Moderating and Mediating Effects

The general objective of the study is to investigate the effect of Mobile Banking Innovations on Financial Inclusion among Jua Kali Traders in Eastleigh Market, Nairobi City County. The study seeks to address the following specific objectives:  To establish the effect of digital payment innovations on financial inclusion among Jua Kali traders in Eastleigh market, Nairobi City market. To investigate the effect digital lending innovations on financial inclusion among Jua Kali traders in Eastleigh market, Nairobi City market, finally, to determine the effect digital financial literacy innovations on financial inclusion among Jua Kali traders in Eastleigh market, Nairobi City market.
Data will be collected using structured questionnaires from Jua Kali traders in Eastleigh Market, with a sample drawn from the population of 20,000 businesses. The study will employ stratified random sampling, dividing the population into categories of micro, small, and medium enterprises, ensuring that all business sizes are proportionately represented. Respondents will be randomly selected within each stratum, providing a reliable and representative sample for analysis. The sample size for this study will be derived using the Yamane formula arriving at 392 traders. The data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and frequencies. Bivariate linear regression analysis will be applied to assess the impact of each mobile banking innovation (digital payments, lending, and financial literacy) on financial inclusion. The data will be processed and presented using SPSS Version 25.0, with findings shown in tables and visual charts for clarity.

This study investigated the relationship between brand identity, brand lifestyle congruence, brand satisfaction, and repurchase intention. In addition, this study examined how the primary reference group’s family and peer/friend affected individuals’ perceptions of brand
identity, brand-lifestyle congruence, brand satisfaction, and purchase intention through a multi-group structural equation model. A total of 610 valid and useable responses, collected from a social media channel, were analyzed. Grounded in social identity theory and selfcongruity theory, a set of hypotheses was examined within a research model. The findings
show that brand identity significantly affects brand lifestyle congruence, brand satisfaction, and repurchase intentions. In addition, brand-lifestyle congruence significantly affects brand satisfaction and repurchase intentions, with brand satisfaction also significantly affecting purchase intentions. Also, high-income and elderly consumers tend to ignore the family and peer effects. Middle-aged, middle-income men who value product origin show a strong brand perception, and are less influenced by family. In contrast, women, typically lower-income and price-focused, are more receptive to family and peer effects and generally indifferent to
product origin. This research advances brand identity literature by examining the effects of brand brand-lifestyle congruence, brand satisfaction, and purchase intention. It suggests that the synergy between brand identity, brand lifestyle congruence, and brand satisfaction significantly enhances repurchase intentions. Besides, examining profiles in the context of brands, consumers, and reference groups contributes additional value to the field.

This study examines the relationship between perceived occupational stress and work-home
interactions, focusing on the moderating role of coping mechanisms, and comparing
on-site and off-site/hybrid employees. The sample comprises 113 Romanian professionals,
including on-site and off-site & hybrid employees. The results reveal that on-site and
off-site employees experience differences in specific work-home interactions, notably in
work negatively influencing personal life (WH-) and personal life negatively influencing
work (HW-). Additionally, off-site employees tend to rely more on emotional social support
as a coping strategy than on-site employees. These differences are statistically significant,
though the effect sizes are small, suggesting that while there are measurable distinctions
between the two groups, the magnitude of these differences is modest. Coping strategies
also play a critical role in stress management, with active strategies, such as planning and
problem-solving, alleviating the negative effects of work-home conflict, while passive
strategies, like denial and disengagement, intensify stress. The findings emphasize the
importance of considering work arrangements and coping resources when addressing
occupational stress and suggest that tailored efforts in return-to-office transitions are
necessary to support employees across different work settings.

Introduction. As family caregiving for the elderly was reaching its limit due to the continuing
increase in the elderly population, day care can be said to be an intermediate stage between
home care and facility care, and a system that responds well to Korea's welfare policy for the
elderly, which advocates aging in place and integrated community care. Therefore, the purpose
of this study is to understand the moderating effect of resilience on the effects of the caregiving
burden of primary caregivers of elderly people who use day care centers on depression.
Study participants and methods. The participants in this study were 304 primary caregiver of
elderly people who use a day care center. 76.0% of the 304 were woman, 57.9% were middleaged people aged 50 to 64, 41.8% of them were high school graduates. Frequency analysis,
t-test, and one-way ANOVA were performed using SPSS Win 24.0, and moderating effect analysis
was performed using SPSS PROCESS MACRO 3.5.4 version (Model 1).
Results. The higher the independent variable, i.e., the higher the caregiving burden, the higher
the depression (Coefficient=.374, p=.000), and the higher the resilience, the lower the depression
(Coefficient=-.174, p=.000). The effect value of the interaction term of the dependency burden
and resilience was significant as -.270 (p=.001). The F value of the model was significant as
33.667 (p=.000), and the explanatory power was 25.1%. Also as interaction terms are added. The
amount of change in R2 was significant as .031 (p=.001), and the moderating effect of resilience
was verified
Practical significance. It was revealed that self-esteem and basic job skills are important to
improve the job-search skills of middle-aged adults. Therefore, in order to support customized
career design at the national level, it is suggested that vocational education programs should
include not only certification courses, but also content for improving basic vocational competency
and counseling for improving self-esteem.

Dating anxiety (i.e., anxiety experienced when initiating and/or maintaining a romantic connection) is prevalent in the college student population. Dating anxiety may contribute to psychological distress and diminished life satisfaction and has been found to be associated with depressive symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated preventative strategies that may negatively impact college students' ability to socialize and thus potentially worsen their mental health. The current study examined whether the relationship between dating anxiety and depressive symptoms was moderated by perceived impact of COVID-19. Participants included college students (N = 225) enrolled at a large Midwestern university and were 18-23 years of age (M age = 18.95). Participants completed self-report measures of demographics, dating anxiety, perceived impact of COVID-19, and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with dating anxiety, b = .40, 95% CI [.292, .513], and COVID-19 impact, b = .33, 95% CI [.220, .436]. The interaction term (Dating Anxiety 3 COVID-19 Impact) was significant, b = .15, 95% CI [.062, .240], such that the relationship between higher dating anxiety and greater depressive symptoms strengthened as COVID-19 impact increased. Our findings demonstrate that increased dating anxiety is related to increased depressive symptoms, which are worsened by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. College students more strongly impacted by COVID-19 may have increased dating anxiety because of decreased exposure to social situations. What is the significance of this article for the general public? The current results have particular implications for mental health services provided to college students. Clinicians providing care to college students should consider the substantial challenges the COVID-19 pandemic presents for daily living, including dating, particularly for individuals who reported higher perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional research aimed to explore how intolerance of uncertainty and hope predict subjective well-being in adults, while accounting for demographic and other relevant psychological variables. The sample consisted of 822 adults, with 58.60% female and 41.40% male participants, aged 18 to 65 years (M = 36.21, SD = 12.76). Regression analysis indicated that both hope and intolerance of uncertainty significantly contributed to unique variance in subjective well-being, even after controlling for all other variables in the model. It was found that hope had a greater impact on subjective well-being, explaining an additional 15% of the variance, compared to intolerance of uncertainty, which accounted for an additional 2% of the variance. Furthermore, hope remained a significant predictor of subjective well-being even when controlling for intolerance of uncertainty and other relevant factors. These results underscore the importance of fostering hope as a distinct and independent factor that enhances subjective well-being, beyond the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and other variables.

This article explored the mediating and moderating factors of financial technology (FinTech) adoption for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) innovations. A systematic literature review (SLR) was performed as a study method. The current research involved an in-depth evaluation of 96 articles published in English between 2000 and 2023. The methods were developed from meta-analysis and SLR's indicated reporting items. The articles were collected by carrying out keyword searches on the Scopusindexed database. The study identified the research gaps in understanding mediating and moderating factors of FinTech adoption for innovation in SMEs. Previous studies, through SLR, have identified a limited mediator or moderator role between FinTech adoption and innovation in SMEs. Due to the limited exploration of mediator or moderator variables, this research offers novel directions for future research about the various FinTech's mediation and/or moderating role for innovation in SMEs. The outlined moderators and mediators in this study are found by combining both intuitive insights and analytical methods. In addition, the study findings will aid SME business owners, professionals, and practitioners to understand how mediating and moderating factors lead to FinTech adoption for innovation in their businesses. IMPACT STATEMENT Overall, this research has the potential to drive significant positive change in the SME sector by enhancing their ability to innovate and thrive in a digital-first economy, thereby contributing to broader economic growth and development.

Employees’ perception of their job and organization is believed to influence service quality (SQ). Hence, this study aims to integrate a mediating and moderating model to improve SQ through job involvement (JI), job satisfaction (JS), and organizational commitment (OC), and investigate how that model incorporating JI, JS, and OC can improve SQ in higher education contexts in developing countries. This study applied a conceptual integration between employees who provide the service and customer-perceived service quality. Data collection from the respondents was performed using a two-sample research design and two sets of questionnaires. The academic staff (296 responses) and their students (1480 responses) formed the study’s sample size. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyze the collected data. The data analysis showed a significant impact of JS on OC and SQ (i.e., the quality of lectures they received in the classroom that shaped their learning experiences). OC sig...

This study examines the moderating effects of financial leverage on the relationships among earnings quality, ownership structure, and firm value within the non-financial sectors of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NGX). Using a sample of 78 purposively selected non-financial firms from the NGX from 2013 to 2022, this study employs moderated linear regression analysis to explore these dynamics. This study aims to fill significant gaps in existing literature by addressing the sectoral effects and interactive impact of financial leverage on the established relationships between earnings quality, ownership structure, and firm value. The findings reveal that earnings quality significantly enhances firm value, thereby affirming the importance of transparent and reliable financial reporting. Institutional ownership is positively correlated with firm value, underscoring its role in effective corporate governance. Conversely, managerial ownership negatively impacts firm value, indicating potential conflicts of interest that detract from shareholder value. Moreover, financial leverage moderates these relationships significantly, with its impact varying by ownership type and earnings quality. The study also identified distinct sectoral effects, indicating that the impact of these variables can differ substantially across different industry sectors. This insight is crucial for policymakers and practitioners aiming to tailor governance structures and financial strategies to enhance firm performance effectively. These results not only contribute to the theoretical literature on corporate finance and governance by integrating agency theory and pecking order theory but also offer practical implications for regulatory bodies such as the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). By advocating for rigorous disclosure and reporting standards, these findings can help improve corporate accountability and enhance investor confidence in emerging markets like Nigeria.

Risk management is a prevalent concept that underlines the value of providing good quality control and risk management functions to effectively monitor the corporate risk management framework. Previously, the MCCG 2007 mandated listed companies to include a risk management team in the internal audit committee to assess the efficacy of the organization's risk management, internal control, and governance process. However, due to recent corporate failures and ineffectiveness of audit committee to monitor firm performance, there is a growing need for a separate RMC. Thus, the purpose of the study is therefore to analyse the risk management committee's structure and effectiveness distinguishing two (2) models; a separate and combined RMC on the firm financial performances of listed companies in Malaysia. The research is based on a Static Panel data technique involving regression based on FEM, REM and Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The findings indicate that a company that set up an RMC consisting of a majority of independent nonexecutive directors, specifically a separate RMC, would significantly improve the firm's performance. The latter results support Agency Theory which suggests that independent nonexecutive directors enhanced the transparency of corporate boards as they improved the firm's compliance with the disclosure requirements.

Duygusal sermaye bir kişinin doğuştan itibaren aile çevresinde, okulda, işte, sosyal yaşamda biriktirdiği kişisel, sosyal, profesyonel ve örgütsel gelişimi için yararlı olan kaynaklar olarak açıklanmaktadır. Performans artırmadaki etkisinden dolayı duygular, sermaye olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bireylerin sosyal ve duygusal yetkinliklerini ifade eden duygusal zekâ temelli duygusal sermaye, insan sermayesindeki gücün kullanılabilmesi için geliştirilmelidir. Duygular çalışanların iş hayatında iyi performans gösterebilmelerini sağlayabilecek bir faktör olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Duyguların işin gereği açık bir şekilde diğer kişiler tarafından gözlenecek şekilde düzenlenmesi ve yönetilmesi olarak açıklanan duygusal emek araştırmasının merkezi odağı, bireylerin istenen duygusal gösterileri nasıl elde ettikleridir. Duygusal sermayesi yüksek olan bireylerin kendi duygularını rahatlıkla belirtebilecekleri ve diğer bireylerin anlaşılmasında ve yönlendirilmesinde daha başarılı olabilecekleri düşünülmektedir. Duyguları anlamlandırma ve işin gerektirdiği yönde harekete geçirme yeteneği duygusal sermaye birikimiyle sağlanabilir. Çalışanlar zamanlarının büyük bir bölümünü iş alanlarında geçirmektedir. Gün içerisinde yaşanılan duygu durumları iş hayatının bir parçası olmaktadır. Çalışanların hayattan aldıkları doyum ve keyif olarak açıklanan pozitif duygu durumları, performanslarını etkileyebilir. Bu araştırmada, duygusal sermayenin duygusal emek üzerindeki etkisinde pozitif duygu durumunun aracılık rolünün tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma evrenini Gaziantep ilinde faaliyet gösteren belediyelerde çalışan kişiler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerini toplamak üzere duygusal sermaye, duygusal emek ve pozitif duygu durumu ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama araçlarının geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Duygusal sermaye alt boyutları ile duygusal emek alt boyutları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan regresyon analizine göre; duygusal sermayenin duygusal emek üzerindeki etkisinde pozitif duygu durumunun aracılık etkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Employees’ perception of their job and organization is believed to influence service quality (SQ). Hence, this study aims to integrate a mediating and moderating model to improve SQ through job involvement (JI), job satisfaction (JS), and organizational commitment (OC), and investigate how that model incorporating JI, JS, and OC can improve SQ in higher education contexts in developing countries. This study applied a conceptual integration between employees who provide the service and customer-perceived service quality. Data collection from the respondents was performed using a two-sample research design and two sets of questionnaires. The academic staff (296 responses) and their students (1480 responses) formed the study’s sample size. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyze the collected data. The data analysis showed a significant impact of JS on OC and SQ (i.e., the quality of lectures they received in the classroom that shaped their learning experiences). OC sig...

This study sought to compare the fat, sugar, and sodium content in commonly consumed bakery bread distributed in Korea and compare these to their chronic disease risk reduction intake (CDRR) values. Samples of 13 different types of bakery bread were analyzed in this study. These comprised nine types of bread considered as key foods which provide 85% of the diet intake of 17 specific nutrients (including fat, sugar, and sodium) and four types of bread that are frequently searched by consumers through internet portal sites and mobile applications. All samples were collected in Seoul during 2020. Sweet red bean butter and croissants showed relatively greater total saturated and trans fatty acid content than the others. Castella had the lowest total saturated and trans fatty acid content and sodium content per 100 g or per serving, while having the greatest total sugar content per 100 g. Whole wheat bread and plain bread tend to have a greater sodium content, but lower total sugar content as compared to the others. The total saturated and total trans fatty acids, total sugar content, and sodium content per serving in all bread were at low levels (i.e., 4.7∼74.4%, 0.5∼20.8%, 3.1∼28.3%, 1.9∼20.3%, respectively) compared to their CDRR values. The reported results can be used to update the Korean food composition database and help consumers make healthy choices in their consumption of bakery foods.

This study investigated the effect of ownership structure and board educational qualification on audit quality of listed non-financial companies in Nigeria. The study used an Expost-facto research design. Secondary data were gathered from ninety (90) listed non-financial firms in Nigeria and covered the duration of ten years (2012-2021). Logistic regression was adopted as a technique of data analysis. The results revealed that foreign ownership has a positive significant effect on audit quality. The study also revealed that institutional ownership has a negative significant effect of audit quality. While board educational qualification has a positive insignificant effect on audit quality of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study recommends among others that the management of non-financial firms in Nigeria should also implement measures to reduce their levels of institutional ownership, such as diversifying their investor base by attracting more individual investors. By doing so, listed non-financial firms in Nigeria can mitigate the negative impact of institutional ownership on audit quality and enhance their reputation with investors.

This study explores the effects of facemasks on respiratory, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular responses during exercise on a treadmill and at rest. Five male subjects (25.8 ± 0.8 y, 171.8 ± 9.2 cm in height, 79.8 ± 28.1 kg in weight) participated in the following five experimental conditions: no mask, KF80, KF94, KF99, and N95. Inhalation resistance was ranked as KF80 < KF94 < N95 < KF99 and dead space inside a mask was ranked as KF80 = KF94 < N95 < KF99. The surface area covered by a mask was on average 1.1% of the total body surface area. The results showed no significant differences in body core temperature, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), heart rate or subjective perception among the five experimental conditions; however, cheek temperature, respiratory ventilation and blood pressure were greater for KF80 or KF94 conditions when compared to KF99 or N95 conditions (p<0.05). The differences among mask conditions are attributed to the dead space or specific designs (cup type vs pleats type) rather than the filtration level. In addition, the results suggest that improving mask design can help mitigate respiratory resistance from increased filtration.

The prime concern of the current research effort is to assess the role of social media marketing efforts to explain the consumer-based brand equity among the restaurant industry of the United Arab Emirates. The study incorporated the facilitating conditions, customer experience and brand loyalty that influence the utilization of social media marketing that further develop the consumer-based brand equity. The restaurants are an important element of the hospitality sector in UAE and important due to the huge number of visitors. Therefore, the importance of social media marketing becomes more evident due to effective approaches in attracting the customers remotely. The collected data was analyzed on Smart-PLS and results depict that facilitating conditions, customer experience and brand loyalty influence social media marketing and consumer-based brand equity. However, the mediating role of social media marketing remained insignificant.

The source and transport of the severe Asian dust event (ADE) recently observed in the Korean peninsula were analyzed based on observations (surface weather charts and satellite data) and modeling study (WRF-CMAQ modeling systems). The ADE occurred on 20-21 March 2010 in South Korea with very high PM 10 concentrations (up to approximately 3,000 μg/m 3 in Daegu and Jeju). The dominant meteorological conditions affecting the dust outbreak and transport processes were found to be associated with the two synoptic features: (1) strong airflows (i.e., westerlies) induced by a strong pressure gradient resulting from a dense isobar pattern (west-high and east-low) between Tuva Republic and Mongolia and (2) a rapid movement of the strong westerlies merged with airflows generated near Gobi Desert and Inner Mongolia. The merged strong westerlies with a low pressure played a pivotal role in the huge amount of AD and its transport height of 5-8 km. The time and location of dust emissions calculated in the source regions were similar to those observed in the weather charts and satellite image. The ADE simulation mostly showed agreement in the patterns and the concentration levels of modeled dust (including PM 10) with those of the observations.

Bu çalışmada hizmet sektöründe tedarik zinciri yönetimi kavramları ve modelleri ile hizmet sektöründe tedarik zinciri yönetiminin bilgi teknolojileri, hizmet performansı ve alıcı firma performansıyla ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bilgi teknolojilerinin verimli kullanılmasının, hizmet sektöründe tedarik zinciri yönetimine etkisi ve bu etkinin de hizmet performansı ve alıcı firma performansı ile ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde; "Erzurum Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasına" ve "Erzurum Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Odasına" bağlı bulunan ve Erzurum ilinde faaliyet gösteren 145 hizmet işletmesinin yetkilileriyle yüz yüze görüşülerek anketler uygulanmıştır. Bilgi teknolojilerinin verimli kullanılmasının, hizmet sektöründe tedarik zinciri yönetimine etkisi ve bu etkinin de hizmet performansına ve alıcı firma performansına etkisi açıklanmıştır. Bu bağlamda geliştirilen model ve hipotez testleri yapısal eşitlik modeli ile istatistiki olarak test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; bilgi teknolojilerindeki verimliliğin, hizmet sektöründe tedarik zinciri yönetimini etkilediği ve bunun da hizmet performansını ve alıcı firma performansını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, hizmet performansının da alıcı firma performansını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

This paper seeks to examine whether the characteristics of the audit committee impact the timely reporting represented by audit report lag (ARL), firm-based abnormal audit report lag (FAARL), and industry-based audit reports lag (IAARL). The sample of the study includes mostly hand-collected 2,284 firm-year observations obtained from Turkey's listed non-financial companies. Main regression results show that audit committee gender diversity, meeting frequency, and independence are negatively associated with timely reporting. Furthermore, additional analysis indicates the negative association between timely reporting and the audit committee effectiveness indexes created by the coexistence of the audit committee. Also, an interaction effect between audit committee independence and gender diversity concerning the timeliness of financial reporting has been documented. The use of fixed effects estimators and two-step system GMM estimator also supported the main results. This paper aims to provide concrete contribution to the literature by examining timely reporting in an emerging market like Turkey. The results suggest that regulatory bodies and companies should review the audit committee structure to better timely reporting and reduce firm and industry-based abnormal delays.

The title of this study is an analysis of the effect of corporate characteristics and auditor characteristics on the audit fee. The study aims to prove that the audit fee is influenced by the company characteristics (company size, business complexity, risk, profitability) and the manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2010-2014. The technique of sampling with purposive sampling obtains 88 companies, which is relevant to the multiple regression analysis tools. The results of this study indicate the significant effect among variables company size, the company profitability, and the auditor size toward the audit fee. However, the company's complexity, the company's risk, and audit tenure have no significant effect on the audit fee.

In order to provide basic data for designing the outdoor exercise environment to promote the health of the citizens, this study has analyzed the status of citizens' use of outdoor exercise places that have been supplied extensively recently and the factors affecting the citizens' choice of the places. A survey was made on 20 spots in 12 places where outdoor exercise equipment is installed to identify the characteristics of use and the factors affecting the selection of the spots and for the 1,733 survey sheets collected finally SPSS program was used to analyze the multiple answers. Major results of this research are as follows: First, since light exercise equipment mostly for bodily exercises has been installed, it has brought practical effects for the physically weak people, aged people and the people who scarcely exercise, while decreasing the users' economic burdens. Second, the scales of important factors the users think in selecting their exercise spots were 'spaciousness (2,028 times)' > 'accessibility (1,751 times)' > 'fitness (1,583' > 'supportability (1,445)' > 'community centeredness (1,260).' Third, the ratios of important factors regarding the choice of environment of outdoor exercise were 'near to walk (16.1%)' > 'nice natural environment (12.3%)' > 'always free to exercise (9.7%)' > 'shortage of exercise equipment (7.4%)' > 'possible to accompany family/neighbors (6.7%)' > 'no economic burden (6.5%).

Smoke-free policy in indoor public places has been implemented to reduce secondhand smoke exposure in many countries. We performed a systematic review to assess the effects of indoor smoking ban on the public health. Using a prespecified search strategy, we identified 4 relevant studies (1 review article from Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, and 3 original articles) from South Korea, and 11 (3 reviews and 8 original articles) from other countries. A review article from South Korea included the published reports and articles until 2012 and 3 original articles after Jan 2013 were considered in our study. Among studies from other countries, a recent Cochran review included articles until Feb 2015. Therefore, we identified 8 additional original articles since a recent Cochran review published in 2016. According to South Korean studies, indoor smoking legislation has improved the quality of air and reduced irritants induced by passive smoking. Studies from other countries collectively suggest that the frequency of acute coronary syndrome has been reduced after administering indoor smoking ban. In addition, admission due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was reported to be decreased. Improved mortality also has been associated with the legislation. Meanwhile, the effects of prohibiting indoor smoking on the perinatal disease have been inconsistent. In conclusion, indoor smoking ban legislation has improved health outcomes, especially in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

Bu araştırmada, kaynakların korunması teorisi temel alınarak psikolojik sermayenin duygusal bağlılık üzerindeki etkisinde duygusal emeğin aracı rolü incelenmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak 392 öğretmenden kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda doğrulayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiş, açıklanan ortalama varyans (AVE) değerleri, birleşik güvenirlik (CR) değerleri ve Cronbach Alfa Katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkiler yapısal model ile test edilmiştir. Yapısal modelin kabul edilebilir düzeyde uyum değerlerine (X2/df=2,901, p

This study investigates the relationship between the three dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and guests' likelihood of revisiting the same hotel. Corporate social responsibility can be divided into three main categories: Economic CSR, Environmental CSR, and Social CSR. This allows for a more comprehensive examination of the topic. This study employed a quantitative research approach to examine potential causes. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A total of 203 participants were randomly selected for the sample. The results clearly demonstrate that customer satisfaction plays a crucial role in connecting economic CSR, environmental CSR, and social CSR with revisit intention. However, it does not serve as a mediator between revisit intention and any other CSR component in the study. The relationships between independent and dependent variables can be observed through direct and indirect means. This research addresses gaps in our understanding of how customer satisfaction and demand mediate the relationship between CSR components, customer satisfaction, and revisit intention. The findings of this study have practical implications for hotel management, as they can be used as a strategic tool to promote CSR. This article provides a thorough evaluation of CSR components and their connection to customer demand, customer satisfaction, and revisit intentions in the Bangladesh hotel industry. It emphasises the importance of customer demand and satisfaction as mediators in this context.

The environmental awareness movement that started towards the end of the twentieth century has continued expanding. Recycling, or reusing waste materials as raw materials in manufacturing with varied methods, is an essential subject for today's society and the business world. Operating eco-friendly is the primary concern of green, social, and sustainable marketing. According to scholars, environmental sustainability should not be an individualistic concern for a person or a government; instead, it should be a global consideration. Recycling and environmental issues are also essential topics in Türkiye. Related to the constantly growing volume of processed waste and the disposal and recovery facilities in Türkiye, this empirical study aims to contribute to this challenging global subject to clarify Turkish consumers' involvement with recycled products and the impacts of their participation on their pro-environmental behavior. The moderating effect of sociodemographic variables on the bond between personal involvement and pro-environmental behavior is also questioned in this inquiry. A descriptive study is realized via an online questionnaire distributed to 422 participants. A structural equation model is constructed, and the hypotheses are tested with AMOS 21. The personal significance and hedonic involvement components of the personal involvement inventory influence consumers' pro-environmental purchasing activities and psychographics. Gender, age, marital status, education, profession, and family size moderate the bond between personal involvement and consumers' pro-environmental behavior for the examined sample in Türkiye.

Mugwort (Artemisia princeps) is a medicinal plant that has a substance called euphatilin, which is effective for cell damage and gastritis recovery. The objectives of this study were to investigate the annual growth characteristics of Artemisia princeps in greenhouse and to increase the eupatiline content by environmental stresses. Growth and eupatilin content of the plants were compared after 6 weeks of seedling and subsequent 8 weeks of greenhouse cultivation. Photosynthesis of mugwort plants did not saturate even at a relatively high light intensity of 1,200µmol m-2 •s-1. Growth rate of the plants reached its highest at two weeks after transplanting and began to decrease since 8 weeks after transplanting. The plants showed typical characteristics of a perennial herbaceous plant as they were sensitive to seasonal changes. In particular, the plants showed high growth and eupatilin content in spring and summer as vegetative growth periods, but flowering and wintering caused considerable decreases in growth and eupatilin content in fall and winter. Therefore, application of night interruption is essential for year-round cultivationof the plant. Two stresses and a elicitor were treated: drought stresses by stopping irrigation at 5, 6, 7, and 8 days before harvest; salt stresses with nutrient solution concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS•m-1 by adding sodium chloride at 3 days before harvest; and foliar applications of methyl jasmonates of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100µM at 3 days before harvest. Significant increase in eupatilin content was observed at drought stresses of 7-and 8-days of irrigation stop and foliar application of 25µM methyl jasmonate, while no significant increase observed at salt stresses. From the results, it was confirmed that the environmental treatments can improve the productivity and quality of Artemisia princeps as a phamaceutical raw material.

The development of this dissertation allowed me to potentiate my competencies and to take my resilience a step forward. It contributed for the consolidation of time management skills as well as to let me see how hard work and focus lead to tangible and valuable contributions to the management and societal research. Firstly, I would like to thank Professor Dr. Leandro Ferreira, my supervisor, for all the availability and support shown. Secondly, I would like to kindly thank my parents Ana and Alfredo for the unconditional love, patience and support, for always believing in me and for being an inspiration. I would also like to thank my sister Maria, for always being by my side, keeping me motivated and for making me see the bright side even in the most difficult times. To my closest family for always caring and showing support. Lastly, to all my friends that directly and indirectly contributed for the development of this dissertation, a big thank you.

This aim of this study is to examine the change of body temperature(tympanic and mean skin temperature) and inflammatory marks (CRP, TNF-α) wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature and to provide the basic date for the safety of fire fighters. The results of the study are as follows; Tympanic and mean skin temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time. Also, CRP and TNF-α showed significant difference in main effect of time. On the base of the results of the current study, wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature environment was shown to affect body temperature and inflammatory markers. Further research on physiological variables during various fire-fighting tasks should also be carried out.

ÖZ: Çalışmanın amacı, ev tekstili üretim işletmesinin kaplama bölümündeki süreçlerin otomasyon sistemine aktarılması ile kalite performansının ne şekilde değişeceğini araştırmaktır. Toplam kalitenin şirketlerde verimliliği ne ölçüde etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ile toplam kalite yönetiminin destekleyici rolü incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla bir aracılık modeli oluşturulmuştur. Veriler tekstil sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir işletmenin kaplama bölümü çalışanlarından elde edilmiştir. Modelin analizi sonucunda TKY uygulamalarının TKY-BİT farkındalığı ve kalite performansı ilişkisinde tam aracılık rolü belirlenmiştir.

The agency issues between shareholders and management push corporate governance issues into limelight. Our study's objective is to examine the consequences of board characteristics on a firm's financial performance. Board size, independent directors, CEO-duality, number of independent directors in the audit committee, promoter's shareholding, and board meetings have been chosen as the board variables. The fixed effects method has been applied to investigate the effect of board variables on company's performance using a panel data framework. This study demonstrates that board of directors has an impact on firm performance and the independent directors are necessary for the audit committee to improve performance. They indicate indirectly that the automobile sector has a chance to improve firm performance by strengthening the governance system with a wellbalanced board composition. Additionally, audit committee with high number of independent directors ensures independent judgment and oversight during the audit of financial statements.

The lack of clarity related to the concept of emotional labor has impeded its development regardless of the conspicuous importance of emotional labor for the external and internal environments which include the employees, organizations, structure, operations, and clients. Thus, this research aims to highlight the connection between emotional labor and its impact on employee performance. This study is concerned with the employees in the services sector in the period between January 2011 and June 2022 and included a total of 21 articles. In general, this review found that emotional labor can result in positive results for the business, as enhancing workers' satisfaction as well as performance, on the other hand, burnout and poor job performance when people are compelled to express emotions differently than their own, the findings were highlighting the consistent connection between surface acting (SA) and employee performance. Nonetheless, the findings of deep acting (DA) and the employee's performance were blended (Çağlıyan et al., 2013; Alsakarneh et al., 2019). Searches were conducted using ProQuest, EBSCO, Emerald Insight, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The research team systematically reviewed each article and relative reports, eliminating those not relevant to the review.

The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performance of Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan. In this study, three types of industries like pharmaceutical, cement, and food were analyzed from the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of 2010 to 2019. The authors used the diagnostic test on data that argued that the model is better, like the fixed effect model or random-effect model for analysis. Multiple regression-based methodologies were developed to use a fixed-effect model for both dependent variables, Return on Assets and Tobin-Q variables, to discover the association between corporate governance and firm performance. It is concluded that board size, board education board experience, board nationality and board compensation have significant the ROA and board size, board experience, the board size, and board compensation shows significance with Tobin-Q.

The negative relationship between fear of COVID-19 and well-being has been revealed over the last years. However, the potential variables that affect this relationship need to be studied. This study examines the sequential mediating role of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and subjective well-being. Six hundred and eight participants (339 females and 269 males, aged between 18-79 years) completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale online. The path analysis was conducted using PROCESS macro in the study. The sequential mediation analyses show that the control dimension of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience fully mediate the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and subjective well-being. In other words, fear of COVID-19 indirectly affects subjective well-being via the control dimension of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience. In order to restrain the adverse effects of COVID-19, individuals' cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience levels should be increased to enhance their well-being.

In this study, the mediating role of organizational identification in the effect of perceived organizational support on employee performance was examined. In this context, data were collected from 414 participants working in banks in Adana and Osmaniye provinces of Turkey through a questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to the scale used in the study. In addition, the goodness of fit tests and regression analysis were carried out by a structural equation model (SEM). The mediation role was tested with the Boostrap method. As a result of the study, it was determined that organizational identification has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between perceived organizational support and employee performance.

The role of Academic Digital library (DL) in our educational system has becoming of paramount important in bringing education knowledge and information closer and faster to academic users. Moreover, through the fast-changing development of the information and communication technology, it is further positively proliferated the sphere of information diffusion. This paper aims to investigate the academic digital library effectiveness towards selected public university students in fulfilling their study needs. A total of seven latent variables proposed in building PLS model in examining the relationships between Information Quality, Service Quality, System Quality and DL Collection, and Student Satisfaction. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the mentioned relationships were mediated by Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness. A survey method is opted and a total of 200 students were randomly selected. The PLS model results indicated that about 76%, a satisfactory percentage of variance accounted for in the DV, is explained by the IVs. However, Service Quality was the only IV that showed no direct effect on Student Satisfaction. Moreover, findings also revealed that mediating effects might not be critical in describing the posited relationships however it might offer a new point of view in examining DL effectiveness (due to some significant results shown) and could make meaningful contribution to the literature in other research setting.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yabancılaşma algısının işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde duygusal zekânın aracılık rolünü incelemektir. Araştırma Denizli'de faaliyet gösteren iki alışveriş merkezi (AVM) çalışanları üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada yüz yüze ve bırak-al anket yöntemi kullanılmış ve elde edilen veriler SPSS ve SPSS AMOS programında değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçekler beşli Likert tipi eşit aralıklı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizlerinin (DFA) uygulanmasında ve hipotezlerin test edilmesinde Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) kullanılmıştır. Yabancılaşma algısının işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde duygusal zekânın aracılık rolü test edilirken Baron ve Kenny tarafından geliştirilen dört aşamalı yöntem benimsenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yabancılaşma algısı, işten ayrılma niyetini pozitif yönde ve duygusal zekâyı negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Duygusal zekânın işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi incelenmiş ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Baron ve Kenny yöntemine göre bu sonuç, yabancılaşma algısının işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde duygusal zekânın aracılık rolünün olmadığı anlamına gelmektedir.

This dataset aims to examine the effect of Organizational Commitment (OC) factors on Job Performance (JP) and Job Satisfaction (JS) at Islamic schools in Indonesia. The data propose that OC factors (Affective Commitment (AC), Normative Commitment (NC), and Continuance Commitment (CC)) have significant influences on JS and JP. Through the survey approach, 387 responses were obtained from Islamic schoolteachers in Indonesia. Face and content validity were initiated after the adaptation of the survey instrument. Further, a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to test the reliability and validity of the measurement model. For this purpose, the statistical process presents reflective indicator loadings, internal consistency reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. Future researchers may reuse this dataset as a potential instrument to measure factors affecting job satisfaction and job performance within the context of education.

This dataset aims to examine the effect of Organizational Commitment (OC) factors on Job Performance (JP) and Job Satisfaction (JS) at Islamic schools in Indonesia. The data propose that OC factors (Affective Commitment (AC), Normative Commitment (NC), and Continuance Commitment (CC)) have significant influences on JS and JP. Through the survey approach, 387 responses were obtained from Islamic schoolteachers in Indonesia. Face and content validity were initiated after the adaptation of the survey instrument. Further, a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to test the reliability and validity of the measurement model. For this purpose, the statistical process presents reflective indicator loadings, internal consistency reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. Future researchers may reuse this dataset as a potential instrument to measure factors affecting job satisfaction and job performance within the context of education.

In the previous results, we developed an effective products to apply as functional foods for overcome of radiation damage and reduction of side effects in radiotherapy. To verify the prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression of immune cell function by HemoHIM, we studied on the mechanism of the skin immune function for the protection in UVB irradiation. In studies presented here, we showed that HemoHIM can prevent UVB-induced impairment of skin immune cell function by in vitro and in vivo assay. Exposure of freshly cultured murine dendritic cells (DCs) with IL-4/GM-CSF to UVB irradiation resulted in impairment of accessory function. This suppression could be prevented by addition of HemoHIM before or after to the cultures of UVB-irradiated DCs. We also tested the effects of HemoHIM on the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) treated oral or intraperitoneal administration. This UVB-suppressed CHS was prevented by administration of HemoHIM to UVB-irradiated mice. These results suggest that HemoHIM may prevent UVB-induced immune suppression in the skin.

Stratejik İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi (İKY), kuruluşlarda sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı sağlanması için insan faktörünün işletme süreçlerinde en önemli faktör olarak görülmesini önermektedir. Bu süreçler arasında işletmelerde uygulanan kalite mükemmelliği süreçleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki kuruluşlarda European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) modeli kullanımı ile Stratejik İKY uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. EFQM modeli uygulayan ve uygulamayan 260 işletmenin orta düzey ve üst düzey yönetici ve genel müdürlerine bir anket yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, EFQM modelinin yayılımı konusunda yetkili kuruluş olan Türkiye Kalite Derneği (KalDer)'nin toplam 732 üyesinden 260 işletme araştırmaya katılmıştır. Stratejik İKY ile ilgili sonuçlara kurumsal teori açısından bakılan bu çalışmada, EFQM modelinin kullanılmasıyla araştırmada seçilen stratejik İKY uygulamaları üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etki bulunmuştur. EFQM modeli kullanma süresi ile seçilen stratejik insan kaynakları uygulamaları üzerinde yine pozitif ve anlamlı bir etki bulunmuştur. Bu araştırma sonuçları, EFQM modeli kullanılmasının işletmelere kurumsal düzeyde katkı yapabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak işletmelerin kalite kültürünü içselleştirmek yerine şekilciliğe kaçarak normatif ve özellikle baskıcı eş biçimlilik sebebiyle kalite mükemmelliği modellerini benimsemiş olma riski de dikkate alınmalıdır.

Örgütlerin yaptığı işlerde başarılı olması ve ortaya koyduğu hedeflere ulaşması için çalışanların katkılarının payı büyüktür. Bunun doğal sonucu olarak örgütler beşeri sermayeye giderek artan şekilde ya t ı rı m yapmaya başlamıştır. Pozitif psikolojinin örgütsel alana uyarlanması ile mutlu çalışanların daha verimli çalışacağı kanaati oluşmuştur. Nitekim çalışanların işyerindeki psikolojileri; işe, örgü te, iş arkadaşlarına ve müşterilerine karşı geliştirdikleri tutum ve davranışlarda ayırt edici bir öneme sahiptir. Özellikle işe karşı duyguların toplamı olarak ifade edilen iş tatmini üzerindeki etkiler araştırmacıların sürekli dikkatini çek mi şt i r. Ne var ki, değişkenler arası ilişkilerin yaşam döngüsü normal seyreden organizasyonlarda araştırıldığı görülmektedir. Yer değiştirme, küçülme, yeniden yapılanma gibi uç örneklerde çalışmaların nadir yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışmanın amacı merkezi yer değiştiren bir bankadaki çalışanların psikolojik sermaye ve duygusal emek gösterimlerinin iş tatminine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada örgüt içerisindek i iklimden kaynaklanması muhtemel olmak üzere psikolojik sermaye ve duygusal emeğin iş tatmin i üzerinde herhangi bir etkisine rastlanmazken, psikolojik sermayenin duygusal emeği olumlu etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

This study aims to provide critical managerial implications for human resource (HR) practitioners at private-sector organizations from an emerging economy perspective. The study helps to optimize organizational commitment in the assessment of work–life balance, person–job fit, work condition, and the mediation of job satisfaction. It also investigates the influence of certain demographic variables on organizational commitment. The population comprises employees working in private sector organizations across Pakistan. A total of 1100 survey questionnaires were sent to potential respondents; 843 responded, giving a response rate of 77%. SmartPLS 3 software and SPSS were used to perform structural equation modeling. The study revealed that work–life balance, person–job fit, and job satisfaction have a positive influence on organizational commitment. Job satisfaction intervenes complementarily with the relationship of work–life balance and person–job fit with organizational commitment, ...

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, öz-şefkatin görev performansı üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik sermayenin dolaylı bir etkiye (aracı etki) sahip olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Zaman ve maliyet kısıtları nedeniyle kolayda örnekleme yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmada veriler, Tokat ili ve ilçelerindeki kamu hastanelerinde görev yapan 176 sağlık personelinden elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, öz-şefkat görev performansı (ϸ=.37, p<.001) ve psikolojik sermayeyi (ϸ=.49, p<.001) pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Psikolojik sermayenin de görev performansı üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisi (ϸ=.68, p<.001) tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın en özgün sonucu ise, öz-şefkatin görev performansı üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik sermayenin dolaylı bir etkiye (ϸ=.33, %95 CI [.20, .46]) sahip olduğudur. Ulaşılan bulgular yazın ışığında tartışılmış ve yeni araştırmalar için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kamu hastanesinde görev yapan personelin psikolojik sermaye düzeylerinin tükenmişlikleri üzerindeki etkisinde öz-şefkat düzeylerinin dolaylı bir etkiye (aracı rol) sahip olup olmadığını belirlemektir. İlgili amaç doğrultusunda araştırmanın evrenini Tokat ili ve ilçelerinde görev yapan 4446 kamu hastanesi personeli oluşturmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında elektronik ortamda (surveey.com aracılığıyla) hazırlanan anket formu örnekleme ulaştırılmıştır. 206 katılımcıdan elde edilen veri ile araştırmanın amacı kapsamında oluşturulan modeli test etmek için aracılık analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu analiz, SPSS programına eklenen Process Macro uygulaması üzerinden yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, psikolojik sermaye ve öz-şefkatin tükenmişlik üzerinde negatif yönde bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca psikolojik sermayenin öz-şefkat üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın özgün sonucu ise, psikolojik sermayenin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisinde öz-şefkatin yüksek değerde bir dolaylı etkiye sahip olduğudur. Mevcut bulgular yazın ışığında tartışılmış, gelecek araştırmalar ve uygulayıcılar için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

In last few decades, employees ’ job related attitudes and behaviors have remained topics of considerable interest in the fields of organizational behavior and human resource management. This study aims to explore the impact of person-organization-fit and person-job-fit on employee turnover intention while considering psychological climate as a mediating variable. Sample for this research is consisted of 260 employees from top five commercial banks of large cities of Pakistan. SPSS 17 is used for analyzing the data. Correlation and regression analysis is used to test the direct and mediating relationship between key variables. Results indicate that both person-organization-fit and person-job-fit have negative relationship with turnover intention. Psychological climate partially mediates the relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover intention while fully mediates

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pedagogical knowledge competence (PKC) and organizational citizenship (OC) among secondary teachers, considering the potential moderating effects of the teacher's profile. Using a descriptive correlational design, the study explored the natural associations among participants' profiles, PKC, and OC. The sample included 267 secondary teachers from nine DepEd secondary schools in Butuan City, Philippines. Data collection involved a validated researcher-made survey questionnaire that addressed the following aspects: (1) Teachers' profiles, including age, sex (at birth), and type of professional teacher certification. (2) The level of PKC focuses on contextualizing learning experiences, teaching strategies used, and integration of information and communication technology (ICT). (3) The level of OC, examining occupational efficacy and collective efficacy. The findings indicated that age and the type of professional teacher certification did not moderate the relationship between PKC and OC. However, sex (at birth) demonstrated a moderating effect. Furthermore, the study revealed that both the age range of 22-32 years old and PKC significantly predicted OC. This suggests that older teachers tend to perceive higher levels of organizational citizenship compared to their younger counterparts, and teachers with greater perceived PKC exhibit increased efficacy in organizational citizenship. Additionally, the findings underscored a significant gender imbalance within the teaching profession, with a disproportionate representation of females.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pedagogical knowledge competence (PKC) and organizational citizenship (OC) among secondary teachers, considering the potential moderating effects of the teacher’s profile. Using a descriptive correlational design, the study explored the natural associations among participants&#39; profiles, PKC, and OC. The sample included 267 secondary teachers from nine DepEd secondary schools in Butuan City, Philippines. Data collection involved a validated researcher-made survey questionnaire that addressed the following aspects: (1) Teachers&#39; profiles, including age, sex (at birth), and type of professional teacher certification. (2) The level of PKC focuses on contextualizing learning experiences, teaching strategies used, and integration of information and communication technology (ICT). (3) The level of OC, examining occupational efficacy and collective efficacy. The findings indicated that age and the type of professional teacher ...

Purpose-The purpose of this article is to examine the factors that influence turnover intentions by examining the effect of congruent internal marketing on turnover intentions among restaurant employees in North Cyprus. The study also integrates work immersion variables to factor in the reduction of turnover intentions of employees. Design/methodology/approach-The quantitative study employed questionnaires distributed to 150 participants at various restaurants throughout Northern Cyprus. The study's results were utilized to examine the effect of several components of congruent internal marketing on turnover intention, including work engagement, job satisfaction, coaching and employee development structural equation modelling. Findings-The study confirmed a positive and significant relationship between congruent internal marketing and turnover intentions, work engagement, job satisfaction and management coaching. It is evident that congruent internal marketing is contingent on elements that minimize employees' turnover intentions. Given the increasing pace of voluntary and involuntary turnover, it is critical to provide concise research for both present and future analysis. Research limitations/implications-The data collection for this study was limited to the cities of Northern Cyprus, as it focuses on small business operations. Additionally, the researchers were able to collect data from only 30 establishments during the pandemic. Quintessential implication of the current study posits how internal marketing efforts coupled with coaching and engagement practises helps to reduce turnover. Originality/value-Recently, turnover intention has emerged as a major source of concern for business and organizational survivors, particularly during this COVID-19 pandemic. This had a detrimental effect on local and international enterprises, health, education, hotels and tourism. In essence, the current crisis has had a profound effect on both internal marketing and employee turnover intentions. Drawn from the POS and SET theories, the current study develops and tests parsimonious model in fostering avenues to reduce turnover.