Moroccan Colonial History

From the perspective of the social history of the clergy, this article offers a
synthesis of the profiles of royal patronage bishops who ruled over dioceses in the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, as well as in the duchy of Milan. The analysis of available sources allows for a comparison with the general outline of royal patronage in the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, aggregating and relating information on the dioceses (e.g. revenue, institutional status, geographical position) and about their holders (nationality, city of origin, number of benefices held, age, duration of their episcopal tenure, affiliation – if any – to regular clergy orders with the detail of the orders involved, recurrence of surnames and shared familial affiliations).

V následující stati se budeme věnovat moderním arabsko-izraelským dějinám s důrazem na jejich významnou součást, a to palestinsko-židovskou otázku. Po celá desetiletí přitaho val Blízký východ pozornost světové veřejnosti a politiků, coby sud se střelným prachem, kolem něhož si hrají malé děti se zápalkami. Důkazem toho, že toto přirovnání není v žádném případě nadsazené, je pět velkých válečných konfliktů od konce druhé světové války. Složitosti celého případu neubírá ani silná vazba a provázanost současných vztahů s dávnou minulostí, sahající až daleko před náš letopočet. Je potřeba si uvědomit některé důle žité momenty, které zásadním způsobem zasáhly do utváření jejich vzájemných vztahů, a proto si některé z nich, byť jen ve zkratce, připomeneme. Náš příběh začíná přibližně kolem roku 1200 př. n. 1., kdy se na území dnešní Palestiny 2 dostaly z jihu a východu kočovné semitské kmeny Hebrejců. Jiný semitský kmen Nabatejců (předchůdci dnešních Arabů) měl v té době své pastviny převážně v severní části Arabského poloostrova. Relativně uspokojivý rozvoj Hebrejců byl poprvé narušen babylonským vpádem (6. století př. n. 1.) a o čtyři století později římskou expanzí, která završila babylonskou tragédii, z níž se tehdy Židé už nevzpamatovali. Římská vláda nad Palestinou znamenala pro Židy ztrátu své "Bohem zaslíbené země". Židé byli Římem násilně vystěhováni z Palestiny do ostatních částí římského impéria. Mocný Řím však začal od 1. století n. I. ztrácet dynamiku a s narůstajícími problémy ve svých evropských provinciích upadal i jeho vliv na Blízkém východě. Této příležitosti se ve druhé polovině 7. století chopily arabské kmeny, 3 sjednocené islámským náboženstvím, a pronikly až do Palestiny. Od té doby až do konce první světové války vládl v Palestině islám. Důležitý zlom' ve vzájemných vztazích mezi Židy a Palestinci nastal až s národním uvě doměním Židů v podobě sionismu 4 na samém konci I 9. století. Vzrůstající nevraží v o st místních palestinských Arabů a židovských přistěhovalců, kteří sem imigrovali hlavně ve třicátých letech z Evropy, 5 ještě umocnila britská vláda nad Palestinou po první světové válce. Aškenázové 6 navíc přinášeli do Palestiny prvek západní kultury, který byl nesourodý s místními tradicemi a zvyky. Roztržky a spory mezi Židy, Araby a britskou mandátní vládou vyústily v krizi, kterou řešilo v roce 1947 na svém třetím zasedání Valné shromáždění Organizace spojených národů (rezoluce č. 18I). Z několika návrhů vzešel kompromis, na jehož základě měl vzniknout palestinský stát a židovský stát a oblast Jeruzaléma měla být pod dohledem OSN. Arabskou odpovědí na takovéto uspořádání byla 1. arabsko-izraelská válka (1948-1949). Po ní následovalo období konfliktů, které na obou stranách přinášelo jen bolest, utrpení a beznaděj. Kromě pěti velkých válečných konfliktů proběhlo nespočet teroristických akcí a útoků po celém světě, jejichž oběťmi byli ve většině případů civilisté. Je vůbec možný mír na této horké půdě? Tuto otázku si kladou nejen přední politici svě ta, ale především tamní obyvatelé, kterých se to bezprostředně týká. Organizace pro osvobození Palestiny (OOP) byla první a jedinou představitelkou palestinského lidu, která byla oficiálně uznána i mimo arabský svět. Počátek její činnosti spadá do roku I 964. To, že vznikla zrovna v 60. letech, není náhoda. Abychom pochopili skutečné

Le nuove evidenze documentarie emerse sulla figura del patrizio veneziano  Matteo Calergi, nativo di Creta e facoltoso collezionista d’arte, indicano anche la concreta possibilità che il soggiorno del Theotokopoulos a Venezia sia da inquadrare nell'alveo di contatti aristocratici e di alto profilo, forse gli unici in grado di consentire a un pittore ancor privo di una dimensione pubblica a Creta di viaggiare sorprendentemente 'in prima classe', toccando la Roma dei Farnese prima di approdare alla Spagna di Filippo II in un brevissimo torno di anni.

The new documentary evidence that has emerged on the Venetian patrician figure Matteo Calergi 1523–1572), a native of Crete and an affluent art collector, also raises the strong possibility that the sojourn of Theotokópoulos to Venice brought the artist into contact with aristocratic and other high profile acquaintances. These contacts were perhaps the only ones able to allow a painter who still lacked a public reputation in Crete to travel, surprisingly, “in first class,” first to Farnese Rome and then, within the very short span of a few years, to the Spain of Philip II.

En el marco del siglo XX, se exploran los eventos históricos y las dinámicas sociopolíticas de la región del Rif en Marruecos. Nos centramos en la aparición de la República del Rif (1921-1926) bajo el liderazgo de Abd el-Krim El Jattabi, examinando la resistencia contra las fuerzas coloniales españolas y francesas. Se analizan las condiciones socioeconómicas y culturales de las comunidades bereberes del Rif, su reacción ante la expansión colonial, y las implicaciones más amplias de las Guerras del Rif sobre la presencia española en África. Basándonos en una revisión exhaustiva de documentos históricos y fuentes académicas, se ofrece una comprensión matizada de los encuentros coloniales en la región y del legado de la República del Rif en el contexto de las relaciones hispano-marroquíes. ⠀⠀⠀⠀

En el archivo del Quaid'Orsay de París he podido consultar la correspondencia que entre 1907 y 1909 mantuvieron el embajador francés en Madrid y su ministro de Asuntos Exteriores 1. Aunque existe bibliografía sobre los acontecimientos que condujeron a la campaña de 1909 2 , la documentación de las cajas 88-95 (Affaires duRif) de la Correspondance politique et militaire posee una doble virtud: detalla esos acontecimientos y contribuye a esclarecer varios temas polémicos, razón por la que preparo un trabajo basado en esa correspondencia. Esta nota de investigación adelanta algunas de sus conclusiones. La he dividido en dos partes. En la primera, relato los sucesos que originaron la guerra y en la segunda utilizo la documentación para tratar dos temas controvertidos: el problema de las minas como desencadenante de la contienda y el papel que Alfonso XIII jugó en ella. La limitación de espacio que exige una nota de investigación me ha obligado a "comprimir" la primera parte y por la misma razón no he incluido notas a pie de página citando los documentos de donde proviene la información.

Abstract: This presentation intends to offer a theoretical framework for the mechanisms governing the construction, maintenance, reproduction, control, and the chameleon-like nature of ‘Identity’. Through an exploration of Louis Althusser’s key notion of “interpellation” or ideological “hailing” of subjects as individual citizens, and Sigmund Freud’s key terms, “the dream work” and the multiple processes of the mind’s working when constructing dream-texts (the “Id,” “Ego,” “Super-Ego,” as agent; and  “condensation,” “distortion,” “displacement,” and “final revision” as tasks), this paper investigates the multiple conditions of production of an individual’s identity. Various institutions resort to celebrating a form of identity in order to boost its existence, mobilize people for a nationalist or political project, draft people for war, or to simply monitor their behaviour as obedient citizens. However identities are always obedient followers; they develop resistance and counter-reactions to indoctrinating ideological institutions. This character of identity becomes even more complicated when the human entity joins the machine to become a  digital body, a “dubjectivity,” a (data-filled) cyborgian identity. So this paper hopes to contribute to the theorization of identity in its multiple/hybrid (social, psychological, political, ideological, digital, and cyborgian) components – through a re-reading of S. Freud and L. Althusser’s theories of the individual.  Some concrete examples will be offered progressively to illustrate these points. (Mohamed Ezroura, MVU, Rabat)

This book sheds light on the final process of slavery in Morocco, unraveling the contemporary roots of servility and stereotypes about blackness in the Arab world. Unlike other generalist analyses, this research focuses on the practice of servitude through a case study in the city of Tetouan. Until well into the twentieth century, bought women arrived in the city to join the domestic labor market, also becoming signs of social distinction. This historical ethnography is paradigmatic in reconstructing the relations between masters and domestics of slave origin, putting names and faces to subaltern people to rescue them from oblivion.

Bringing together scholars from both sides of the Mediterranean, this hybrid conference aims to renew interest in the International Zone of Tangier (1925–56). It will take place 100 years to the day after France, Spain, and the United Kingdom signed the Zone’s constitutive treaty, known as the Tangier Zone Statute. The agreement, which was later joined by Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Italy, subjected Tangier to a special regime: although nominally an integral part of Morocco, the city and its surroundings were to a large extent subject to the joint administration of Western powers. This regime, which has been variously described as ‘shared colonialism’ (Daniela Hettstedt) or ‘unequal federal integration’ (Paul Reuter), was deeply problematic. It shared the discriminatory premise of colonialism, disregarded Moroccans’ aspirations to independence, and even hampered the city’s economic development rather than fostering it. And yet, the Zone’s multinational institutional arrangements, its experience of legal pluralism and treaty-based constitutional rights, as well as its reliance on tax evasion schemes, are certainly worthy of scholarly interest and investigation. Considering that they served as an inspiration for post-WWII endeavours of global and regional integration and governance, they are also of interest to a broader 21th century audience.

Registrations: [email protected]

In doing so, we hope to make the first steps towards proposing a meaningful agenda for the future. Before we go any further, we need to define what we mean by 'oral history'. This is no easy task. As Corinna Peniston-Bird recently noted: The complexities of oral history begin with its definition. It is a multifaceted term: in the singular with the indefinite article, an oral history refers to a spoken memoir, while 'oral history' describes a historical process and methodology; or, as Alessandro Portelli puts it, the term thus refers to both what oral historians hear and what they subsequently write. 3 Oral history is therefore the product of the interview situation-the memoir that is created when interviewer(s) meet(s) interviewee(s). It can also mean the process of undertaking interviews; a quick way of referring to the many stages that make up oral history methodology: shaping the project, identifying interviewees, drafting questions, organising schedules, conducting and recording the interviews, transcribing or summarising, and so on. Anna Green and Kathleen Troup observe that this is how most historians still see oral history: 'as primarily a methodology'. 4 But oral history also refers to the theory of oral history, the engagement with interpretive theories relating to areas like memory, narrative and subjectivity. 5 In the late 1970s oral history began to shift from what Michael Roper termed the 'reconstructive mode' (trying to reconstruct the events of the past through direct eye witness testimony) to the 'interpretive mode' (that is, turning the perceived weakness of oral history, the subjectivity of memory, into its strength). A crucial influence was the Italian oral historian, Luisa Passerini, and particularly her work on silences, first published in History Workshop Journal in 1979. In her interviews, entire life histories had been recounted without any mention of the years between 1925 and the outbreak of the Second World War i.e. the years of Italian Fascism under Mussolini. Passerini saw such silences as evidence of 'a scar, a violent annihilation of many years in human lives, a profound wound in daily experience'. 6 As Lynn Abrams recently observed: Memory is not just the recall of past events and experiences in an unproblematic and untainted way. It is rather a process of remembering: the calling up of image, stories, experiences and emotions from our past life, ordering them, placing them within a narrative or story and then 3 Corinna M. Peniston-Bird, 'Oral History: the sound of memory' in Sarah Barber & Corinna M. Peniston-Bird, History Beyond the Text: a student's guide to approaching alternative sources (Abingdon, 2008). 4 A. Green and K. Troup (eds), The Houses of History (Manchester, 1999), 230. 5 An accessible, engaging and comprehensive introduction to these, and other theories of oral history, can be found in Lynn Abrams, Oral History Theory (London, 2010).

España y el Rif. Miradas cruzadas, de Mimoun Aziza, nos permite sumergirnos en el corazón de la historia conflictiva, pero también amistosa, de las relaciones entre Marruecos, particularmente el Rif, y España, a través de la mirada de un historiador marroquí que aspira a ser objetivo en su reconstrucción de un pasado que incluye las perspectivas y miradas que se han cruzado desde ambas orillas del Mediterráneo, y que busca ayudar al entendimiento de nuestras respectivas y vecinas realidades contemporáneas. En su calidad de historiador y especialista de las relaciones hispano-marroquíes, considera el autor que debemos hacer una lectura reposada y profunda de la historia las relaciones entre ambos países. Así, en vez de centrarnos en puntos ásperos o en las etapas más confusas de esta historia, debemos procurar un tratamiento positivo del pasado a fin de construir un futuro sobre bases más saludables. El libro recopila de manera ordenada los textos que el autor ha publicado en los últimos años y han ido apareciendo en diversas revistas y publicaciones en español.

Bouhamara (lit. "el de la Burra"), era un impostor al Trono de Marruecos, que apareció en el Guelaya, en la Alcazaba de Zeluán, de la mano del ejército colonial español. Podría decirse que Bouhamara fue un elemento indispensable para la penetración española en el Rif, implantando en las zonas que controló, un auténtico régimen de terror.

The goal of my participation is to highlight the significant historical impact of French colonial intervention in Morocco and to argue that it cannot be excluded from the broader efforts to reassess the current Moroccan identity. The paper raises concerns about the cultural agenda of Nationalists, who prioritize a romanticized connection to pre-colonial history over acknowledging the far-reaching effects of colonialism and the struggles of marginalized groups who played a crucial role in anti-colonial resistance.

يزخر المجال الممتد على طول حوض وادي نون بتراث معماري أصيل، وبتنوع بين السكن الواحي )القصر( والمآثر التاريخية وببعض
النقوش الصخرية بالإضافة إلى بمجموعة من الأضرحة. وإذا كان السكن يعتبر نتاجا ثقافيا واجتماعيا واقتصاديا لمجموعات بشرية، فإن وحدة
"القصر" تعد البنية السكنية الأكثر شيوعا بمناطق الواحات، يتحكم في بنائه وتوزيع السكن داخله نظام يحاول الحفاي على الرابطة الدموية
للمجموعات التي تتعايش داخله. وواكب تطور هذا العمران الأصيل بالمنطقة ظهور أحكام شرعية وعرفية تنظم جوانب من الحياة
الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لقاطنيه. وتعتبر منطقة تغجيجت، على غرار حوض وادي نون، مجالا غنيا بالمظاهر العمرانية الحضارية، باعتبارها
المنطقة القريبة من أهم مراكز تجارة القوافل في الجنوب )"تامدولت" و"نول لمطة" تكاوست(، والتي تتميز بالتنوع الإثني والقبلي. لهذا فواحة
تغجيجت تزخر بالعديد من المآثر التا ريخية وبعض النقوش الصخرية التي تعود إلى عصور متعاقبة تشهد على عراقة وقدم تاريخ هذه الواحة.
وهذا ما انعكس على العمارة الجنائزية والتي تميزت بتواجد مجموعة من الأضرحة شكلت وإلى وقت قريب مزارات يحج إليها عامة الناس، وتقام
بها مواسم وملتقيات سنوية. تهدف هذه الور قة إلى تسليط الضوء على جوانب من هذا التراث المادي واللامادي بحوض وادي نون ومجال
تغجيجت تحديدا، لإثارة انتباه الفاعلين من أجل النهوض بهذا الموروث وتثمينه والمحافظة علية ليشكل رافعة للتنمية.
الكلمات المفتاح : التراث - القصر - التثمين - حوض واد نون - واحات تغجيجت - التنمية.
Le bassin versant de l’Oued Noun regorge d'un patrimoine architectural authentique, variant
entre l’habitat oasien (Ksar), les monuments historiques et les gravures rupestres, ainsi qu'un ensemble
de sanctuaires. Si l’habitat est considéré comme un produit culturel, social et économique des groupes
humains, alors l'unité " Ksar " est la structure résidentielle la plus courante dans ces zones oasiennes.
Les constructions et la répartition des habitats y sont contrôlées par un système qui maintient les liens
de sang entre ces groupes qui coexistent en son sein. Le développement de cette urbanisation
authentique dans la région s'est accompagné de l'émergence de dispositions légales et coutumières qui
régissent certains aspects de la vie économique et sociale de ses habitants. A l’instar des autres localités
du bassin de Oued Noun, la région de Taghjijt est considérée comme une zone riche d’illustrations
urbanistiques qui témoigne d’une ancienne civilisation, -car c'est la région la plus proche des plus
importants centres du sud du commerce caravanier au moyen âge ("Thamdoult" et "Noul Lamata"
Tagaoust)-. Caractérisée par la diversité ethnique et tribale, l'oasis de Taghjijt regorge de nombreux
monuments historiques et certaines gravures rupestres datant des époques successives et qui
témoignent de la noblesse et de l'histoire ancienne de cette oasis. Cela apparait à travers l'architecture
funéraire, marquée par la présence d'un ensemble de sanctuaires qui formaient des sanctuaires vers
lesquels la population pèlerinait et organisait des des « Moussem » et rassemblements annuels. Cet
article vise à souligner les aspects de ce patrimoine matériel et immatériel dans le bassin de Oued Noun
et de la zone de Taghjijt en particulier, à attirer l'attention des acteurs afin de promouvoir et valoriser
ce patrimoine et le préserver comme levier de développement.
Mots clés : Patrimoine - Ksar - Valorisation – Bassin de Oued Noun- Oasis de Taghjijt – Développement
local

Resumen Los primeros años del movimiento internacional de Cruz Roja coincidieron con grandes cambios tecnológicos en la medicina de guerra. Las peculiaridades organizativas de la Asociación Internacional de Socorro a los Soldados Heridos en Campaña, impulsada por el Comité de Ginebra y los comités nacionales de Cruz Roja; la confluencia en diversos congresos profesionales y publicaciones de médicos de las diferentes sociedades nacionales de esta asociación; y la construcción de un conocimiento práctico compartido, puesto a prueba en la Guerra Franco-Prusiana (1870-1871), proporcionan claves para comprender las innovaciones tecnológicas introducidas por la Cruz Roja Española durante la tercera y última Guerra Carlista (1872-1876).

The presented study describes the importance and meaning of fasting in relation to God. This is a special way of calling to God in the limiting situations of man-in times of grief, anxiety, fear and pain. Fasting is also a reminder and presentation of ancient national disasters in Israel. Fasting of the first-born is an important event that every year before Pesach reminds firstborn Israelites their redemption and salvation at the slaughter of the firstborn in Egypt.

Resumen Los primeros años del movimiento internacional de Cruz Roja coincidieron con grandes cambios tecnológicos en la medicina de guerra. Las peculiaridades organizativas de la Asociación Internacional de Socorro a los Soldados Heridos en Campaña, impulsada por el Comité de Ginebra y los comités nacionales de Cruz Roja; la confluencia en diversos congresos profesionales y publicaciones de médicos de las diferentes sociedades nacionales de esta asociación; y la construcción de un conocimiento práctico compartido, puesto a prueba en la Guerra Franco-Prusiana (1870-1871), proporcionan claves para comprender las innovaciones tecnológicas introducidas por la Cruz Roja Española durante la tercera y última Guerra Carlista (1872-1876).

هذه الدراسة هي نظرة استرجاعية تهدف إلى اختبار الوعي الذاتي بين الماضي والحاضر من خلال ترجمة كتاب للصحفي والرحالة والجاسوس البريطاني والتر بورتن هاريس المعنون بفرنسا، اسبانيا والريف. وهو من أهم الكتب التي كتبها هذا المراسل حول المغرب قبيل وخلال الحقبة الاستعمارية. وهو كتاب يطفح أيضا بتصورات ميتافيزيقية وأحكام تبخيسية تروم إيجاد مبررات للاستعمار الأوروبي قصد ضبط شؤون البلد المستعمَر وإلحاقه بركب الحضارة الغربية. غير أن المغالاة في التمثيل والتكثيف والاختزال جعلت هذا الخطاب يقع في شراك التناقض والتنميط، حيث أيقظ صوت الآخر المغربي الذي تمّ إسكات صوته لفترة طويلة. وبذلك تكون هذه الدراسة قد رسمت ملامح دور المثقف المغربي الذي أحيا بالسم وقتل بالدواء، أي استوعب غطرسة خطاب التمركز الميتافيزيقي الذي دسه الاستعمار وأعوانه وقاومه بنقد المقولات المركزية التي جاء بها لعلاج تخلف وجهل الآخر المغربي المنغلق على يقينياته التقليدية حسب زعمه.

،مراجعة التصميم والطبونيمبيا والبحث العمراني: محمد خنوسي القيسارية صحن الجامع الأعظم
عبد العزيز البالي )تقنيان ببلدية القصر الكبير( ·: المساعدة في المادة التاريخية
محمد مغراوي، محمد أخريف ·: النص، اختيار المباني، التنسيق
يرمو دوكلوس باوتسطا، بدرو كامبوس خارا · التصوير: خوصي مورون و
يرمو دوكلوس · التصميم: المعهد الخرائطي بالأندلس، تحويل الصور من طرف
) رستسور )الطلعة الجوية سنة 2000 · الترجمة: محمد مغراوي · النشر: نيكولاص راميريز
· أنفوغرافيا : خسنطو وتييريز ولادونا إستوديو · قبل الطباعة: كروموطكس ·: الطباعة
ط.ف أرطس رافكاس
.نشر: المديرية العامة للسكنى والمعمار
دعم المعمار
مجلس جهة الأندلس، مديرية السكنى وإعداد التراب ©
بلدية القصر الكبير ،M-17510- رقم السجل الرسمي: 2009

During the First World War, many armed resistance movements were fighting against the French Protectorate regime in Morocco. These movements became a serious threat to the French presence when the Ottoman Empire declared "jihad" and entered the war. Germany, which supported these movements financially and militarily, requested officers from the Ottoman Empire to start a general uprising in the region. In this direction, Teskilat-i Mahsusa officers were sent to Spain with the task of supporting resistance movements in Morocco. Although that they conducted intense activities until 1916, as a result of the disagreement with the German authorities, they were dismissed from their duties. There are several studies on armed resistance movements in Morocco during the First World War. However, the contribution of the Ottoman Empire to these resistance movements has not been the subject of studies. This is probably due to the fact that Ottoman archival documents were not used by researchers for reasons such as language barriers. In this article, the activities of Teskilat-i Mahsusa officers supporting the resistance movements in Morocco to cause a general anti-French uprising in the region during the war will be examined. In addition to Ottoman archival documents, it is aimed to contribute to the literature by using English and French archives.
Keywords: World War I, Moroccan Resistance, Ottoman Empire, Teskilat-i Mahsusa, Mawlay Abd al-Hafid, Emir Abd al-Malik

This term paper intends to shed light on how Morocco is represented in the travel narrative of El Maghreb: 1200 Miles Ride Through Morocco by Hugh E. M. Stutfield (1886) in a number of themes from a postcolonial perspective. This analysis shows how Moroccans are depicted, subjectively, as undeveloped and unsignificant people who need to be civilized by the British Empire. The manifestation of this is portrayed by several stereotypes and misrepresentations of the traveler about Morocco as well as it can be noticed in his description to cultural, social and religious sides of Morocco.

This article studies the central role of nation-states in the Red Cross during the interwar period. In the late nineteenth century, Spain pioneered the creation of European-style humanitarian institutions in Morocco. However, its perennial instability as a state, aggravated by the colonial disaster of 1898, put an end to the regenerationist project of a Moroccan Red Cross. When the Spanish protectorate was established in 1912, the Spanish Red Cross was overshadowed by competition from its French counterpart, the internationalization of Tangiers and resistance from the local inhabitants. This culminated in the so-called Rif War of 1921-1927, a mixture of anticolonial revolt and international war that vividly exposed the ingrained deficiencies of the Spanish State and its Red Cross.

This short poem celebrates the efforts of three Moroccan kings (grandfather, father and son) in establishing modern Morocco. Such efforts have always been sustained by Moroccan people. Important dates are mentioned in the poem to pinpoint the major moments in the history of modern Morocco.

The bachelor thesis consists of a non-literary text translation and an expert commentary. The commentary, which is in the nature of expert study, includes a translation analysis of the original text, typology of translation problems, and it describes the method of translation. Since we are talking about two languages with different structures on the morphologic, syntactic and lexical level, all the changes made during the translation from Spanish to Czech are explained as well. The main objective of the translation was to preserve and adequately transfer factual, pragmatic and stylistic elements of the original text. The chosen text deals with international tourism therefore it was necessary to consult the complicated passages with specialists in the field

L’incontro conclusivo del programma Elitesit analizza la partecipazione differenziata delle élites italiane alla gestione della monarchia ispanica. Dietro alcune traiettorie ben conosciute dalla storiografia, emergono gradi e forme varie di partecipazione al progetto imperiale che sono valutati attraverso il servizio alla corona, le gratificazioni concesse, i “matrimoni misti” e le forme di mobilità legate. I meccanismi istituzionali e sociali, che consentivano ad alcuni individui di essere scelti dal sovrano per incarichi specifici, sono anche oggetto di indagini. Accanto ad un “élite imperiale” che monopolizzava i principali incarichi, riceveva le dignità maggiori e circolava nei vari territori della monarchia, altri gruppi svolgevano ruoli diversi e si spostavano secondo modalità differenti. Lo scopo della ricerca è di identificare queste forme di mobilità, tenendo conto delle differenze sociali, professionali e regionali che caratterizzavano le élites italiane. Nel contesto d’Antico Regime, caratterizzato da forme e spazi di potere frammentati, bisogna comprendere come le élites italiane traevano benefici da questo servizio alla Monarchia ispanica e come questo servizio poteva entrare in competizione o essere complementare con quello reso ad altri principi, istituzioni ecclesiastiche, municipalità o corporazioni. Fare luce su questi aspetti dovrebbe consentire di capire meglio i fondamenti sociali dell’edificio imperiale in Italia, le sue logiche spaziali multidirezionali e gli effetti di questi servizi e di queste mobilità sulle gerarchie socio-politiche dei territori italiani.

هذه التدوينة ليست دفاعاً عن شخص رئيس الحكومة المغربي وإنما استدراك أو محاولة للتّأمّل في متلازمة التناقض والمواقف المزدوجة (Double Standards) التي تلازم فكر وممارسات المغاربة (وربما العرب إلى حد ما). فهناك انفصام في شخصية ومواقف بعض المغاربة يجب التوّقف عندها؛ فعلى سبيل المثال، نجد مواطناً يشتكي ويلعب دور الضحية، وفي نفس الوقت يمارس هو الآخر "خنوشيته" في جو من السلطة والتسيّب كلّما أتيحت له الفرصة لذلك. وأنا هنا أتكلم عن ظواهر، وليس عن استثناءات، خصوصاً أنّ الخنوشية التي أقصدها  ليست عادة موسمية فحسب، بل أصبحت حالة ذهنية أيضاً (State of Mind).

La réforme portuaire marocaine : une évolution dans le secteur portuaire marocain, mais au-dessous des attentes. Résumé : Certes que la réforme portuaire mise en place par la loi 15-02 en 2005, a introduit des mutations profondes dans le système de gestion et d'exploitation des ports marocains. Or, le secteur portuaire souffre encore de nombreux déséquilibres. Aujourd'hui, treize ans après la mise en place de ce nouveau mode de gouvernance, il est opportun de réaliser une évaluation de ce projet. L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer les effets de la réforme sur la gestion et l'organisation du système portuaire, l'investissement et le développement des infrastructures, l'efficacité et la compétitivité du secteur et les conditions sociales (paix sociale). En effet, la future évaluation permettra de comparer les résultats atteints aux objectifs fixés par la réforme portuaire, pour soulever les insuffisances et les lacunes du secteur portuaire marocain notamment au port du capital économique du royaume.

En el extremo norte de Marruecos, la escarpada tierra del Rif, con sus incontables barrancos, se convirtió en el trágico cementerio donde yacieron los cadáveres de cerca de 10.000 soldados españoles. Basta señalar para ilustrar el tremendo descalabro iniciado en la loma de Annual que, entonces, se decía que los buitres solo comían de comandante para arriba. Suficiente para pegarse el atracón. Una serie de desdichas -donde los académicos distinguimos, en realidad, un aluvión de incoherencias políticas, vacilaciones y avances negligentes a la par que temerarios-había propiciado que el extenso despliegue de más de un centenar de posiciones (los famosos blocaos, cuyo aislamiento provocó no pocos casos de locura entre la tropa) fuese aniquilado en cuestión de días. Por eso Annual fue mucho más que una derrota militar. La ocurrida una docena de años atrás, en el Barranco del Lobo, había pasado algo desapercibida ante la repercusión de los disturbios barceloneses de 1909. Ahora, sin embargo, los españoles no podían mirar a otra parte; Annual era un Desastre con mayúsculas. Solo equiparable al del lejano 1898 y, tal vez, mayor. En julio de 1921, otra vez España experimentaba una verdadera debacle, una humillación en toda regla para los políticos y para el ejército. No obstante, ya no habría cura para esta herida, que precipitó, si atendemos a la feliz expresión de Joaquín Costa, la llegada de un «cirujano de hierro».

Per la difesa dei confini della Repubblica di Firenze. Le fortificazioni e la loro gestione secondo gli Statuti del 1415 Marco Sicuro Una piccola comunità ebraica al confine orientale veneto-asburgico in età moderna: Ontagnano (1577-1797) Federica Ferrero La frontiera come spazio di costruzione del nazionalismo: il caso del partito al-Iṣlāḥ di Tetouan Nicolò Anesa Confini (in)visibili: margini reali e immaginati dello spazio sacro STRATEGIE E LIMITI ISTITUZIONALI Francesco Barbarulo Città e contado, un confine politico labile. Il caso bolognese al tempo della prima cacciata dei Lambertazzi (1274-1276) Pietro D'Orlando Confinaciones et exilia. L'espulsione dalla comunità udinese tra Tre e Quattrocento Carlo Daffonchio Al servizio di chi? I confini permeabili degli apparati diplomatici stranieri nella Spagna del secondo Settecento Paolo Felluga Il sequestro dei beni degli ebrei emigranti nei Magazzini Generali di Trieste (11 maggio 1943). Analisi di una pratica oltre il confine della legislazione CIRCOLAZIONE DI PERSONE, SAPERI, NOTIZIE Aldo Giuseppe Di Bari «Desiderusi de andare ad exercitare tale arte fuora». La fuga dei lavoratori nelle città dell'Italia centro-settentrionale (secoli XIV-XV) Giulia Calabrò «Tutti a una voce comenzareno ad chiamarlo et nominarlo per re...»: notizie sull'ascesa e il trionfo di Edoardo IV oltre i confini inglesi Cora Benetti «Qui, nell'esilio, accanto a te centuplicherò di forze». Storia intima dell'esilio di Aurelio Saffi (1849-1857) Andrea Podini Fare la polizia oltre confine: funzionari italiani in Portogallo (1908-1909) DECOSTRUIRE RAPPRESENTAZIONI E DISCORSI Pier Francesco Corvino Sul confine fra ingegno e impegno. Schelling contro il genio in senso antropologico Daniele Stancampiano Girandole, cannibali e Big Bang. La metafora nella divulgazione della fisica Iris Pupella-Nogues Vie et mort du Monument au poète Miroslav Vilhar de Postojna (1906-1941) Maria Elena Cantilena Alla ricerca delle "soggettività marginali": la pratica delle interviste ai tossicodipendenti nelle inchieste sociologiche degli anni Settanta Giovanni Battista Martino Abaixo o tribalismo! Ambiguità politiche e identità etniche nella "lotta di liberazione" del Mozambico (1962-1974) Clara Galzerano Oltre le barriere di genere: l'esperienza cinese di Ada Princigalli (1971-1978) ATTRAVERSARE I CONFINI DISCIPLINARI Niccolò Bonetti Al confine fra diritto canonico e teologia. Le "quaestiones canonicae" di John Baconthorp Irene Candelieri «Boundaries between populations are not solidly defined lines». Attraversamenti geografici, mappature linguistiche e sconfinamenti disciplinari in Franz Boas Andrea Sain Sul limite tra fenomenologia e ontologia. Il realismo fenomenologico di Nicolai Hartmann NATURA E CONFINI DELL'UMANO Tristano Bernardis Il bisogno come confine tra natura e storia Shaban Zanelli Bestioni ma non bestie: il confine tra uomo e animale nel «Diritto universale» di Giambattista Vico Giulia Codognato Le inclinazioni naturali: un confine metafisico nel dibattito contemporaneo sulla legge naturale

This article 1 aims to cast light on one of Moroccan women's cinematic voices: Narjiss Nejjar. Thanks to her growing filmography, she is nowadays considered a promising member of women's film community in the country. Her debut feature film Al-Oyoun Al-Jaffa (Les Yeux Secs/Dry Eyes, Morocco and France, 2003) has been widely acclaimed. I argue that this work negotiates female spectatorship through two main strategies. First, it represents Amazigh (Berber) women as full-fledged citizens away from any process of eroticisation or fragmentation. Second, it pushes the spectators, male and female, to identify with the female characters through this counteractive strategy of representation. To identify with them, one has to identify with their journeys of becoming. The film will be closely investigated from a postcolonial vision, and read against the backdrop of political and social changes that have been animating the contemporary Moroccan society in the recent decades.

This article uses Spain's participation at the Cairo Congress of Arab Music (1932) as the basis to raise questions pertaining to the place of Arab music in the racial imagination of Europeans. It argues that Spain's unique response to the challenges arising from the study of Arab music in a context of colonial rivalry reveals still uncharted tensions and fractures running through musicology and Orientalist discourse at the time. My line of inquiry sheds light on the origins and characteristics of the forms of self-reflexivity evident in the musicological work produced by Spain and other European countries. In what ways did the shifting tectonics of North African politics impact or even impair the capacity of European musicological discourse to inscribe Arab music in the global imagination in ways supportive of Europe's identity projects? To what extent was the discourse on Arab music emerging in the context of colonial rivalry suitable for Spain to rewrite the memories of its past of anti-Muslim violence? What could Spain's unique position as both an insider and an outsider relative to notions of Europe reveal about western attitudes towards Arab music in a context of colonial rivalry? The answers to these questions lie not only with the peculiar ways in which Spain addressed its identity crises, but also with the extent to which the Cairo Congress exposed the inadequacy of reigning paradigms in musicology, anthropology and the social sciences, and underscored their inability to keep up with the changing face of North African societies.

This article focuses on the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (I.C.R.C.) in the Rif War (Morocco, 1921-6) and places humanitarian action in three interrelated contexts: the complexity of the international scenario after the First World War, the institutional architecture of the Red Cross and the developments in international humanitarian law. Challenging simplistic approaches to an otherwise historically overlooked affair, the article argues that the rather undignified role of the I.C.R.C. during the conflict was a result both of Eurocentric assumptions and international manipulation. The popularity of humanitarian studies hardly needs to be highlighted. A burgeoning field with increasing numbers of research centres and degree programmes at universities worldwide, it enjoys a vibrant and creative environment. Changes in the international situation, new developments in global institutions, aspirations for greater social justice and shifting attitudes towards armed conflict are factors frequently mentioned to explain the enduring interest in humanitarian action and international assistance, which shows little sign of subsiding. 1 Leaving aside problems of scholarly status-there is debate as to whether humanitarian studies can be considered a discipline in itself or whether it might be better categorized as a platform for more traditional, established disciplines-it seems certain that the academic community has rediscovered an interest in humanitarianism and will seek to develop it further in the future. 2 Social sciences-sociology, anthropology, economics, political science and international law, to mention just a few-have firmly engaged with international relief and assistance programmes, both expanding the analytical scope of research-including issues of social stratification, ethnicity, race, financial regulations, logistics, human rights protection and international legislation-and providing innovative research tools. Developments in higher education, where courses in strategic planning, ethics, international law, * Research for this article was made possible by a grant from the British Academy. The author would like to thank Becky Hendry, Jenifer Spencer and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions.

In August of 1909, Carmen de Burgos (Colombine), became the first Spanish woman war correspondent when El Heraldo de Madrid sent her to report on the hostilities in Morocco (Castañeda 42; Starcevic 53). Her task was to view the war from a feminine perspective; that is, she was to cover the domestic side of the conflict. 1 As Colombine's articles tell of the daily lives of the soldiers, and the care for the wounded, they also chronicle her voyage, a gradual descent into the intimate horrors of combat: from the hospitals in Málaga and Almería, to the battlefields of Melilla. 2 Yet the full effects of the violence are only recorded in En la guerra (1909), a novella Burgos states she wrote during her stay in Morocco, at the same time as her articles, and published a scant four weeks after returning to Madrid. 3

Link: https://u.pcloud.link/publink/show?code=XZIzg55Zozofaa3HRS86SDNUIIDDtBUuRPsX.The article looks in a comparative coastal engineering framework at the two breakwaters / piers − Portuguese and English − that were built at Tangier (northern Morocco, Strait of Gibraltar zone) in order to manage and hopefully ameliorate the town’s traditional port, before and after Portugal’s loss of control (1661-1662) over the town. The overall timeframe reaches from the earlier sixteenth century to c. 1683. In order to discuss the two structures in a unified and consistent context (hitherto lacking in the literature), the article presents a revised, improved, and expanded bathymetric reconstruction of the Old Port of Tangier, based on pre-modern depth soundings and navigation hazard surveys dating from c. 1661 to 1907-1908. An extensive discussion of the available sources and of their likely genesis / correlation is followed by a bathymetrically framed overview of the old Portuguese breakwater, with reconstruction diagrams and generalized coastal engineering analysis. This is followed by a discussion and analysis of the post-1662 English ‘Mole’ (breakwater / pier / quay) in the exact same bathymetric context, for purposes of practical, controlled, and geo-referenced comparison. The article includes topographic pointers that may be of further use for the study, diachronic interpretation, and musealized modelling / display of Tangier’s Old Port.

con cierta fluidez el árabe y el chelja, y alcanzó un notable conocimiento del territorio del Rif. Por otra parte, su carrera militar -en la que alcanzó el grado de teniente coronel-se caracterizó por la más estricta profesionalidad y fue uno de los pocos militares africanistas que sirvieron fielmente a la República y que no se sumaron a la sublevación militar de 1936. El estudio de su trayectoria permite contrastar algunas de las ideas establecidas acerca de la formación y desempeño de los interventores en el Protectorado.

Multi-period differences of technical and financial performances are analysed by comparing five North African railways over the period (1990-2004). Our approach is based on the Malmquist DEA TFP index for measuring the total factors productivity change, decomposed into technical efficiency change and technological changes using the software DEAP-XP. This method provide complementary detailed information, especially by discriminating the technological and management progresses by Malmquist Index. Keywords Case Study, Malmquist DEA TFP index, North African railways, Multiple Periods Performance analysis. The software DEAP-XP. Résumé. Notre analyse présente les performances techniques et financières dans le secteur du transport ferroviaire en comparant 5 différents pays nord africains pour la périodicité (1990-2004). Notre approche dynamique DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) et l'indice de Malmquist qui permettent, outre l'étude des variations de la productivité globale des facte...