Nano Technology

Boron doped and undoped Poly(vinyl) alcohol/Zirconium-yttrium acetate (PVA/Zr-Y) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using PVA as a precursor. The effect of boron doping was investigated in terms of solution properties, morphological changes and thermal properties. The effect of boron doping on calcined yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fibers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. XRD
analysis revealed varying amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia present in the undoped fibers calcined at 800oC. The average crystallite sizes of the undoped YSZ were increased from 9.28 to 22.79 nm with calcining temperature increasing from 250 to 800 °C. The crystallite size was enhanced with boron doping. The systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers were employed by scanning electron microscopy.

An interesting aspect of nanotechnology is the remarkable size-dependent physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials that have led to the rise of synthesis procedures for nanomaterials across a range of sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions. This chapter will concentrate on the different methods such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, and chemical reduction, biological methods, photochemical methods; microwave processing, chemical vapour condensation (CVC), arc discharge, hydrogen plasma-metal reaction, and laser pyrolysis in the vapour phase. This chapter will also include the various characterization techniques for the conformation of nanomaterials such as UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy [TEM], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and atomic force microscopy [AFM]).

. This paper reviews on the application of nanotechnology to the concrete. Nanotechnology is the current prevailing trend in the construction industry due to its smaller particle size, potential advantages and sustainable development. The study of this paper mainly emphasis on the nanoparticles and their effect on compressive tensile strength, durability, mechanical strength and various other parameters favoring towards the concrete. Also, the performance of the concrete along with the additive of the nanoparticles is discussed since they provide the concrete with a befitting development.

The recent technological advancement in nanotechnology has opened new avenues for research and development in the field of herbal and medicinal plants biology. Development of reliable and eco-friendly processes for synthesis of nanoparticles is an important step for introduction of applications of nanotechnology into herbal research. In the past decade, there has been much concern about the methodological advancement of technology for synthesis and characterization of herbal and medicinal plants mediated nanoparticles. The present article provides a comprehensive review on the recent advances brought into methodology for biological and eco-friendly synthesis and characterization of herbal and medicinal plants mediated nanoparticles.

Sodium cobaltite (NaCo2O4) nano crystalline thermoelectric materials were obtained using electrospinning technique. Electrospunnanofibers was calcined at 800 o C and sintered at 850 o C in open air atmopshere. We have investigated the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of the sintered and unsintered samples for analysis sintering effect. The calcined sodium cobaltite crystal structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Products molded by cold pressing method, and one of the pellets were sintered at 850 o C by conventional sintering, the other not subjected to the sintering process. Thermoelectric properties of the both materials were measured by PPMS system in the temperature range 10-300 K. The dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) values at 300 K is 4 × 10 −5 and 9 × 10 −5 for sintered and unsintered samples respectively. Although conventional sintered technique increase thermoelectric power and thermal conductivity approximately % 50 but it 4-fold decreased electrical conductivity.

Forging is the technology of shaping the metal piece into the desired shape. This technology is widely used in the industry
for making the well-defined shape of the metal. From using the simple hammer and anvil in the 12th century for making a simple shape
to making the complex shape in present times forging witnessed the various advancements in its ways. In the recent times, there had
seen much advancement in the processes of forging technology. In this review paper, various processes are discussed which bring the
revolution in the field of forging technology.

Pulse detonation technology has the potential to revolutionise both in-atmosphere and space flight. Having an engine capable of running efficiently at Mach 5 will not only allow for faster, more efficient intercontinental travel, but will also change the way spacecrafts are launched. The preset paper discuss about the applications of Pulse detonation engines and different possible variants of the engine.

The oxygen scavenging kinetics of sodium erythorbate was studied for its implementation in food packaging as active agent. The oxygen scavenging efficiency of the sodium erythorbate was enhanced when this substance was blended with heptahydrated ferrous sulphate. To make possible the dispersion of these oxygen scavengers in a polymeric matrix, the active substances were encapsulated in SiO2. This process had strong influence in both the kinetic constant and the order of reaction, since the oxidation of sodium erytorbate was reduced. A rheological characterization of a masterbatch composed of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and erythorbate blended with ferrous sulphate will be presented in this article to determine the changes in viscosity and rigidity modulus for possible conventional transformation processes. Strong potential for possible applications in packaging structures was found.

http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2325.8241
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2325.8241
Proceedings of the Polymer Processing Society PPS 26th Annual Meeting
Banff, Canada
2010

Prills /granular urea are not only costly for the producer but may be harmful to humans and the environment. Furthermore, nano Urea may also be used for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. Nano-Urea prevents environmental pollution and improves physiological traits of wheat grown under drought stress conditions. The nano urea consist of higher surface area because lesser in size of the nano particle and have high reactivity, solubility in water. Nano Urea are the important tools in agriculture to improve crop efficiency, yield and quality parameters with increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce wastage of fertilizers and cost of cultivation. Nano-urea is very effective for precise nutrient management in precision agriculture with matching the crop growth stage for nutrient and may provide nutrient throughout the crop growth period. Nano-Urea increase crop growth up to optimum concentrations further increase in concentration may inhibit the crop growth due to the toxicity of nutrient. Nano-Urea provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant which increase rate of photosynthesis and produce more dry matter and yield of the crop. It is also prevent plant from different biotic and abiotic stress.

Magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) was prepared by sol-gel process and calcined in the 2.45 GHz singlemode microwave furnace to synthesize nickel nanopowder. The sol-gel method was used for the processing of the NiFe 2 O 4 powder because of its potential for making fine, pure and homogeneous powders. Sol-gel is a chemical method that has the possibility of synthesizing a reproducible material. Microwave energy is used for the calcining of this powder and the sintering of the NiFe 2 O 4 samples. Its use for calcination has the advantage of reducing the total processing time and the soak temperature. In addition to the above combination of sol-gel and microwave processing yields to nanoscale particles and a more uniform distribution of their sizes. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer were carried out to investigate structural, elemental, morphological and magnetic aspects of NiFe 2 O 4 . The results showed that the mean size and the saturation magnetization of the NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are about 30 nm and 55.27 emu/g, respectively. This method could be used as an alternative to other chemical methods in order to obtain NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles smaller than 100 nm in size. In order to prevent microbial adhesion or enamel demineralization in orthodontic therapy, two broad strategies have been used. These are incorporating certain NPs into orthodontic adhesives/cements or acrylic resins (nanofillers, silver, TiO 2 , SiO 2 , hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, fluorohydroxyapatite) and coating surfaces of orthodontic appliances with NPs (i.e. coating bracket surfaces with a thin film of nitrogendoped TiO 2 ). Although the use of NPs in orthodontics can offer new possibilities, previous studies investigated the antimicrobial or physical characteristic over a short time span, i.e. 24 hours to a few weeks, and the limitations of in vitro studies should be recognized. Information on the long-term performance of orthodontic material using nanotechnology is lacking and necessitates further investigation and so do possible safety issues (toxicity), which can be related to the NP sizes.

The spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by alkaline precipitation technique from zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide using triethanolamine (TEA) as surface active agent in order to obtain the particles more spherical. The spherical ZnO nanoparticles with the range from 150 nm to 300 nm were observed from this method. For comparison, a simple heating of zinc acetate dehydrate precursor by adding various contents of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out to prepare the uniform, hexagonal shape and dispersed zinc oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution. The morphologies of prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental composition of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out by SEM attached Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffractometer (EDX) and the crystallization phase structures were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

An overview of how viruses-retroviruses could be utilized as to instigate viral bio-weaponization and bio-warfare (much like other pathogens as bacteria, fungi, etc.), as well as a highlight of the history of how this has occurred in the past, has been presented. In particular, two issues need to be clarified here. First of all, almost all of our history of evolution prior to 5,500 years ago has been purged from the records, as well any memory of such happenings have been blank-slated from our consciousness memories. Secondly, that humanity has been lurking in the low dimensional level of consciousness, without having a clue about some of the advanced technologies with regard to the true nature of its genetics, and the possibility of its manipulation leading to genetic mutations and alien hybridization. However, as of more recently, with the advent of knowledge of radiation technological development, together with more novel approaches as nanotechnology in materials science, as well as the fact that we are beginning to better understand the nature of our bioenergetics and the role it plays in our genetics and physiognomy and holographic reality, we are beginning to get a better grasp of how a formidable nefarious alien artificial intelligence machinery can play a devastating role in our genetic modification, hybridization, as well as the using viral bio-weaponization for our demise or total annihilation. Thus, in the present paper, the author

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technology especially for environmental remediation. Despite more than a decade of worldwide research in developing photocatalytic efficiency improving techniques, many questions regarding the large scale application of photocatalytic reactors still remain unanswered. Recently, improving the photocatalytic efficiency has gained scientific attention because it might lead to more economical and robust photocatalytic operation for environmental remediation. In this review, fundamental and comprehensive assessments of the photocatalytic concepts and their applications for environmental remediation are reviewed. The existing challenges and strategies to improve the photocatalytic efficiency are discussed. Further, recent developments and future research prospects on photocatalytic systems for environmental applications are also addressed.

Nanometric particles and crystals play very important roles in biological systems. For example, calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) of nanometric dimensions represent the basic inorganic building blocks of bones and teeth of mammals. According to recent discoveries in biomineralization, zillions nanometric crystals of biologically formed CaPO4 are nucleated in body fluids and, afterwards, they are self-assembled into these complex structures. In addition, both a greater viability and a better proliferation of various types of cells have been detected on smaller crystals of CaPO4. All these effects are due to a higher surface-to-volume ratio, an increased reactivity and biomimetic morphologies of the nanometric particles. Thus, the nanometric and nanocrystalline forms of CaPO4 appear to be natural for living organisms and, thus, they have a great potential to revolutionize the hard tissue-engineering field, starting from bone repair and augmentation to controlled drug delivery systems. Therefore, preparation and applications of nanometric CaPO4 are the important topics in modern biomaterial science and such formulations have been already tested clinically for various purposes. Currently, more efforts are focused on the possibility of combining nanometric CaPO4 with cells, drugs and/or other biologically active substances for multipurpose applications. This review describes current state of the art and recent developments on the subject, starting from synthesis and characterization to biomedical and clinical applications.

Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation, carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing & hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application. From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens.

«Aspectos éticos de la nanotecnología en la atención a la salud es un recorrido desde el surgimiento y características de las nanotecnologías a su aplicación en el campo de la salud y medicina, pasando por las implicaciones éticas, y lo que se considera la ética de las nanotecnologías. El texto está abrumadoramente referenciado, lo cual facilita al lector interesado perseguir caminos de pensamiento o temáticas paralelas. Álvarez Díaz enfoca las disyuntivas éticas de la nanomedicina desde la filosofía deliberativa del médico y filósofo Diego Gracia Guillén, donde el juicio prudente y la deliberación constituyen la guía; e intuye las dificultades de una democracia deliberativa en la sociedad actual, pero al mismo tiempo su alternativa.»
Del Prólogo, por Guillermo Foladori

La primera versión de este trabajo consiguió el accésit al “Premio del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Valladolid” 2012, otorgado por la Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Valladolid, España, de la cual el autor es Académico Correspondiente. El haber sometido el texto a la revisión de un Comité Editorial y a la dictaminación por pares académicos ha tenido aportes importantes. Con todo ello ha ganado no solamente el texto final, sino también el lector.
El autor

In the current scenario, it is an urgent requirement to satisfy the nutritional demands of the rapidly growing global population. Using conventional farming, nearly one third of crops get damaged, mainly due to pest infestation, microbial attacks, natural disasters, poor soil quality, and lesser nutrient availability. More innovative technologies are immediately required to overcome these issues. In this regard, nanotechnology has contributed to the agrotechnological revolution that has imminent potential to reform the resilient agricultural system while promising food security. Therefore, nanoparticles are becoming a new-age material to transform modern agricultural practices. The variety of nanoparticle-based formulations, including nano-sized pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, and sensors, have been widely investigated for plant health management and soil improvement. In-depth understanding of plant and nanomaterial interactions opens new avenues toward improving cr...

Title: Light-Responsive Organosilica Composite Nanocarriers
for Biomedical Applications

Abstract: Organosilica composite nanocarriers obtained from organoalkoxysilanes have attracted much interest in the material science community for their potential in biomedical applications. The key interest of such nanomaterials is to benefit from the processability and stability of silica matrices via sol-gel processes, while incorporating additional organic functions in high content. Here we present three kinds of light-responsive organosilica nanocomposites, namely periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO),1 bridged silsesquioxane (BSQ),2 and organically-modified silica (ORMOSIL)3 nanomaterials for various applications such as cargo release, drug delivery, and biomedical imaging. PMO nanoparticles were applied as two-photon drug-delivery and photodynamic therapy platform, while BSQ nanocapsules and ORMOSIL colloidosome nanosystems were designed as proof of principle for light-triggered release.

Nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique. The grain sizes, crystallization process and morphology were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Both optical band gap and transmittance were enhanced after heat treatment. All IR modes measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) spectrometer were assigned. The FTIR spectra show an increase in the intensity of the Eu mode (606.75 cm -1 ) after post annealing, which indicates fine crystallization of SnO2 grains. Thermal treatment induced defects enhance the diffusion of atoms leading to uniformity in size of grains. But the grains were found to be elongated and larger in size, in case of SnO2 films on quartz substrate deposited. The role of substrate on thermal treatment induced grain growth process is discussed.

The utilization of biomedical nanotechnologies and nanomaterials has surged in the field of 3D bone printing and bioprinting. As such, it is possible to reproduce the hierarchical structures and compositions of the native bone-related tissues, allowing for regulating cell behaviors and tissue formation toward bone tissue engineering. The use of nanobiomedical systems may also enhance the shape fidelity and printability apart from endowing plentiful biological functions to the (bio)inks. Herein, first, the recently published literature on nanotechnologies and nanomaterials utilized for 3D bone (bio)printing is overviewed. Later, recent progress and challenges for osseous interface and vascularized bone reconstructions are discussed. Finally, the future prospectives and potential commercialization for 3D-(bio)printed personalized bone implants are proposed.

India has one of the largest number of engineering graduates joining the ranks of professionals annually in the world. However, the quality of engineers is not up to the mark and by some estimates only 7-8% of the engineering graduates are employable as per the National Employability Report. In this 21st century globalized world, engineering education and the profession are facing various challenges and would continue to do so if some serious introspection and steps taken to alleviate them are not taken. The first 5 IITs were setup in the first decade or so after Independence and still continue to serve both locally and globally. During early 1980s there were about 100 engineering colleges but due to the demands of the industry during successive 5 years Plans and incoming liberalization and globalization these colleges became insufficient. This led the Government to allow and facilitate privatization in the technical set up of engineering colleges in India with Tamil Nadu being the first state to do so by opening up 50 new private engineering colleges.
Post 2000, the country witnessed income growth in all spheres. Salary income increased multi-fold and self-employed persons were happy with rising income. Rural income was also on an upswing; maybe at a lesser proportion .A sizeable percentage of the poor upgraded to middle class and the middle to rich class. There was also revolution in mobile telephony, automobile, aviation, higher education, computers, etc. Ample job opportunities were created due to economic growth. Land and real estate values also appreciated. This led to a mushrooming in the number of engineering colleges and today there are around 6500+ institutions. The quality of education in many of the private colleges leaves a lot to be desired. Many of these colleges lack even basic facilities essential for good engineering education and have practically no good quality teachers. But on the other hand, some have excelled and are as good as or even better than many of the Government engineering colleges today. Deemed Universities have also mushroomed. Most of them do not belong to the same class as those recognized as such twenty years ago.
Our engineers are now competing with the engineers from other countries and if they are found to be failing in their knowledge and capabilities they may be substituted by an engineer from any corner of the World, say China or Philippines or Latin America. This global challenge was not so prevalent in our country till the last decade. As Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum expresses in his book The Fourth Industrial Revolution that in 21st century technological changes will occur in a cycle of 5 years and to meet the new technological standards we need to follow up with changes in our education system otherwise India’s new generation may also miss the bus.

The distilled water productivity of the single basin solar still is very limited. In this context, the design modification of a single basin solar still has been investigated to improve the solar still performance through increasing the productivity of distilled water. The experimental attempts are made to enhance the solar still productivity by using nanofluids and also by integrating the still basin with external condenser. The used nanofluid is the suspended nanosized solid particles of aluminum-oxide in water. Nanofluids change the transport properties, heat transfer characteristics and evaporative properties of the water. Nanofluids are expected to exhibit superior evaporation rate compared with conventional water. The effect of adding external condenser to the still basin is to decrease the heat loss by convection from water to glass as the condenser acts as an additional and effective heat and mass sink. So, the effect of drawn vapor at different speeds was investigated. The results show that integrating the solar still with external condenser increases the distillate water yield by about 53.2%. And using nanofluids improves the solar still water productivity by about 116%, when the still integrated with the external condenser.

Plasmonic silver nanoparticles loaded strontium titanate nanocomposites (Ag-SrTiO3 NC) with diverse weight percentages (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 wt%) of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are synthesized by a facile chemical reduction method. The prepared nanocomposites are characterized using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) integrated with Ag-SrTiO3 NC photoanodes has been assessed under simulated sun light intensity of 100 mW cm–2. The Ag-SrTiO3 NC photoanode loaded with 2.5 wt% Ag NPs exhibited higher power conversion efficiency of 4.39% with short-circuit photocurrent density of 11.54 mA cm−2, open circuit voltage of 0.77 V and fill factor of 0.49 in DSSC. This enhanced photovoltaic performance can be credited to high dye loading, improvement in visible light harvesting property and fast photo-induced electron transfer caused by the plasmonic Ag NPs.

Efforts are put in this presentation on to methodologies of bio accumulating residual radioactive materials like Uranium and Thorium employing plants and microbes and to reclaim them concentrated for reuse while the protecting the polluted confinements

Use of nanotechnology in biological systems by the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a burning area of research in recent times. In the present investigation, aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata was used to produce silver nanoparticles by reduction of silver nitrate. It was noted that the synthesizing process was quite rapid and silver nanoparticles form within minutes of silver ions coming in contact with plant extract. UV-Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver ions indicated a peak at 432 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of the silver nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the silver nanoparticles showed the presence of proteins that might be acting as capping agents around the nanoparticles. From scanning electron microscopy analysis, the size of the silver nanoparticles was measured and it was found that the average size was between 40 and 60 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited effective inhibition zones against seven bacterial strains tested. Among the bacteria tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be most susceptible to the silver nanoparticles. Phytochemical screening of the plant extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids.

Polypyrrole were prepared by in-situ polymerization method and were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the dc conductivity of the samples was measured as a function of temperature. Moreover in this article we have studied thermal and sensing properties of synthesized sample.

In this study, ZnO-Ag nanocomposite (NCs) was synthesized less than 20 nm through a simple and eco-friendly bio-hydrothermal method by using aqueous Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) leaf extract. Thyme leaf extract was used as a reducing agent and surfactant in the green synthesis of ZnO-Ag NCs. Crystal structure, Functional group, morphology, chemical elemental, the band gap of ZnO-Ag NCs were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, respectively. TEM results confirmed the size and morphology of nanocomposite. The influence of silver nitrate concentration in the formation of ZnO-Ag NCs was studied. This study future aims that to use biocompatible ZnO-Ag nanocomposite for biological application and food packaging.

Today the world is alarmed by global issues like toxicagent’s production and exposure of radiation from several electronic
equipment due to the vast development in the field of electronics. E.
g. : electronic devices electronic gadgets like mobiles, PC etc. These
devices are manufactured using chemical substances like aluminum
mercury, lead, PVC, antimony, arsenic, chromium which are toxic in
nature and hazardous substances. In order to increase the packing
density of electronic devices Nanotechnology plays a key role. High
durability and strength of electronic gadgets leads to less E-waste
generation which will have less impact on the environment.
Every year several billion tons of E-Waste is generated across the
world. In most of countries there activities are handled by unskilled
persons by removing precious metals without safety norms, followed
by activities like burning of electronics goods, wires, PCBs and
extracting metals using high concentrated acids. Activities at low
temperature creates additional toxins, such as halogenated dioxins.
Most of these electronic goods are manufactured using hazardous
chemical substances. The unskilled actives like E-waste directly
impacts environment by exposing hazardous gases, by polluting
water, soil, air, ozone. Global Studies suggests an increase of Ewaste
by 250% will be in next decade.
All electronic gadgets are made in Nano scales. Recycling may be
possible for all these electronic gadgets at Nano level which is best
solutions for electronic manufacture industry. Optimum utilization of
recycled E-waste is important while material preparation from ores
and raw material extraction process releases several toxic substances
into the environment. Toxic agents impact on reproductive system,
nervous system, child mental ability, cancer etc. Scope of using Nano
materials is to improve durability and strength.