Moral and Ethical Issues in Science

Arming uninhabited vehicles (UVs) is an increasing trend. Widespread deployment can bring dangers for arms-control agreements and international humanitarian law (IHL). Armed UVs can destabilise the situation between potential opponents. Smaller systems can be used for terrorism. Using a systematic definition existing international regulation of armed UVs in the fields of arms control, export control and transparency measures is reviewed; these partly include armed UVs, but leave large gaps. For preventive arms control a general prohibition of armed UVs would be best. If that is unattainable, several measures should be taken. An explicit prohibition of autonomous attack, that is without a human decision, should be added to IHL. Concerning armed UVs remotely controlled by a human soldier, recommendations differ according to type or mission. New kinds of uninhabited nuclear-weapon carriers should be banned. Space weapons should be prohibited in general. UVs smaller than 0.2–0.5 m should be banned. Bigger remotely controlled armed UVs not equipped with weapons of mass destruction should be subject to numerical limitations in various categories. For these the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe is an important precedent.

Many researchers believe that the proper identification of psychology variables depends on using accurate tools that function beyond cultural, political and social attachments for measuring the psychological features in human societies. In this regard, the present study has been conducted to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of Black’s Moral Agency Scale (2016) in Iranian population. This scale has 15 items with three subscales of responsibility, external attribution and group pressure that has been validated with a desirable validity and reliability in American-European society. In the present study, to use this scale first the Persian version was prepared using back translation and then it was distributed among a sample of 381 male and female students of the University of Mazandaran, who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling to participate in this study. In the next step, the construct validity of the scale was examined by exploratory factor analysis method. The results showed that after removing 2 items due to loading onto a factor other than the main factor, the scale has a three-factorial structure such as the original version. Then, to examine the confirmatory factor analysis, the model's fit was evaluated using Amos software, which confirmed the results of the structure obtained from the exploratory factor analysis. Moreover, for further evaluation of the validity of the scale, the correlations between the factors and the total score was examined through Pearson's correlation, and results indicated a good correlation between the subscales with the total score of the scale. To assess the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was adopted. The Cronbach's alpha for responsibility, group pressure, external attribution and total scale scores were 0.53, 0.57, 0.55, and 0.60, respectively. Finally, with due regard to the data obtained from this research, it can be said that the present scale has an acceptable reliability and validity and is suitable for use by Iranian researchers in future studies.

Evidence-based practice has become an important approach to social work practice. This paper highlights some of the ethical dilemmas which may be implicated by this approach, and encourages social workers and social work researchers to carefully consider these potential quandaries.

Depuis maintenant plusieurs décennies, les transformations de l’État providence associées à une précarisation croissante de la société ont profondément redessiné les contours du travail social. Ces évolutions exposent les professionnels concernés à des difficultés nouvelles qui mettent en tension la dimension éthique de leurs interventions. L’accompagnement des familles migrantes en situation irrégulière est particulièrement concerné par ces enjeux. À partir d’une enquête sociologique réalisée dans une association assurant l’hébergement de ces familles, cet article expose les limites d’une forme d’action sociale qui consiste à venir en aide à une population à laquelle on refuse le droit de séjourner en France. Ce mandat, pour le moins paradoxal, soumet les intervenants à des contradictions fortes qui les amènent à repenser les modalités de leur engagement auprès du public. Au croisement d’enjeux politiques, éthiques et institutionnels se dessine alors une nouvelle économie morale de...

This is a unique opportunity for early career researchers to join The Alan Turing Institute. The Alan Turing Institute (ATI) is the UK’s new national institute for data science, established to bring together world-leading expertise to provide leadership in the emerging field of data science. The Institute has been founded by the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Oxford, UCL and Warwick and the EPSRC.

This is a targeted call, by which we intend to recruit researchers in subjects currently underrepresented by our fellowship cohort. Fellowships are available for 3 years with the potential for an additional 2 years of support following interim review. Fellows will pursue research based at the Institute hub in the British Library, London. Fellowships will be awarded to individual candidates and fellows will be employed by a joint venture partner university (Cambridge, Edinburgh, Oxford, UCL or Warwick).

An important distinction can be made between the science, technology, and society (STS) movement of past years and the domain of socioscientific issues (SSI). STS education as typically practiced does not seem embedded in a coherent developmental or sociological framework that explicitly considers the psychological and epistemological growth of the child, nor the development of character or virtue. In contrast, the SSI movement focuses on empowering students to consider how science-based issues reflect, in part, moral principles and elements of virtue that encompass their own lives, as well as the physical and social world around them. The focus of this paper is to describe a research-based framework of current research and practice that identifies factors associated with reasoning about socioscientific issues and provide a working model that illustrates theoretical and conceptual links among key psychological, sociological, and developmental factors central to SSI and science education.

The scientific societies of the world are currently faced with the phenomenon of human Embryonic Stem Cell Research and its capacity to change the hitherto approach to cures and treatments. The problems of harvesting these stem cells and its economic effects however has been a field of intense debate. Although the European Union has taken an impressive approach to this new emergence, the Union is only European. Hence, this paper therefore seeks to investigate the Nigerian approach to this phenomenon notwithstanding various arguments on foetal rights. It also gives an analysis of the ethical issues surrounding this medical “breakthrough” and some of its economic implications.

Within social psychology, fieldwork in conflict settings is still not commonplace, despite recent calls for more researchers to engage in fieldwork to understand conflict dynamics. With this article, we wish to emphasize the importance of conducting fieldwork to the future of psychological science, while simultaneously acknowledging the challenges such research entails. We approach the subject as “outsiders,” and consider a number of important factors that researchers in that position should be aware of before entering a conflict situation. We have chosen the issues we believe to be the main challenges and those which are most in need of discussion prior to outsiders conducting fieldwork in conflict contexts. These issues are listed as either practical or ethical. Practical concerns include the following: (a) actual and perceived safety of researchers and participants, (b) the complexities of getting research permits, (c) identities of the researcher, (d) social and cultural script, and (e) language barriers between researchers and participants. Ethical concerns necessary to take into account in conflict contexts include but are not limited to (a) getting informed consent, (b) recording interviews, (c) avoiding psychological harm to respondents, (d) psychological demands of research for the research team, and (e) giving back to the respondents. With a need for more conflict research within social psychology, we hope to contribute to an increase in the work done in such contexts as well as the general discussions of such experiences.

Absolutist systems of ethics have come in for harsh criticism by moral philosophers on a number of fronts. The Principle of Double Effect was formulated by Catholic ethicists to overcome such objections. Its key lever is making a critical distinction between those bad effects of a voluntary action that are intended and those that are unintended. In this essay, Leslie Allan addresses four of the most prominent problems faced by an absolutist ethic and evaluates the extent to which the Principle of Double Effect is successful in avoiding or mitigating these criticisms.

Responding to the demands of the technology-driven global economy, engineers increase their technical competencies, improve cross-cultural communication skills, and become more innovative, entrepreneurial and flexible (Continental, 2006). As the demands on the engineer are increasing and the role of an engineer evolves and becomes more prominent, the importance of teaching engineering ethics to engineering students is increasing too. This article investigates current trends in the teaching of engineering ethics in the context of diverse approaches to evaluating the responsibility of an engineer. The article reveals the complexity of the issue, which confirms the need for future engineers to be competent in dealing with ethical dilemmas. The engineer must be aware of the fact that his or her invention will initiate a chain of events that will involve the use of this invention and will have various social, environmental and legal ramifications, which should be taken into account. The engineer must also be sufficiently prepared to make ethical decisions without sufficient guidance, as the full range of possible future scenarios cannot be foreseen.

Genetic engineering, or genetic modification, uses a variety of tools and techniques from biotechnology and bioengineering to
modify an organism’s genetic makeup. Transgenics refers to those specific genetic engineering processes that remove genetic
material from one species of plant or animal and add it to a different species. Due to the high similarity in genetic sequences for
proteins among species, transgenic organisms are able to effectively assimilate and express these transgenes.

We thank C. S. I. Jenkins and Neil Levy for their thoughtful comments on our article about love and addiction (Earp, Wudarczyk, Foddy, & Savulescu, in press). While we do not have room for a comprehensive reply, we would like to touch on a few main issues.

Bismillahirrohmaanirrohim, Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Puji syukur kami haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT, semoga kita semua selalu dalam bimbingan-Nya. Shalawat serta salam semoga tercurah kepada Nabi dan Rosul terakhir Muhammad SAW.

Dalam rangka memperingati Isra dan Mi’raj Nabi Muhammad SAW 27 Rajab 1440H, Pesantren Miftahul Huda insya Alloh bermaksud mengadakan kegiatan rutin Santunan Yatim dan Dhuafa berupa pemberian sembako dan santunan kepada yatim piatu dan fakir miskin disekitar pesantren sebagai bentuk kepedulian sesama Muslim. Insya Allah kegiatan tersebut akan dilaksanakan pada :

Hari / Tanggal: Rabu, 3 April 2019 Jam 15.00 s/d Selesai
Tempat:  PESANTREN MIFTAHUL HUDA Kp. Bojong Nangka Rt.02/04 Wanaraja-Garut
Acara:
1. Jamuan makan bersama Yatim, Dhuafa dan Masyarakat Sekitar
2. Pembagian sembako

Untuk itu kami memohon bantuan kepada Bapak / Ibu untuk bisa memberikan dukungan dana ataupun dalam bentuk sembako demi terlaksananya kegiatan tersebut. Rencana anggaran biaya yang diperlukan untuk acara ini sebesar 164.500.000 (seratus enam puluh empat juta lima ratus ribu rupiah). Kami yakin bapak/ibu/sdr/i berkenan memberikan kontribusinya kepada kami, sehingga kegiatan program rutin tahunan pesantren ini dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Demikian surat permohonan bantuan ini kami sampaikan. Atas perhatian dan partisipasinya, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Jazakallohu khoiron katsiron. Wabillahi taufiq walhidayah, Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

İnsanların dünyadaki hayatlarında birarada yaşamak zorunda oluşları, aralarında “ortak iyi”ler  oluşturma veya bulma çabalarına sebep olmuştur. Ortak iyi ’nin kapsamı ve fonksiyonları kavramsal olarak ahlak ilimine/bilimine karşılık gelmektedir...

- Result of “the Onlife Initiative,” a one-year project funded by the European Commission to study the deployment of ICTs and its effects on the human condition
- Inspires reflection on the ways in which a hyperconnected world forces the rethinking of the conceptual frameworks on which policies are built
- Draws upon the work of a group of scholars from a wide range of disciplines including, anthropology, cognitive science, computer science, law, philosophy, political science

What is the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the human condition? In order to address this question, in 2012 the European Commission organized a research project entitled The Onlife Initiative: concept reengineering for rethinking societal concerns in the digital transition. This volume collects the work of the Onlife Initiative. It explores how the development and widespread use of ICTs have a radical impact on the human condition.

ICTs are not mere tools but rather social forces that are increasingly affecting our self-conception (who we are), our mutual interactions (how we socialise); our conception of reality (our metaphysics); and our interactions with reality (our agency). In each case, ICTs have a huge ethical, legal, and political significance, yet one with which we have begun to come to terms only recently.

The impact exercised by ICTs is due to at least four major transformations: the blurring of the distinction between reality and virtuality; the blurring of the distinction between human, machine and nature; the reversal from information scarcity to information abundance; and the shift from the primacy of stand-alone things, properties, and binary relations, to the primacy of interactions, processes and networks.

Such transformations are testing the foundations of our conceptual frameworks. Our current conceptual toolbox is no longer fitted to address new ICT-related challenges. This is not only a problem in itself. It is also a risk, because the lack of a clear understanding of our present time may easily lead to negative projections about the future. The goal of The Manifesto, and of the whole book that contextualises, is therefore that of contributing to the update of our philosophy. It is a constructive goal. The book is meant to be a positive contribution to rethinking the philosophy on which policies are built in a hyperconnected world, so that we may have a better chance of understanding our ICT-related problems and solving them satisfactorily.

The Manifesto launches an open debate on the impacts of ICTs on public spaces, politics and societal expectations toward policymaking in the Digital Agenda for Europe’s remit. More broadly, it helps start a reflection on the way in which a hyperconnected world calls for rethinking the referential frameworks on which policies are built.

This paper aims to understand how the Qur’an prescribes relations between humans and animals. I discuss the Qur’anic epistemologies of morality and bring them into conversation with esoteric claims of hypernomian versus baseline morality. Various Sufi scholars consider morality to be tiered, with taqlīd serving as a baseline. This paper will argue why treatment of animals beyond what is required might be considered hypernomian and not antinomian. I seek to negate the association of hypernomian moral decisions such as vegetarianism with sacrilege by arguing why they are an extension of, and not in defiance to, shari’a morality. I reference similar delineations of that which is permitted versus that which is preferred, such as in the case of qisas and remittance. This paper will also necessarily deliberate on the meaning (or meanings) of taqwā, and how it relates to human ethical formation. 
On the level of the problematic, this paper will engage with interpretations of Genesis and the role of man as khilafa of the world, as well as the epistemological and circumstantial significances of sacrifice, personhood, dominion, property and custodianship.

This paper presents the concepts of beneficence, responsibility and accountability in procurement management through an examination of ethical theories and their application to managerial challenges which typically confront procurement managers, their employees and suppliers in Kenya and in other countries. The main research drivers were focused on the ethical tendering, accountability, transparency and fairness in awards. The literature review employed various theories such as: Virtue Theory, Utilitarian Theory, and Kantian Theory. Of course, these approaches are considered in relation to the procurement management implications.

This paper presents the concepts of beneficence, responsibility and accountability in procurement management through an examination of ethical theories and their application to managerial challenges which typically confront procurement managers, their employees and suppliers in Kenya and in other countries. The main research drivers were focused on the ethical tendering, accountability, transparency and fairness in awards. The literature review employed various theories such as: Virtue Theory, Utilitarian Theory, and Kantian Theory. Of course, these approaches are considered in relation to the procurement management implications.

Bilim tutarlı özelliklere sahiptir. Olgusal, mantıksal, nesnel, eleştirici, genelleyici ve seçicidir. Bilim insanı, belirlenmiş olan ilkeler doğrultusunda hareket ederek bilimsel bilgiyi üretir. Bilimsel bilgi bir tarafıyla da bilim insanının kişiliğini ve mesleki yeterliliğini yansıtan bir mahsuldür. Bilimsel bilginin elde edilme, kaleme alınma ve yayınlanma yöntemleri farklı bilim alanları için belirlenmiştir. Araştırmacının belirlenen bu kurallara göre hareket etmesi beklenir. Araştırmacı kuralların dışında hareket etmeye başlarsa etik ihlaller ortaya çıkar.
Etik ihlaller, uluslararası ve ulusal bilim kuruluşları tarafından çeşitli başlıklar altında tanımlanmıştır. Aşırmacılık (plagiarism), uydurmacılık (fabrication), çarpıtma/sahtecilik (falsification), tekrar yayın (dublication), dilimleme (salami slicing) tanımlanan yaygın etik ihlal çeşitleridir. Belirlenen etik ihlallere yönelik hukuki yaptırımlar akademik kadroda bulunanlar için 2547 sayılı Yükseköğretim Kanunu’nun 53. maddesinde belirlenmiştir. Akademi dışında kalan kişilerin yaptığı etik ihlaller 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun ilgili hükümlerine göre değerlendirilmektedir.
Bu makalede bilim, bilimsel bilgi, etik ihlal kavramları açıklandıktan sonra örnek bir olay üzerinden hayali dipnotların nasıl üretildiği ve bilimin nasıl kurgulandığı gösterilecektir. Çalışmanın amacı bilimsel yazımlarda referans kullanımının önemine dikkat çekmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Etik İhlal, Uydurma Referanslar, Naci Şahin Olayı, Yükseköğretim Kurulu (YÖK), 5846 Sayılı Kanun, 2547 Sayılı Kanun

Abstract
  Science has some consistent features. It is factual, logical, objective, critical, generic and selective. A scientist produces scientific knowledge trailing specific principles. With one side, the scientific knowledge is a crop reflecting the personality and the qualification of the scientist, too. The methods of gaining, publishing, and writing of scientific knowledge are determined for different scientific fields. A researcher is supposed to act according to the determined principles. If the researcher begins to act out of the determined perinciples then ethical abuses are shown up.
Ethical abuses have been defined in classified titles by international and national scientific institutions. Plagiarism, fabrication, falsification dublication, salami slicing are the types of the defined ethical abuses. The legal compulsaries regarding ethical abuses that is detected have been determined for academicians in the law on Higher Education numbered 2547. The ethical abuses committed by the people who are out of academy are evaluated according to the law on intellectual and artistic works numbered 5846.
In this article, after explaining the terms of science, scientific knowledge, ethical abuse, it will be shown, via a case study, that how unreal footnes were given and how the science was builded as imaginary. The main aim of this work is to attract an attention to the importance of using refences in the scientific writings.

Keywords: Ethical Abuse, Fabrication References, The Case of Naci Şahin, The Council of Higher Education (CoHE), The Law Numbered 5846, The Law Numbered 2547.

Moral Science a science of human soul; it's a mirror of one's inward mind, one's ethics. Moral science inculcates values in mankind and value education is very vital from childhood. Value means primarily to prize, to esteem, to appraise, to estimate, it means the act of cherishing something, holding it dear and also the act of passing judgment upon the nature and amounts of values as compared with something else. In today's rat race values are eroding fast. There is a total decadence in social and moral values. A country which boasts of rich cultural heritage is coming to a naught as many of us have forgotten to guide the younger generation. Values unlike other aspects have gone into abysses where human existence and its future looks dismal and in dark. The present paper highlights importance of moral sciences and values in higher education.

Recent research suggests that romantic love may be literally addictive. Although the exact nature of the relationship between love and addiction has been described in inconsistent terms throughout the literature, we offer a framework that distinguishes between a narrow view and a broad view of love addiction. The narrow view counts only the most extreme, harmful forms of love or love-related behaviors as being potentially addictive in nature. The broad view, by contrast, counts even basic social attachment as being on a spectrum of addictive motivations, underwritten by similar neurochemical processes as more conventional addictions. We argue that on either understanding of love-as-addiction, treatment decisions should hinge on considerations of harm and well-being rather than on definitions of disease. Implications for the ethical use of anti-love biotechnology are considered.

The study tried to investigate the ethical awareness and issues among secondary school educators and students in Maguindanao Division of the Department of Education in the Philippines. Findings revealed low agreement of respondents to moral issues such as sexual immorality, environmental destruction, war and violence, human rights violations, materialism/consumerism, drug addiction/alcoholism, vandalism and gambling. However, graft and corruption is a serious moral problem in the Philippines according to them. Educators strongly agreed to more items than the students indicating a higher level of awareness on ethical issues. The solution to moral problems indicated by the educatorsas their top three priorities are: spiritual renewal led by church or Ulama, moral recovery program of the government, and making people realize their rights and duties through education. For the students, the top three solutions should be: education, moral recovery program of the government and school programs. Preventive measure for moral problems according to the educators are: religious education program, program against drug addiction/alcoholism, sports/recreation program,environmental care, advocacy against graft and corruption, and values education. For the students, the preventive measures includes: program on drug addiction and alcoholism, religious education, values education, environmental care, and peace education.

Learning analytics holds increasing potential for student agency and autonomy, highlighting a need for ethical discourse at all levels of higher education institutions. Topics central to this dialogue include student awareness of analytics, the future of algorithms and learning analytics, and the redefinition of failure.

In this chapter, we introduce the notion of “moral neuroenhancement,” offering a novel definition as well as spelling out three conditions under which we expect that such neuroenhancement would be most likely to be permissible (or even desirable). Furthermore, we draw a distinction between first-order moral capacities, which we suggest are less promising targets for neurointervention, and second-order moral capacities, which we suggest are more promising. We conclude by discussing concerns that moral neuroenhancement might restrict freedom or otherwise “misfire,” and argue that these concerns are not as damning as they may seem at first.

The World Conferences were established as global forums for discussion of ideas, policies and empirical findings related to the responsible conduct of research. The Conferences aim to galvanise the global effort to strengthen the trustworthiness and reliability of research and encourage researchers worldwide to be accountable for their findings. Earlier conferences were held in Lisbon , Singapore (2010) and Montréal . The Rio conference attracted over 470 delegates from 42 countries, including leaders of research institutions and funding agencies, policy makers, editors and publishers, legal experts, researchers and graduate students. The theme of the conference was Research Rewards and Integrity: Improving Systems to Promote Responsible Research. These Proceedings contain the abstracts of the presentations given at the 4th World Conference in concurrent sessions, partner symposia, and poster sessions. Also included are summaries of the discussions in three focus tracks, which allowed delegates to consider and work on questions about the roles of funders, institutions, and countries in improving research systems and strengthening research integrity. Videos of the plenary presentations are available at the conference website (www.wcri2015.org).

Four members of the Dawoodi Bohra sect of Islam living in Detroit, Michigan have recently been indicted on charges of female genital mutilation (FGM). This is the first time the US government has prosecuted an “FGM” case since a federal law was passed in 1996. The world is watching to see how the case turns out. A lot is at stake here. Multiculturalism, religious freedom, the limits of tolerance; the scope of children’s—and minority group—rights; the credibility of scientific research; even the very concept of “harm.” To see how these pieces fit together, I need to describe the alleged crime.

This chapter provides a general overview and introduction to the law and ethics of virtual sexual assault. It offers a definition of the phenomenon and argues that there are six interesting types. It then asks and answers three questions: (i) should we criminalise virtual sexual assault? (ii) can you be held responsible for virtual sexual assault? and (iii) are there issues with 'consent' to virtual sexual activity that might make it difficult to prosecute or punish virtual sexual assault?

This National Integrity System (NIS) Assessment Nepal 2014 describes the status of the 11 pillars of NIS in terms of their capacity, governance, and role besides pointing out the gap between laws and practices. The NIS of Nepal shows the vulnerability of key institutions in a situation marked by political uncertainty, the absence of a legislature, and a worrying gap between law and practice.

This publication sheds light on ways to contribute to the cause of good governance by improving the performance of specific pillars of the NIS: Executive, Judiciary, Public Sector, Law Enforcement Agencies, Electoral Management Body, Supreme Audit Institution, Anti-corruption Agencies, Political Parties, Media, Civil Society, and Business.

Institutionalized and internalized,‭ ‬competence intersubjectivity contain many user-illusions and an imaginary or manifest image of reality,‭ ‬including of themselves‭ (‬Dennett and Sellars‭)‬,.‭ ‬This can be contrasted we a comprehension or comprehensive,‭ ‬understanding intersubjectivity.‭ ‬It is possible and perhaps even necessary to transform or replace the competence intersubjectivity to a comprehension or understanding‭ (‬scientific,‭ ‬Dennett and Sellars‭) ‬image of reality and themselves.Ethics and morality and studies of ethics and morality deal with the reality of competence intersubjectivity‭ (‬by means of socio-cultural practices that are derived from,‭ ‬based on an created by means of this restrictive,‭ ‬misleading,‭ ‬unreal,‭ ‬illusory,‭ ‬unrealistic intersubjectivity and the life-worlds associated with it‭)  ‬and human life-worlds constituted on the basis of and in terms of this intersubjectivity.‭ ‬This is why I am a nihilist,‭ ‬a libertarian,‭ ‬at least a minarchist or rather an anarchist and epistemologically a sceptic.

Kant’s‭ ‬things in themselves are similar‭ ‬to Dennett and Searle‭’‬s‭ ‬notions of manifest and scientific image.‭ ‬With my addition that we‭  ‬are socialized and internalize the competent,‭ ‬know how to do it,‭  ‬institutionalized manifest,‭ ‬everyday intersubjectivity,‭ ‬instead of the comprehension,‭ ‬insights and understanding knowing that,‭ ‬scientific intersubjectivity of all scientific disciplines.‭


This piece can be read as independent as comments on meta-ethics,‭ ‬or it can be read as a chapter in my Book‭ ‘‬Intersubjectivity‭ (‬continued‭)’‬,‭ ‬or it can be read as an introduction to my thoughts on philosophy and more specifically Intersubjectivity as‭ –


Determining the nature of‭  ‬philosophy


Determining the nature of the subject-matter of philosophy,‭ ‬sociology,‭ ‬social psychology,‭ ‬aspects of cognitive sciences,‭ ‬ethics,‭ ‬epistemology,‭ ‬etc,


Determining the nature of philosophical methodology and approaches.

Reasons why I have refrained from reflecting and writing on ethics and morality‭ ‬-‭

a‭)‬  The intersubjectivity that are institutionalized,‭ ‬socialized and internalize and therefore being employed to constitute reality,‭ ‬life-worlds,‭ ‬selves,‭ ‬discourses and socio-cultural practices,‭ ‬including specialized disciplines,‭ ‬eg philosophy,‭ ‬is that of‭  ‬Kantian things-for-us or Searle‭’ ‬and Dennett’s notion of manifest,‭ ‬imaginary,‭ ‬competent or know-how,‭ ‬knowing-how-to images.‭ ‬This kind of intersubjectivity underlies human morality and ethics,‭ ‬as well as approaches of philosophers to these and other branches of philosophy.

‭ ‬b‭) ‬How philosophers exist and how they live,‭ ‬their attitudes and beliefs,‭ ‬are very different from the theories of human existence,‭ ‬consciousness,‭ ‬selves,‭ ‬ethics,‭ ‬morality,‭ ‬epistemology,‭ ‬ontology,‭ ‬metaphysics,‭ ‬etc they advocate or express in and as their theories.‭ ‬Philosophers have their own private ways or personal styles of im/morality and being a-ethical while they advocate theories of ethics‭ (‬and other branches of philosophy‭) ‬that are completely different from their real attitudes and beliefs.

c‭) ‬As far as institutionalized and lived ethics and morality go I am a nihilist,‭ ‬an anarchist,‭ ‬or at least a minarchist,‭ ‬a Pyrrhonist,‭ ‬or at least a Humean or Kantian sceptic if not a fallibilist.

A suggestion before I paste the usual,‭ ‬contemporary encyclopaedic notions of ethics as a branch of philosophy and present notions of the‭ ‘‬division‭’ ‬of the subject and approaches to ethics and meta-ethics.‭

When a compatibilist says free will and determinism are compatible,‭ ‬and critics say they are mistaken‭ – ‬see below‭ – ‬they talk about specific situations,‭ ‬while those who points out that there do exists some kinds of determinisms after all,‭ ‬the latter take a more general,‭ ‬big picture view and make a statement on a greater or higher level of generality or generalization.

The technological advances of contemporary society have outpaced our moral understanding of the problems that they create. How will we deal with profound ecological changes, human cloning, hybrid people, and eroding cyberprivacy, just to name a few issues? In this book, Lorenzo Magnani argues that existing moral constructs often cannot be applied to new technology. He proposes an entirely different ethical approach, one that blends epistemology with cognitive science. The resulting moral strategy promises renewed dignity for overlooked populations, both of today and of the future.

The editorial from ‘Sacred Web’ examines the ideas of transhumanism and posthumanism, concepts which seek to redefine what it means to be ‘human’.Aided by new technologies, these modernistic ideas are gaining hold among those who are in a position to influence our future. But as the ‘Transhuman Era’ dawns, what are the ethical challenges that its worldview and inventions pose? And how sound are their philosophical underpinnings? This survey offers a traditionalist critique of the foundations of transhumanism.

That AI will have a major impact on society is no longer in question. Current debate turns instead on how far this impact will be positive or negative, for whom, in which ways, in which places, and on what timescale. Put another way, we can safely dispense with the question of whether AI will have an impact; the pertinent questions now are by whom, how, where, and when this positive or negative impact will be felt, and hence what governance needs to be put in place to provide the best possible answers.
In order to frame these questions in a more substantive way, in this prolegomena we introduce what we consider the four core opportunities for society offered by the use of AI, four associated risks which could emerge from its overuse or misuse, and the opportunity costs associated with its underuse. We then offer a high-level view of the emerging advantages for organisations of taking an ethical approach to developing and deploying AI. Finally, we introduce a set of five principles which should guide the development and deployment of AI technologies – four of which build on existing bioethics principles and an additional one that we argue is of equal importance in the case of AI.