency for wildlife and therefore active backers of wildlife protection.
In a time were Africa is battling with severe social and economic problems such as poverty, long-standing economic stagnation, rapid population growth, and environmental deterioration due to the primitive means of livelihood options, the application of CWC may be not seem readily or successfully swift as the advocates will hope but rather gradual integration of this policy will help reduce forest encroachment and wildlife exploitation to a very large extent.  This study on villages and communities within the Akamkpa Local Government Area accessed the efforts the communities surrounding the Protected Area of Cross River National Park, Oban Division play in wildlife conservation, the study accessed the attitudes and behavior of local people towards wildlife conservation, indigenous people’s awareness of wildlife resources and conservation, contributions of the Park Management to support-zone communities in a way to encourage conservation, the study also highlights the possible conflicts between indigenous people’s economic needs and the implementation of community conservation vis-à-vis proffer solutions to problems through recommendations. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study, data was collected using questionnaires, oral interviews with community members. The study population and study area was derived through random sampling, two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed to community members and were all retrieved and analyzed. This study revealed that over-hunting, forest encroachment through agricultural activities an excessive fishing amongst others are the major challenges facing wildlife conservation in Akamkpa. Thus CWC initiation can work to produce a better relationship between wildlife and people, but only a vast improvement in the lives of the local people will ultimately produce a more secure future for the wildlife in the area.

This study aims to examine the effect of zeolites in optimizing the process of food waste composting. A novel method of sequential hydrothermal was introduced to modify the natural zeolite and apply to in-vessel compost bioreactors. Raw and modified natural zeolites were applied at 10 and 15% (w/w) of the total waste and compared with un-amended control trial. Both raw and modified zeolites affected the composting process, but the notable results were observed for modified natural zeolite. The results for compost stability parameters were prominent at 15% modified natural zeolite concentration. The rapid and long-term thermophillic temperature and moisture content reduction to the optimum range was observed for modified natural zeolite. Furthermore, the total ammonium (NH 4 +) and nitrate (NO 3 −) concentration in modified natural zeolite were increased by 11.1 and 21.5% respectively as compared to raw zeolite. Compost stability against moisture contents (MC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matters (OM), total carbon (TC), mineral nitrogen, nitrification index (NI) and germination index (GI) was achieved after 60 days of composting that was in accordance with the international compost quality standards. The findings of this study suggested the suitability of modified natural zeolite addition at 15% to the total waste as the optimum ratio for the composting of food waste in order to achieve a stable nutrient-rich compost.

Contemporary landscape ecology is not unified at all. There are historical, geographical and biological reasons for the lack of unification, as well as differences between science and application. The search for a unified theory of landscape ecology should consider previous concepts such as 'landscape diagnosis' and 'landscape functions' which were elaborated in Central Europe. Because of the various aspects in a landscape (components, processes, relations), landscape ecology should be regarded as a multidisciplinary, better a transdisciplinary, science where different views and approaches are involved in a holistic manner. The principle of complementarity is helpful to understand and describe the landscape. As a crucial step, the transformation of natural science categories to categories of the human society is brought out. This is realized by land(scape) evaluation and by the elaboration of goals (visions) of landscape development.