Mobility

The observation, analysis and construction of cities and forms of mobility are not always in step with the complexity of urban systems and changes in contemporary societies. It is possible to use time as a key to reading the functioning and dysfunctions of cities and as a springboard for new mobilitiesand sustainable urban development policies. This "chronotopic" perspective makes it possible to approach the complexity of urban systems and reflect on ways of "indwelling" times and mobilities. The researcher, the urban planner, the builder and the citizen are invited to change their outlooks, to think, design and manage the city by simultaneously taking into account urban physicality, flows and timetables in order to imagine, together a "malleable city", a more human, accessible and hospitable one.

Travel was a crucial element of ancient Egyptian culture. An extensive traffic system by land and by water already existed as early as the Old Kingdom, including various means of transport that did not fundamentally change right through to the New Kingdom. Traveling activity attested for various professions demonstrates that Egyptian society exercised a high degree of mobility. In the majority of cases, a journey was undertaken within the scope of the traveler’s work and on behalf of the pharaoh. Travel had a significant impact on the Egyptian world-view as well as on the development of the
identity of Egyptian society as an entity.

We live in an age of movement. More than at any other time in history , people and things move longer distances, more frequently, and faster than ever before. All that was solid melted into air long ago and is now in full circulation around the world like dandelion seeds adrift on turbulent winds. We find ourselves, in the early twenty-first century, in a world where every major domain of human activity has become increasingly defined by motion. 1 We have entered a new historical era defined in large part by movement and mobility and are now in need of a new historical on-tology appropriate to our time. The observation that the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first was marked by an increasingly " liquid " and " mobile modernity " is now something widely recognized in the scholarly literature at the turn of the century. 2 Today, however, our orientation to this event is quite different. Almost twenty years into the twenty-first century we now find ourselves situated on the other side of this heralded transition. The question that confronts us today is thus a new one: how to fold all that has melted back up into new solids. 3

This paper comparatively analyses the impact and functionality of the Federal Recognition Act as well as the external examination. Both approaches can foster labour mobility into and within the German labour market. Focusing on horizontal mobility as a spatial movement of migrants and vertical mobility as an upskilling movement, we link these approaches with individual perspectives and experiences. The results show that both approaches highly depend on the formal education system. For the individuals this linkage can have an effect of exclusion and devaluation but also can have a motivating effect. With regard to their labour market integration, both approaches can enable a sustainable mobility into and within the German labour market. Nevertheless, those processes are very demanding and rely on strict regulations that can impede a smooth procedure.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is currently used to provide internetworking among heterogeneous access networks. However, the evolution of and the innovation within these networks is greatly hindered by the geographical and topological rigidness of the protocol implementation that hinders the support for flexible unstructured communication paradigms. To broaden the user's innovation space and to efficiently embrace the characteristics of these emerging unstructured networks, clean-slate architectural approaches are being pursued. In this paper, we present the Persistent Identification and NeTworking research framework (PINT); an implementation of the Transient Network Architecture (TNA) currently being developed between the University of New Mexico and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives. PINT provides the research community with a modular and extensible set of networking components and primitives that enable novel research and experimentation atop a persistently identified networking platform. This technology provides a ground for inter-networking of heterogeneous communication networks where novel networking primitives are exposed through the Persistent Identification and Networking Layer (PINL), allowing mobile and stationary entities to communicate securely based on persistent identifiers that are location independent.

Starting from the approach proposed by Schluter and Trede we develop a continuous and alternative measure of mobility which first, allows to identify mobility over different parts of the earnings distribution and second, to distinguish between mobility that tends to reduce or increase the level of permanent inequality. This paper focuses on four European countries, Denmark, Germany, Spain and the UK. In a global perspective, mobility in the short and long-run analysis tends to equalize the level of permanent inequality. Six year changes comparing the average between 1994 and 1995 with the average of 2000 and 2001, suggests that Denmark has the highest mobility mainly almost entirely from higher mobility at the middle and top of the distribution. Germany has the lowest overall mobility. Overall mobility over six years produces only a modest reduction in inequality patterns (5 to 10%) adopting the Gini index and there is no clear correlation between mobility and inequality levels. Exploiting the decomposability of the mobility index developed, we carry out a local analysis by earnings quintiles which draw some general key facts. It emerges that it is the bottom 20 percent of the earnings distribution that makes the largest contribution to the global mobility pattern and that mobility, with the exception of Denmark, does not lead to clear convergence to the mean but at points around 0.7-0.8 and 1.5 to 2 times the mean.

An emerging problem in mission planning is consideration of the communication requirements of the mission participants. Determining the appropriate resources to satisfy the communication needs of a battle group requires detailed simulation that incorporates terrain effects, mobility, realistic network traffic models, device characteristic, etc. Providing such a detailed simulation environment that also provides the performance necessary to complete a planning study in a time-critical environment is a complex problem beyond the capabilities of existing solutions. The NETS project set out with the goal of providing a high fidelity library of network components that could be simulated n parallel on a variety of parallel architectures. It was proposed as a parallel effort that can be added to the NETWARS[1] program as additional capability for high fidelity and fast simulations. The NETS library is based on the COTS QualNet Simulator, and the public domain RTI software developed at Georgia Tech, and achieves significant performance gains on the HPC resources.

Mobile objects have gained a lot of attention in research and industry in the recent past, but they also have a long history. Security is one of the key requirements of mobile objects, and one of the most researched characteristics related to mobility. Resource management has been somewhat neglected in the past, but it is being increasingly addressed, in both the context of security and QoS. In this paper we place a few systems supporting mobile objects in perspective based upon how they address security and resource management. We start with the theoretical model of Actors that supports concurrent mobile objects in a programming environment. Then we describe task migration for the Mach microkernel, a case of mobile objects supported by an operating system. Using the OMG MASIF standard as an example, we then analyze middleware support for mobile objects. Mobile Objects and Agents (MOA) system, is an example of middleware level support based on Java. The active networks project, Conv...

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, resulting in physical and psychological distress. Little is known about the health of ALS patients in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of functional impairment and depressive symptoms and their interrelationships in Korean ALS patients. Method: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a convenience sample of 62 ALS patients was recruited. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used. Results: The mean score of ALSFRS was 18.98 and 24.50 for BDI. Severity of depressive symptoms was associated with gender, employment, perceived health status, and ALS type. A greater functional impairment was associated with greater depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This study reports high prevalence of depressive symptoms in ALS patients. The findings add to the body of knowledge on emotional health and provide motives for interventions to promote mental health of these patients.

A joint design project for the 2006 MIT-Tsinghua University Beijing Urban Design Studio by Non Arkaraprasertkul, Alex H.C. Lee, Liang Sisi, Jue Wang, and Ai Yamamoto. The Beijing Studio is a Joint Program of the MIT School of Architecture and Planning, with participants from both architecture and planning, and the Tsinghua University School of Architecture. Funding is provided by the Paul Sun Fund with additional contributions from the Asian Cultural Council of New York/Geoffrey Yeh Foundation, the MIT China Program, the MIT departments of architecture and planning and Tsinghua University.

On 10th October 2014 (at Beursschouwburg in Brussels), a political scientist and sociologist Patrick Le Gales gave a talk 'Global Minds, Roots in the City' on his recently finished research project in which Alberta Andreotti, Francisco Javier Moreno Fuentes and himself explored the mobility practices of European urban upper-middle classes. In his talk, Le Gales presented new empirical qualitative data collected through a comparative research of 480 professionals and managers in 16 neighbourhoods in 4 cities (Paris, Lyon, Madrid, Milan + background data on London and Manchester). This data reveals the upper middle class is transnational only to a limited degree (and substantially less than speculated by some social theorists), mostly adopting partial exit strategies – thus refuting simplistic arguments about the rise of mobility, new barbarians (Agnell) and rootedness of European Bourgeoisie. However, despite expressing strong criticism of simplistic understanding of mobility patterns, gentrification and disembeddedness in Europe, Le Gales himself made some bold statements and generalising interpretations that lead to misleading conclusions.

[Paper in Italian]
The discovery of an ancient borrowing from Arabic in the domain of religion (FAKRU, the "name" of the she-camel of prophet Saleh, derived from "FA-‘AQARU..." i.e. the starting words of the quranic verses containing this story) suggests that the oldest relations with Arabs were not limited to secular, commercial ties, but included religious instruction.

Since the 1970s, quotas have continually been used to control immigration to Switzerland. But the categories of foreigners subject to this quota system have changed over time, and the system itself has also undergone numerous modifications. Given that immigration quotas may gain more prominence in Switzerland in the coming years, it is worth taking a closer look at how this specific aspect of immigration policy is currently implemented.

The key issue of the localization study is that how we can minimize the energy consumption of devices with guaranteeing high degree of accuracy. In this paper, we show that the collaboration among proxy devices with short range communication is helpful to energy-efficiently localize their locations in time-average sense by analyzing the device proximity including real GPS trace of students in KAIST and NCSU campuses. Next, we deliberate what is the best method for selfish mobile users to collaborate for the energy-efficient localization, and formulate an optimization problem which considers the energy efficiency and/or user fairness. However, optimizing this problem is tricky since it requires a global knowledge of sets of proxy devices and also solving a NP-hard problem to select devices which directly measure locations. This paper makes a contribution towards presenting a practical and fully distributed location sharing protocol based on competition for turning off GPS, and an opt...

Purpose: This study aims to assess whether the Driving Decisions Workbook, a self-assessment instrument for older drivers, increased self-awareness and general knowledge. This study also assessed perceptions regarding its usefulness, particularly as a tool for facilitating discussions within families of older drivers. A secondary purpose of the study was to determine if problems identified by drivers in the workbook related to problems they had with actual driving. Design and Methods: The Driving Decisions Workbook was administered along with a questionnaire and a road test. A convenience sample of 99 licensed drivers aged 65 and above was used. Results: After completing the workbook, about three fourths of the participants reported being more aware of changes that could affect driving. Fourteen percent reported that they had discovered a change in themselves of which they had not been previously aware. All respondents found the workbook to be at least a little useful and thought the workbook could help facilitate family discussions. Workbook responses were positively correlated with overall road test scores. Significant correlations were also noted between the road test and a majority of workbook subsection responses. Implications: This study indicates that the workbook may be a useful first-tier assessment instrument and educational tool for the older driver. It may encourage an older driver to drive more safely and/or to seek clinical assessment, and help in facilitating discussions about driving within their families.

In this paper, we present a set of optimizations for a spoken language interface for mobile devices that can improve the recognition accuracy and user interaction experience. A comparison between a speech and a graphical interface, when used to accomplish the same task, is provided. The implications of developing a spoken language interface and integrating speech recognition and text-to-speech modules for European Portuguese in a mobile device, are also discussed. The paper focuses in the speech recognition module and in an algorithm for name matching optimization that provides the user with a more comfortable interaction with the device. Usability evaluation trials have shown that spoken language interfaces can provide an easier and more efficient use of the device, especially within a community of users less experienced in handling mobile devices.

The complexation properties of humic substances, the stability of the dissolved humic-metal complex, and the interaction of complex with other soil constituents determine the solubility and mobility of heavy metals. This study investigated the influence of humic and fulvic acid on the release of zinc of soils from Fethiye (Mediterranean Region); Samsun (Black Sea Region); and Izmir (Aegean Region). The time-dependent release of zinc from the soil was evaluated using plots of logarithm of q t /q s versus time. The kinetics of zinc release by humic acid was characterised by two pseudo-first-order reactions. The observed rate coefficients in our model were k 1 =4.2×10 − 3 h − 1 and k 2 =5×10 − 5 h − 1 , which indicated to an initial fast reaction followed by a slower reaction. The release of zinc increased with increasing humic acid concentration representing an approach to plateau formation at the higher humic concentrations. The highest releases of 334.5, 350.8 and 369.4 μmol kg − 1 for Fethiye, Samsun and Izmir soils, respectively, were obtained for a humic acid concentration of 1000 mg L − 1. A different situation was observed in treatments with 150 mg L − 1 humic acid solutions, where the precipitative removal of humic acid-zinc complexes occurred at about pH 7. The interactive behaviour of humic acid-zinc complexes represented a similar reduction in the zinc concentrations in aqueous solution. A rise in the zinc load caused only a slight increase in release, which indicated that zinc load had little effect on release. Changes in soil suspension pH reflected higher zinc releases. An increase in the suspension pH to approximately 10.5 resulted in an increase from 209.4 μmol kg − 1 to 280.2 μmol kg − 1 (300 mg L − 1 humic acid), which was attributed to the involvement of other functional groups like phenolic groups in the process. On the other hand, decreasing the suspension pH to about 5 revealed to an increase from 89 μmol kg − 1 to 602.7 μmol kg − 1 (100 mg L − 1 humic acid), which was determined to be mainly the contribution of acidity. The influence of humic acid sorption on zinc release was investigated by evaluating sorption behaviour with respect to pH, salt, clay, oxide and organic matter contents of soils. Sorption of humic acid on soils presented a linear behaviour, and as the partition and distribution coefficients imply, was highest for Fethiye Soil, followed by Samsun and Izmir soils. Since this order reflected the reverse order of zinc release from soils, the degree of zinc release from soils was related to the degree of humic acid sorption. Thus, the greatest release of zinc from Izmir Soil was explained by the low humic acid sorption. The release of zinc from soil was lower for fulvic acid solutions, despite its higher acidic functional group content. For fulvic acid concentration of 300 mg L − 1 , a zinc release of 46.7, 85.7 and 148.5 μmol kg − 1 was obtained for Fethiye, Samsun and Izmir soils, respectively. This was linked to the strength of bonds involved in the process, as shown by the stability constants of zinc humic or fulvic acid complexes.

Removal of antipersonnel landmines is a worldwide problem currently requiring the use of new technologies such as improved sensors and efficient mobile robots. This paper is focused on the description of a system that relies on a walking robot that carries sensors to detect and locate antipersonnel landmines efficiently and effectively. The paper describes the main features of the walking robot and additional equipment purposefully developed for this kind of application. The overall system consists of a sensor head that can detect certain landmine types, a manipulator to move the sensor head over large areas, a locating system based on a global positioning system, a remote supervisor computer and the SILO6 walking robot used as the subsystems' carrier. The whole system has been configured to work in a semi-autonomous mode with a view also to robot mobility and energy efficiency. Some of the achievements already accomplished with this system are reported.

The messaging application WhatsApp is often adopted in urban neighbourhoods to distribute and discuss information as part of neighbourhood watch programmes. In this context, certain notions of information sharing and the cherishing this implies, are often entangled with ideals of protection in the neighbourhood. Using the case study of an enclosed neighbourhood in Johannesburg, this essay draws on theories of affect and mobility to introduce the concept of affective mooring. That is, that a neighbourhood WhatsApp group constitutes an affective mooring—an established practice and point of fixity—that generates a sense of being held in a community through feelings of collective presence and safety. Notably, these feelings of presence and safety are hinged on acts of resistance and alienation towards strangers. In this way, WhatsApp as an affective mooring in the neighbourhood is also a site for negotiating ideals of belonging.

We tested the hypothesis that vibratory thresholds in the elderly are related to mobility. In all, 629 older persons without dementia underwent testing including 11 lower extremity performance measures and modified United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), summarized as composite mobility and global parkinsonian signs. Vibratory thresholds were measured at the ankle and toes bilaterally using the graduated Rydel–Seiffer tuning fork. In linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and education, vibratory threshold was associated with composite mobility (estimate, 0.047, SE = 0.011, P < 0.001) and global parkinsonian signs score (estimate, −0.252, SE = 0.126, P = 0.047). These findings were primarily due to the association of vibratory threshold with gait and balance components of composite mobility and parkinsonian gait. These results were unchanged when we controlled for body mass index, physical activity, cognition, depression, vascular risk factors, vascular disease burden, joint pain, and falls. Vibratory thresholds are associated with mobility, supporting the link between peripheral sensory nerve function and mobility in the elderly. Muscle Nerve, 2009

Event-based mobile social networks (MSNs) are a special type of MSN that has an immanently temporal common feature, which allows any smart phone user to create events to share group messaging, locations, photos, and insights among participants. The emergence of Internet of Things and event-based social applications integrated with context-awareness ability can be helpful in planning and organizing social events like meetings, conferences, and tradeshows. This paper first provides review of the event-based social networks and the basic principles and architecture of event-based MSNs. Next, event-based MSNs with smartphone contained technology elements, such as context-aware mobility and multimedia sharing, are presented. By combining the feature of context-aware mobility with multimedia sharing in event-based MSNs, event organizers, and planners with the service providers optimize their capability to recognize value for the multimedia services they deliver. The unique features of the current event-based MSNs give rise to the major technology trends to watch for designing applications. These mobile applications and their main features are described. At the end, discussions on the evaluation of the event-based mobile applications based on their main features are presented. Some open research issues and challenges in this important area of research are also outlined.

Handheld computers are increasingly being used by hospital workers. With the integration of wireless networks into hospital information systems, handheld computers can provide the basis for a pervasive computing hospital environment; to develop this, designers need empirical information to understand how hospital workers interact with information while moving around. To characterize the medical phenomena we report the results of a workplace study conducted in a hospital. We found that individuals spend about half of their time at their base location, where most of their interactions occur. On average, our informants spent 23% of their time performing information management tasks, followed by coordination (17.08%), clinical case assessment (15.35%) and direct patient care (12.6%). We discuss how our results offer insights into the design of pervasive computing technology, and directions for further research and development in this field such as transferring information between heterogeneous devices and integration of the physical and digital domains.

This paper explores how a 'learning' algorithm can be added to UGV's by giving it the ability to test the terrain through 'feeling' using incorporated sensors, which would in turn increase its situational awareness. Once the conditions are measured the system will log the results and a database can be built up of terrain types and their properties (terrain classification), therefore when it comes to operating autonomously in an unknown, unpredictable environment, the vehicle will be able to cope by identifying the terrain and situation and then decide on the best and most efficient way to travel over it by making adjustments, which would greatly improve the vehicles ability to operate autonomously.

The Swedish code concerning car drivers' responsibility to give way to pedestrians was strengthened in 2000. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term effects of the change in code. Another goal is to look at the effects of the reconstruction of four sites in Borås, Sweden. One site had changes made prior to the change of code, two test sites had countermeasures implemented during the study, and one comparison site was left unchanged. All the sites were chosen because schools were situated nearby. The focus of the evaluation was on children and elderly as pedestrians and cyclists.

Jusqu’au debut du xxie siecle, tres peu d’etudiants chinois venaient faire des etudes superieures en France. Ils constituent aujourd’hui la plus importante communaute etudiante etrangere issue d’un pays non francophone (ils sont 27 315 en 2019-2020, Rosenwald, 2020). Cette arrivee resulte d’un choix strategique lie a un contexte national particulier, ou le resultat du baccalaureat determine la reussite d’un etudiant. Les etablissements d’enseignement superieur francais sont accessibles aux etudiants issus de classes moyennes, voire populaires, a la difference des etablissements des pays anglophones par exemple. Aujourd’hui, la mobilite des etudiants chinois n’est plus seulement une mobilite d’elite comme il y a trente ans. L’obtention d’un diplome etranger renomme offre une nouvelle chance de promotion. Le flux migratoire se caracterise de plus en plus par des differenciations selon le milieu d’origine, le parcours anterieur, les motivations et les projets professionnels. La mobilite vers la France s’organise autour d’un modele triptyque entre « seconde chance », capacite financiere et attrait et place de la langue francaise dans le monde. Ainsi, ceux qui ne sont pas satisfaits de leur parcours en Chine se replient temporairement vers l’enseignement superieur francais pour etre ensuite mieux armes pour affronter la concurrence sur le marche chinois des jeunes diplomes. Car, si les Chinois savent particulierement bien hierarchiser la valeur de leurs propres diplomes ou s’illustrent de fortes inegalites entre les regions, la question est plus ouverte quant aux diplomes des pays etrangers. Par ailleurs, l’investissement que constitue le sejour en France est davantage rentabilise lorsque les debouches professionnels sont lies a l’usage de la langue francaise. La recherche d’un emploi est devenue plus difficile du fait de la concurrence provoquee par le retour au pays de nombreux etudiants chinois. Le « retour sur investissement » parait de moins en moins valable pour les jeunes generations.

The effect of twelve weeks of composting on the mobility and bioavailability of cadmium in six composts containing sewage sludge, wood chips and grass was studied, along with the cadmium immobilization capacity of compost. Two different soils were used and Cd accumulation measured in above-ground oat biomass (Avena sativa L.). Increasing pH appears to be an important cause of the observed decreases in available cadmium through the composting process. A pot experiment was performed with two different amounts of compost (9.6 and 28.8 g per kg of soil) added into Fluvisol with total Cd 0.255 mg kg À1 , and contaminated Cambisol with total Cd 6.16 mg kg À1. Decrease of extractable Cd (0.01 mol l À1 CaCl 2) was found in both soils after compost application. The higher amount of compost immobilized an exchangeable portion of Cd (0.11 mol l À1 CH 3 COOH extractable) in contaminated Cambisol unlike in light Fluvisol. The addition of a low amount of compost decreased the content of Cd in associated aboveground oat biomass grown in both soils, while a high amount of compost decreased the Cd content in oats only in the Cambisol.

According to Sahih Muslim, a Sunni Muslim hadith collection, women are obliged to perform their pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina in today’s Saudi Arabia solely together with a legal male chaperone (mahram), i.e. one of their immediate family members, such as a father, brother, husband or son she is not eligible to marry. Shia Muslim women, however, are allowed to go for hajj or umrah (“small pilgrimage”) alone if they feel safe. The Saudi government tightened the corresponding law for all Muslim women at the end of the 1990s. Women are obliged to enter Saudi Arabia together with a mahram only until they reach the age of forty-five – but this legal rule is only applicable for women who need a visa to enter the nation state.
This chapter examines fundamental differences in the experiences had by female pilgrims regarding their male supervision according to their citizenship and their Islamic belief (Sunni or Shia Islam). By comparing three stories of women from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, the goal is to investigate the intersecting social categories and practices of gender, Islamic belief, nationality and age as enabling or as limiting factors for women on pilgrimage. Whereas for those women whose male companionship only depends on the interpretation of the belief system their GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) nationality can be a loophole for their mobility, the Saudi legislation can be an obstacle or an empty legal shell for those female citizens who require a visa to perform pilgrimage in the holy places Mecca and Medina.

The concept of family is a social construct, and the one used in Western countries fails to accommodate the complex systems of interaction between parenthood practices, relationships between spouses and siblings, vertical and horizontal relationships among relatives, conjugal ties, marriage contracts, domestic arrangements in other countries-the more so as these relations are frequently conducted at a distance. Nonetheless, the term "family"is widely used in studies of migration and mobility, though often uncritically. This introduction intends to expose the pitfalls incidental to this uncritical perspective and aims to clear up some of the misunderstandings that can occur when migration and mobility studies adopt an ethnocentric idea of family. Far from being inflexible and forging the self-same links whatever the migration circumstances, kinship ties adapt and help others adapt to the novel situations encountered in new countries, thereby proving a resource and an essential part of the culture of mobility.

Long-distance commuting (also called fly-in/fly-out or FIFO) is a system of labour-force provision for industrial operations in remote regions; e. g., at oil and gas extraction sites in the Russian Arctic. Employees  commute on a rotational shift basis of 14 days in and 14 days out (14/14) or on a 30/30 roster. This chapter is based on longterm ethnographic research in the northwestern Siberian Arctic. The theoretical considerations relate to coping strategies for the two main constraints inherent to this way of life: the separation of meaningful social spheres (home and on duty) and the ascription of deviance to this lifestyle. People who cope well with this multilocal and mobile way of life pursue two strategies: (1) the conscious integration of space through the simultaneous connecting and separation of the spheres in order to constitute an integrated, enlarged and meaningful social and geographical space and (2) a flexible process of normalisation which turns the ascription of deviance into potential.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0156-09764

Partiendo de la exploracion de los vinculos que se establecen entre las variables movilidad cotidiana, pobreza y exclusion social en un contexto de profunda segregacion funcional y socio espacial, este articulo analiza, para la ciudad de Lima (Peru), la eficiencia social del sistema de transporte colectivo como instrumento de integracion y cohesion social para las personas que viven en situacion de pobreza.

d'Antropologia Social i Cultural 1 Resumen Existeix un ampli debat sobre la pràctica de nomadisme històric i contemporani als estats europeus. El que ens ocupa però, no és la tradició nòmada de diversos grups gitanos, ni les manifestacions o processos contemporanis de mobilitat, sinó més aviat la "nomadització de la cultura gitana" i alhora la tendència d'etnicització (o racialització) del nomadisme. A partir de tres casos i una primera exploració de la literatura sobre la història de la politització del terme i la pràctica del "nomadisme", tractarem de reinterpretar per què es perpetua l'associació automàtica dels gitanos amb el nomadisme, tant en els discursos populars com oficials i institucionals.

Although past research on the African American community has focused primarily on issues of discrimination, segregation, and other forms of deprivation, there has always been some recognition of class diversity within the black community. This research, on the fringe of most scholarship in the first half of the twentieth century, grew significantly with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In this review we highlight the growth of the black middle class itself and explore the debate on the relative influence of class and race in the lives of middle-class blacks in the post-Civil Rights Era. The consensus that has emerged thus far acknowledges the increasing influence of class in the mobility chances of college-educated blacks while documenting the continued role of race in limiting black middle-class achievement. This research also finds that middle-class blacks experience discrimination both in institutional settings and in the accommodations of everyday life. 373 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2011.37:373-394. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Maryland -College Park on 05/08/12. For personal use only.

Partindo de uma reflexão sobre a multiplicidade disciplinar, teórica, metodológica e terminológica e utilizando uma analogia com o modelo multivariado da correlação canônica, propõe-se o rótulo Estudos Pessoa-Ambiente para englobar as diferentes sub-áreas disciplinares e temáticas que lidam com as relações recíprocas pessoa-espaço físico. Segue uma discussão de quatro conceitos do espaço (espaço pessoal, territorialidade, apinhamento e privacidade) e sua relação com mobilidade. Após algumas considerações sobre affordance sugere-se o elo mobilidade-affordance como elemento molecular da relação recíproca pessoa-espaço físico no cerne dos estudos pessoa-ambiente.

With Malinkés of Guinea, home place lies both in the search of continuity over the time and a strong spatial anchorage.That explains why some locals from Guirlan village -in the north east of the country -say that household « never dies ». So ideally its members have to immortalize it for ever. But no matter how stable is their home, individuals move frequently. First married women -whose contribution is indispensable to the development of the household in patrilocal society-, womens' commercial migrations, young men « adventures » and then seasonal trips to gold mines. This feature article aims at capturing how spatial anchorage and mobility interact trough the necessary return journey. RESUME Chez les Malinkés de Guinée, la résidence repose à la fois sur la recherche d'une continuité temporelle et sur un fort ancrage spatial. C'est ce qui fait dire à certains habitants du village de Guirlan -au nord est du pays -que la concession « ne meurt jamais ». Aussi, ses membres se doivent de la perpétuer, dans l'idéal, indéfiniment. Mais à la stabilité spatiale de la résidence se confrontent les nombreux déplacements des individus. Mobilité matrimoniale des femmes d'abord -indispensable au développement de la concession en société patrilocale -, migrations commerciales féminines, « aventures » des jeunes hommes et déplacements saisonniers vers les mines d'or ensuite. Cet article vise donc à saisir les modalités d'interaction entre ancrage spatial et mobilités à travers la nécessité du retour.

Difficulty in transferring, the ability to rise in and out of a bed and chair, is a common problem in older adults, particularly those residing in skilled nursing facilities. Focusing on one aspect of transferring, rising from supine to sitting position, we devised a set of bed mobility tasks to test key arm, leg, and trunk movements that likely contribute to successful rising from bed. Healthy young controls (YC, n=22, mean age 23), and older adults (aged 60 and over) either residing independently in congregate housing (CH, n=29, mean age 84) or undergoing rehabilitation in a skilled nursing facility (SNF, mean age 77) were assessed in the time to rise from supine to sitting and in the ability or inability to perform 16 other bed mobility tasks. Trunk function-related tasks, specifically those requiring trunk elevation and trunk balance, were most difficult for the SNF, followed by CH, and then YC. Tasks focusing on trunk flexion strength (sit up arms crossed, bilateral heel raise)...

Aims/hypothesis Gait characteristics and balance are altered in diabetic patients. Little is known about possible treatment strategies. This study evaluates the effect of a specific training programme on gait and balance of diabetic patients.

The Baccu Locci stream catchment (Sardinia, Italy) is affected by serious As contamination as a consequence of past mining. The presence of both point and widespread sources of contamination (waste-rock dumps and flotation tailings, respectively) strongly affects surface water chemistry, and produces high As concentrations (hundreds of mg l À1) in stream waters. Water chemistry of the Baccu Locci stream changes considerably over a distance of about 10 km as a consequence of various, locally concomitant, processes acting along the stream course: (1) mixing with metal-rich SO 4 waters; (2) dissolution/precipitation of metal-bearing phases; (3) mixing with HCO 3-dominated lake waters; (4) gypsum dissolution coupled with calcite precipitation; (5) mixing with dilute surface and/or ground waters. In contrast to metals (e.g. Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd), whose dissolved concentrations rapidly decrease downstream of the mined area through (co-)precipitation/adsorption mechanisms, As concentrations tend to gradually increase (up to 0.9 mg l À1) along the stream course as far as the alluvial plain, though significant variations are locally observed. This behaviour is mainly due to the higher mobility of As than metals under the near neutral-oxidative conditions occurring in the Baccu Locci stream waters. Results of a leaching test indicate that part of the As contained in the flotation tailings occurs as As(III), which is more mobile and less strongly sorbed than As(V). The As released to the waters by various mechanisms (i.e. release/desorption from the Fe(III)-hydroxides coatings of silicate grains, oxidation of residual arsenopyrite, decomposition of scorodite) tends to remain in solution and to be transported long distances. As a consequence of the widespread presence of highly As-contaminated flotation tailings all over the medium-lower Baccu Locci stream catchment, long-term As contamination is expected.

Phosphate compounds of Pb [e.g., pyromorphite Pb 5 (PO 4) 3-(X) where X) OH, F, or Cl] are comparatively insoluble, and inducing their formation in contaminated soils may be a means of reducing the bioavailability and chemical lability of Pb in soil. Previous research has documented the formation of pyromorphite subsequent to the addition of phosphates, as soluble phosphate (Cotter-Howells, J.; Caporn, S. Appl. Geochem. 1996, 11, 335) and as apatite (Laperche et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 3321), to Pb-contaminated soils. In the present study, the effect of apatite amendments on the bioavailability of Pb in contaminated soil and the stability of pyromorphite were examined. A Pb-contaminated soil was treated with natural and synthetic apatites, and the bioavailability of Pb was determined in plant uptake studies with sudax (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The Pb content in shoot tissue decreased as the quantity of added apatite increased. However, Pb and P contents in the plant roots increased as the quantity of added apatite increased. In the absence of apatite amendments, Pb content in the shoot was 170 mg of Pb/kg dry weight; apatite decreased the shoot Pb concentration to 3 mg/kg. XRD and SEM analysis indicated that apatite reacted with Pb in the contaminated soil to form pyromorphite, in situ. However, accumulation of Pb in the roots and formation of pyromorphite on root surfaces was also noted. This study indicates that apatite amendments to contaminated soils can lower the bioavailability and increase the geochemical stability of soil Pb.

Nearly a century of metal deposition adjacent to a metal refinery in Prescot, north-west England has led to highly elevated metal levels in soils at a dominantly Acer pseudoplatanus woodland, but with incongruously and perplexingly few detrimental effects on trees. Dispersal and speciation of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Ni in soil was found to be extremely variable, but spatial patterns of metals were inter-related and also related to soil pH and soil organic matter. These soil variables were all generally higher in soil directly beneath trees than in soil between trees, and were particularly high beneath the spreading canopy of Aesculus hippocastanum. It is argued that this heterogeneous dispersal and availability of metals in soils may explain the survival of mature trees and the successful establishment of seedlings within the woodland Differing speciation and mobility has allowed high disappearance rates of metals since recent closure of the refinery, which may result in soil recovery at a faster rate than previously thought.