Migrations

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

The majority of young African women involved in prostitution in major European cities today come from Edo State, in Southern Nigeria, where trafficking has become an entire economic model. Despite moral judgment and the stigmatization of prostitutes in Nigeria, sending a girl to Europe represents an opportunity that many families decide to take advantage of, relying on potential financial benefits that would allow collective social climbing. Analyzing prostitution as a family migratory project helps to shed light on the role of parents in the mechanisms that make possible and even reinforce the sexual exploitation of girls in Europe

The collapse of the Soviet Union combined with political and economic reforms generated increasing migrations and capital flows between and from the former Soviet countries. As indicated by International Organization of Migrations (IOM), in 2019 only the number of Russian citizens living abroad was 10 million. The researchers from various disciplines have been following relationships between post-Soviet migrations, the outward capital flows and emigres' entrepreneurship and during the last two decades over 40 studies related to post-Soviet immigrant entrepreneurship have emerged. This paper identifies the development of the research on post-Soviet migrant entrepreneurship, its main trends, and research gaps. It delineates the boundaries and outline the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurship research to the fields of post-Soviet migrations and Russian outward foreign direct investments (OFDI). The review of the existing literature results in a new analytical framework that integrates findings in these domains and can be further extrapolated to analysis of entrepreneurship of other migrant groups.

Europe's Transforming Identity. Part 1 of the book Islam and Tolerance in Wider Europe (ed. Pamela Kilpadi) including the articles:
* 'What Values for Europe?' by Michael Emerson
* 'The Role of Islam in Europe: Multiple Crises?' by Amel Boubekeur and Samir Amghar
* 'The Southern Gate to Fortress Europe' by Rutvica Andrijasevic

THEMES AND PERSPECTIVES

CLAUDIO STAITI, “The ocean is bridged”. The Italian Great War in the diary of Gino C. Speranza (1915-1919)

Chiara PULVIRENTI, The myth of planning. The Allied Control Commission and the UNRRA in the Italian laboratory

ELEONORA BELLONI, The “American Way of Mobility”. The influence of the American model on traffic and mobility planning in Italy (1920-1960)

CRISTOBAL PADILLA TEJEDA, North African migration in the Colombian Caribbean: political and commercial influence in the city of Barranquilla


COMMENTS AND DEBATES

ROSAMARIA VITETTA, Between local and general history. On the writings of Luigi Staibano (1822-1877)

ERMINIO FONZO, Historiography and Covid-19. Some considerations

РЕЗЮМЕ: Гигротактическая и обонятельная ориентация сеголеток серой жабы (Bufo bufo) в постметаморфозный период. А.Н. Решетников. В установке парного выбора исследовали ориентацию по различным естественным летучим химическим стимулам у сеголеток серой жабы (Bufo bufo) в постметаморфозный период, характеризующийся расселением из водоема. Сеголетки выбирали (р<0.05) стимульный отсек с озерной или дистиллированной водой, но не пустой отсек. Все последующие эксперименты были проведены при равной влажности воздуха в обоих стимульных отсеках. Сеголетки предпочитали (р<0.05) запах воды из водоема, в котором прошли личиночное развитие, запаху дистиллированной воды и запаху воды из-под скопления сеголеток В. bufo, однако, не обнаружили (р>0.05) в экспериментальных условиях способности отличать запах воды из водоема, где прошло их личиночное развитие, отзапаха воды из другого водоема, где развивались личинки того же вида. Реакции на запах наземных субстратов у жаб различались: они предпочитали (р<0.05) землю, избегали (р<0.05) сфагнум и безразлично (р>0.05) относились к прошлогодней перепревшей березовой листве. Таким образом, сеголетки В. bufo способны воспринимать различия во влажности воздуха, а также запахи от разнообразных естественных источников, и могут использовать эту способность для выбора направления движения в период, соответствующий расселению из водоема. Реакции на некоторые запаховые стимулы были экологически адекватными. Реакции на одни и те же пары запаховых стимулов у сеголеток из двух соседних популяций не различались (р>0.05).

« Au-delà de la condition de migrant, ce que ces hommes et ces femmes nous donnent la charge de penser, c’est tout à la fois la difficulté de vivre dans un lieu qu’on n’a pas choisi et qui est (devenu) invivable, la responsabilité des États européens dans la stratification de la mobilité mondiale aussi bien que dans les conflits mondiaux, la légitimité du rapport d’appropriation à un territoire “national”, la question de savoir où aller lorsqu’on ne peut pas rester là où l’on est, et qui choisit et décide du lieu où l’on peut aller. Au fond, les migrants de Calais sont pris dans un étau qui les prive doublement de choix : ils n’ont pas choisi de naître et de grandir dans leur pays d’origine et, une fois parvenus à Calais, on leur signifie qu’ils ne peuvent pas non plus choisir un nouveau lieu de vie. Que signifie alors cette vie en transit ? Peut-on vivre sans chez-soi dans un lieu comme la “jungle” ? Que vivent et que veulent ces hommes et ces femmes réfugiés en pareils lieux ? Pourquoi la France condamne-t-elle les migrants illégaux à se replier dans ces espaces ? Quelle alternative peut-on raisonnablement envisager ? »

Indissociablement enquête sociologique et philosophique, ce livre explore la condition de migrant, d’abord au travers de leur point de vue, ensuite par une analyse du vocabulaire dans lequel on les enferme, on les regarde et par lequel ils se racontent. Mais on voit aussi ce que leur condition nous dit de la politique d’accueil et d’asile de l’État français, des liens contradictoires entre démocratie et politique d’immigration, de la façon dont la France ne représente plus un « bien » pour les immigrés en quête d’asile, en dépit de sa longue tradition de défense des libertés et des droits humains.

California is home to approximately one-third of the Cambodian American population, many of whom came to the United States as refugees. In a chapter from her book, Southeast Asian Migration: People on the Move in Search of Work, Refuge and Belonging, BIMI-affiliate and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Khatharya Um, explores how Cambodian American youth participate in artistic expression and political engagement to navigate the burdens of transgenerational trauma and forced migration. Drawing on Prof. Um’s research, this policy brief makes recommendations for activists, educators, policy makers, and service providers to support the empowerment of young Cambodian Americans and other refugee communities.

This is an unusual book. Combining social science fiction, utopianism, pragmatism, sober analysis, and innovative social theory, the authors address one of the biggest dilemmas of our age – how to solve the problems arising from mass displacement. As early versions of the solution proposed by Robin Cohen and Nicholas Van Hear filtered out, their vision of a new, networked, transnational archipelago, called Refugia, was immediately denounced or met with scepticism by established refugee scholars. Others were more intrigued, more open-minded, or perhaps just holding their fire until this book was finally published. As it at least has the virtue of originality, why not judge the proposal for yourself? Read it and craft your own critique. The authors have initiated an openly pro-refugee vision that all can help to shape. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to scholars, students and practitioners, as well as to an informed public ready to engage with this pressing issue.

Many of the studies on Palestinian Diaspora are connected to the Nakbah and to the refugee question. The fact that Christmas Lutheran Church is located in Bethlehem, and thus in the 1967 occupied Palestinian Land, gives us a different angle on the issue of Palestinian Diaspora. What this study shows is that the Migration of Palestinians in general and the Palestinian Christian in particular is connected to recurring empires and powers controlling and occupying Palestine and had mainly political reasons: Drafting of Christians to the military by the young Turks; The Nakbah and the loss of land and livelihood, the de-development of the West Bank under Jordanian rule, and the continued Israeli occupation of the West Bank.  While economic factors played an important drive for immigration, they were often a result of the political developments.  Devastating is the fact that Palestinian migration is not a onetime thing but an ongoing open wound that is still bleeding with no end in sight. Thus, this study shows that Christmas Lutheran Church provides a microcosm of Palestinian society and a mirror of the Palestinian history in the last 150 years. And last but not least this research shows that the diasporic experience of the Palestinian Christians is part and parcel of the larger Palestinian diasporic experience though there is uniqueness to the Christian experience.

L’instauration en France d’une "carte d’identité d’étranger", par un décret d’avril 1917, première expérience en Europe d’une identification ciblée de tous les résidants étrangers sur le sol national, marque une étape fondamentale dans l’histoire du contrôle de l’immigration en France. Ce document d’identité spécifique, réservé à un segment de la population qui se trouve définie par ce biais comme "étrangère", indique l’intérêt renouvelé des autorités politiques et administratives, à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, pour une identification adaptée des étrangers. La création de cette carte indique un tournant dans l’histoire du régime législatif et administratif de la IIIe République et dans la régulation, nationale et internationale, du marché du travail ; elle montre aussi le poids des grands basculements historiques dans les manières d’identifier et d’enregistrer les étrangers.

Giovanni AGRESTI (2015),  Migrazioni. Tra disagio linguistico e patrimoni culturali / Les migrations. Entre malaise linguistique et patrimoines culturels. Actes des Sixièmes Journées des Droits Linguistiques (Teramo-Giulianova-Fano Adriano-Pescara, 6-8 novembre 2012). (Cura del volume, insieme con Silvia Pallini). Roma: Aracne («Lingue d'Europa e del Mediterraneo / Diritti linguistici», 10). 348 pp. 
ISBN: 9788854884519

At the space-time the unchangeable human thirst for psycho-spiritual progress, as well as his perpetual movements are not always an admirable constituent of essential self-acting and self-directed targeting. The strong motives embodied by unhindered promiscuity with operators of miscellaneous origin and the constructive combination of cultural experiences are often undermined by orchestrated socio-political developments. Ethnic groups, with limited foundations in the geostrategic palimpsest, suffer the tragic consequences of ambitious imperialistic plans.
Indeed the dignified Serbian nation lives over time an extremely outright marginalization and shameless victimization. In the earth-shattering changes that occur in the fluid European mosaic the Serbians often appear weak to identify autonomously their own evolutionary course. The painful escape emerges as redemption and inevitably the violent eradication from the birthday land preceds.
In spite of the authentic historical themes the novel «Migrations» (1929) of postmodern author Milos Tsernianski interspersed with autobiographical data is distinguished for his existential orientation perspective: the agonized search for the inner «Promised land» leads teleologically to the potential disengagement from mental dilemmas or even to the ruthless dimensions of metaphysical nihilism; the family relationships with their volatile balance and the transcendent erotic triangle of the fallen protagonists portend the unsolicited Nemesis; the rude deprecation of human existence in the bloodthirsty trenches highlights the attractive world of illusions.
Including «sumatraistic» axioms the cosmopolitan creation with its annular composition invites the readers to redefine their moral background. They must disrupt the borderline between the conscious awareness that is achievable by sustained, endogenous or exogenous movements and the subconscious stagnation that disorders the intended archetypal clearance.

O objetivo deste artigo é trazer para o centro do debate uma questão crucial que tem a ver com a ausência de África no debate sobre a identidade cabo-verdiana, na medida em que o corpus teórico que grande parte dos cientistas sociais cabo-verdianos utiliza está decalcado numa excessiva ocidentalização do saber (cristianismo, lusotropicalismo, assimilação eurocêntrica, identificação com o opressor, etc.), que aprofundou a ‘diluição’ de África e das referências e contribuições
do humanismo africano. Isso obriga-nos a repensar o processo de modernização de Cabo Verde, da construção da identidade caboverdiana, assim como
a revalorização de África. Um trabalho iniciado por Amílcar Cabral, mormente naquilo que se designa de reafricanização dos espíritos e “regresso à fonte”. Num
diálogo que tem como pano de fundo a mestiçagem, a perspetiva muntu torna-se bastante equilibrada e simétrica na relação entre os indivíduos, e crucial na
compreensão do papel do ‘mestiço’ (inventado) que procura situar-se entre duas extremidades: Portugal (Ocidente) e valores do Muntu (África).

Palavras-chave: Muntu, África, cabo-verdianidade, identidade, racismo, diáspora.

MIGRATION covers many types of migrants including explorers, slaves, pilgrims, mineworkers, labourers, exiles, refugees, sex workers, students, tourists, retirees and expatriates. The text is supplemented by a series of vivid maps, evocative photographs and powerful graphics. Robin Cohen explores a long span of time and many regions and themes in migration.

Cahiers de la Méditerranée, n° 103, decembre 2021.

Starting from Braudel’s description of the Mediterranean as a “movement-space” whose unity stems from mobility, this article proposes to study the posterity of this ap- proach in scientific literature on migrations in the contemporary era, through the con- cepts of migratory space and system. We examine how studies on the Mediterranean, taken here as a whole, have intersected with scholarly outputs on migrations, and vice versa. There appears to be a problem of scale: some of the migrations or migrants referred to as “Mediterranean” do not always deserve this appellation, which appears as too global.

Questa tesi indaga le migrazioni filippine a Poggibonsi, le sue peculiarità e caratteristiche principali, tentando di capire il ruolo ed il peso della cultura nazionale d’appartenenza, oltre che di quella autoctona, nell’influenzare i progetti migratori. Per realizzare questo studio, mi sono avvalso della letteratura sociologica esistente, che però studia le migrazioni filippine radicate in grandi realtà urbane, escludendo di conseguenza città dalla media e piccola grandezza. Tale carenza mi ha motivato a portare avanti uno studio su una realtà urbana modesta come quella di Poggibonsi, per tentare di capire le differenze e le caratteristiche di percorsi migratori tra due realtà urbane di mole differente. Dal punto di vista metodologico, ho utilizzato gli strumenti afferenti alla sociologica qualitativa, quali interviste semi-strutturate in profondità ed il campionamento a cascata. Ho suddiviso l’elaborato in 4 capitoli, adottando una sorta di schema “a matrioska”, partendo da un livello più ampio, generale e omnicomprensivo, fino ad arrivare ad un’analisi dettagliata e circoscritta alla realtà poggibonsese. I punti focali approfonditi nelle interviste sono il ruolo della comunità etnica nell’ insediamento, ricerca del lavoro e socialità, il percorso formativo e lavorativo in patria ed in Italia, il canale migratorio utilizzato, il peso degli stereotipi e delle aspettative sociali della società poggibonsese, i progetti futuri, nonché le aspettative precedenti alla partenza.
I risultati dello studio restituiscono una situazione sommariamente fedele a quella illustrata dalla letteratura esistente, in merito ai percorsi lavorativi dei migranti di prima generazione, alla difficoltà di mobilità socio-economica di questi, alla presenza di stereotipi su base etnica, di genere e di classe sociale che generano un’immagine sociale nella quale la maggior parte degli intervistati si identifica e riconosce, accettandola con consapevole ma passiva rassegnazione. Risulta inoltre pressoché trasversale l’identificazione nella cultura nazionale, c.d. cultura “bayani”, i cui valori sono fedeltà, responsabilità e senso di sacrificio verso “la famiglia”. Questo complesso di valori familio-centrici influenza la costruzione dell’identità filippina e determina le scelte e gli obiettivi dei progetti migratori in merito alle destinazioni, canale migratorio, risorse a cui attingere, ruoli e funzioni della comunità etnica, destinatari delle rimesse migratorie. Per le terze generazioni emerge una realtà differente: il maggior meticciamento con la cultura autoctona e la possibilità di accedere ai circuiti scolastici italiani sembra rimettere in discussione principi ed ideali della cultura filippina e tratti dell’immagine sociale collettiva, alterando aspettative, aspirazioni e opportunità, allentando al tempo stesso la pressione uniformatrice che li vorrebbe nei settori altamente etnicizzati in cui gravitano i genitori. In definitiva, quella di Poggibonsi risulta essere principalmente una scelta “obbligata” dall’utilizzo di risorse e canali etnici di tipo familiare, oltre che dalla contrazione di matrimoni con un partner autoctono lì residente. Per quanto tale scelta non sia legata a peculiarità riconducibili al centro urbano stesso, emergono elementi distintivi che sottolineano differenze in merito alla vita quotidiana tra una piccola città ed un polo metropolitano: gli intervistati riferiscono di trascorrere una serena esistenza, che la città valdelsana dia maggiori chances, anche se poche, di ottenere un impiego in settori differenti a quello di cura ed assistenza, come quello turistico, di mediazione linguistica e nella ristorazione, grazie anche alla posizione strategica tra poli turistici come San Gimignano, Siena e Firenze. La dimensione modesta di Poggibonsi sembra trasmettere maggiore sicurezza e serenità, i cittadini conducono una vita meno movimentata rispetto a città come Firenze, appare più agevole la conciliazione tra tempi di vita e di lavoro, soprattutto nel lavoro ad ore, comportando un miglior utilizzo dei servizi pubblici come quello scolastico, aspetti di normalizzazione che ne facilitano l’inclusione nel tessuto sociale. L’aspetto più importante risulta essere legato alla dimensione della comunità etnica, che qui appare più coesa ed unita: i membri possono contare su una maggiore fiducia, poiché il numero modesto fa venir meno dissidi e competizioni interne per i medesimi posti di lavoro, producendo una coesione e un efficienza fondamentali per la competizione con le altre comunità etniche.

Despite rapid and large-scale immigration in the last 15 years, the citizen and permanent resident (PR) composition of Singapore’s multiracial demographic has remained relatively unchanged. Within the Chinese, Malay, and Indian categories, it is only the Indian component that has witnessed a two per cent increase. This is primarily to do with the naturalization of new citizens and extensions of PRs, than increasing birth rates amongst the existing population. This incorporation of new Indian migrants and new citizens into the existing Singaporean ‘Indian’ category has been built on the assumption that a shared racial identity is more significant than the differences that characterize these groups. Their integration into a larger Singaporean citizenry and civil society can then be seen as more of a political project, rather than a simultaneously cultural or social one. 
A shared ethnicity or ‘race’, however, has not meant that integration has been an entirely smooth process. In fact, there are emergent and widening fractures along lines of socio-economic class, religion, language and culture. This chapter will discuss how these divisions have coalesced around certain non-mutually exclusive tropes: a “civilisational” discourse, North vs South, and authentic Singaporeaness vs the foreign Other. These recurrent themes are ones perpetuated by both newcomers and established residents.
In demonstrating the everyday ways in which these fissures are enacted, this chapter cautions against easy categorizations of racial identity and argues that socio-economic class divides and visible signs of status are more significant factors to consider in integration than perceived, and often misguided notions of cultural and racial affinity. It calls for a broader-based consensus around new immigrant integration; one that does not rely on ‘race’, but shared notions of civic and national belonging.

Managing Immigration and Diversity in Canada is a comprehensive collection of information on the Canadian immigration experience that offers a current, detailed synopsis and critical analysis of Canadian and Quebecois immigration issues. Key topics discussed include government jurisdiction over immigration and diversity; management of immigration flows; immigration and the labour market; citizenship, settlement, and socio-cultural integration; linguistic policies and linguistic pluralism; and partnerships and knowledge transfer between government, universities, and civil society. Each section of this volume features national and provincial perspectives in order to address the simultaneous processes of multiculturalism and “multinationalism” in Canada. The Introduction adds an international dimension to this collection, dialoguing with the book’s themes and chapters from a European viewpoint and drawing comparisons between both Canada and Spain and Quebec and Catalonia.

This book is designed to assist instructors, researchers, and practitioners working in the areas of either Canadian immigration and diversity or comparative migration studies and is also intended for scholars and policy-makers in new, fast-growing countries or regions of immigration, particularly in Southern Europe. This innovative resource includes the contributions of many of Canada's leading experts on immigration and provides a crucial transatlantic perspective on immigration and integration themes.

Contributors include: Naomi Alboim (Queen’s University), John Biles (Citizenship and Immigration Canada), Monica Boyd (University of Toronto), Elizabeth Coelho (University of Toronto), Zita De Koninck (Université Laval), Louise Fontaine (Ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles du Québec), Annick Germain (INRS-Urbanisation Culture Société), Jack Jedwab (Association for Canadian Studies), Peter Li (University of Saskatchewan), Gérard Pinsonneault (Université de Montréal), Yves Poisson (Public Policy Forum), Maryse Potvin (Université du Québec à Montréal), Jeffrey G. Reitz (University of Toronto), Dan Rodríguez-García (Autonomous University of Barcelona), Joanna Anneke Rummens (University of Toronto), and Myer Siemiatycki (Ryerson University).

Resumen: Entre 1979 y 1981 arribaron 293 familias de refugiados de la Guerra Civil de Laos a Argentina en una estrategia organizada por las Naciones Unidas ante la crisis del Sudeste Asiático que derivó en migraciones insospechadas. El seguimiento de la diáspora laosiana fue opacado por el imponente imaginario del ‘Vietnam’ y por diferentes procesos que buscaron cuestionar el relato oficial de la historia y la memoria social posterior al Proceso de Reorganización Nacional. Esta reflexión propone una revisión de algunas imágenes laosianas a modo de imaginario-archivo para situar dicha migración como una presencia no advertida, pero persistente. Contribuye también para ampliar otras reflexiones sobre la Guerra Fría; entre Argentina y el Sudeste Asiático como alteridades extremas, por ejemplo. Un ‘archivo nuevo’, planteado sobre la huella de una comunidad sin aparente rastro, exige un ejercicio crítico frente a las formas de imaginar una organización para el vestigio de presencias encubiertas que no tuvieron mayor protagonismo en la Argentina de dictadura y la posterior.

Palabras clave: Refugiados laosianos. Memoria argentina. Archivo-nuevo. Imagen –imaginario. Guerra Fría.



FOOTPRINTS THAT PASS, IMAGES THAT WEIGH. THE IMAGINARY-ARCHIVE OF THE LAOTIAN DIASPORA IN ARGENTINA



Abstract: Between 1979 and 1981, 293 families of refugees from the Laos Civil War arrived in Argentina in a strategy organized by the United Nations due to the crisis in Southeast Asia that led to unsuspected migrations. The monitoring of the Laotian diaspora was overshadowed by the imposing imagery of ‘Vietnam’ and by different processes of legitimation about official account of history and social memory after the National Reorganization Process in Argentina. This reflection proposes a revision about some Laotian images as an imaginary-archive to locate this migration as an unannounced, but persistent presence. It also contributes to broaden other reflections on the Cold War; between Argentina and Southeast Asia as extreme alterities, for example. A "new archive", raised on the footprint of a community with no apparent trace, requires a critical exercise against the ways of imagining an organization for the vestige of covert presences that did not play a major role in dictatorship Argentina and the subsequent one.

Keywords: Laotian refugees. Social memory in Argentina. New-archive. Image and imaginary. Cold War

There could be a migration without diaspora, but there cannot be diaspora without migration; therefore, diaspora is a post-migration phenomenon. It starts formulating once the migration takes place from one sociocultural setting to an/other sociocultural setting/s. Sociocultural setting is attachment with feeling, memories, and familiarities with the things which an individual loved and experiences at the primary stage of life. This similarity can span to a settlement category such as a locality, city, region, state, country, or continent. It varies from place to place depending upon sociocultural similarities and dissimilarities. It can also be a setting which is marked by social category and a dominance of that particular category be it race, culture, religion, ethnicity, and language group which also constitutes the identity of a settlement category. If a person migrates from one sociocultural setting to another sociocultural setting, she/he experiences a difference in the host society, and this experience of being different in another sociocultural setting is called the post-migration feelings and diasporic sense. The pre-migration feelings are always positive colored with new hopes, dreams, and better life with full of passion and eager. These feelings vary in the forced migratory patterns. Sociocultural setting is also a result of "familiarities," "lived experiences," and "practices/atmosphere" of an individual in a setting of a particular language, culture, religion, food, custom, dress, rituals, social practices, race, ethnicity, etc. Migration causes the distancing of an individual or a group of people from one sociocultural setting to an/other sociocultural setting which affects the psyches of the migrants in the form of memory about the things left behind, life lived with familiarities, and emergence of the feeling of disrootedness. As a result, the immigrants develop a strong community feeling (identity, solidarity, retaining food and dress codes, etc.) within their group and also develop diasporic sense such as the sense of disrootedness; sense of be/longing, collectiveness, nostalgia, and going back/homeland; and sense of alienation. In some cases migrant community assimilates in host society fully or partially. In a nutshell, they are longing for rerooting/rebuilding the sociocultural setting which they left behind or thinking of revisiting "homeland" which also leads to dilemma of to go back or not to go...

The article deals with objectives and results of Russian consulates’ political work in Outer China (Xinjiang, Outer Mongolia and Manchuria) in the middle of the XIX– early XX century from the perspectives of national security, regional security and the “power balance” in the international system.
The majority of the consulates in Western China and Outer Mongolia were established in the second half of the XIX century, in accordance with Sino-Russian treaties of 1851-1881, while consulates in Western Mongolia and Man-churia opened only in the early XX century, after Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese war. Russian consulates’ status in Outer China used to be very specific. Firstly, they possessed an exterritorial right and consular jurisdiction. Secondly, since the consulates as well as the Imperial Legation in Beijing were the only Russian official institutions in Qing Empire until the beginning of the XX century, so the sphere of consular competence was both diverse and extensive. Besides fulfilling traditional consular functions (protection of Russian citizens’ rights, assisting development of Russian trade, etc.), the consuls served as diplomatic representatives and political agents. Thirdly, the consuls were quite autonomous in decision-making, therefore the level of Russia’s influence and effectiveness of Russian policy implementation in Outer China were to high extent dependent on them.
In spite of numerous difficulties faced by diplomats in the remote districts of China, Russian consular institute in Outer China in the period under study succeeded to provide appropriate protection of the Empire’s commercial and political-strategic interests. Their work made a significant contribution to strengthening the “multi-factor equilibrium” in Russia-China interaction, regional security in Central and North-Eastern Asia and maintaining the “balance of power” in the international system.

This paper presents the evolution of an important component of the communist regime: its exit (emigration) policy and related institutions, from Stalin's death to its implosion in 1989. Using the case of Poland it shows how the evolution resulted from a combination of top-down reforms and bottom-up pressure, produced by changes in social practices. The evolution of practices begun with a few individual, pioneering acts of the most determined applicants for exit permit. The spread of information on their unexpected success (allowed by new policies of destalinization and foreign pressure) and simultaneous decrease of fear, contributed to exponential growth of the group of their imitators, fueled by the social dynamics of migration process. The government restored control over the outflow but did not return to Stalin-era non-exit policy and terror. It developed instead an increasingly complex migration regime, based on "socialist rule by law" and bureaucratic rationality. This regime allowed for a gradual expansion of international mobility, fueled by transnational (including West-East) market and cultural forces. A series of reforms to accommodate to the growing interest in the mobility and development of social practices effectively circumventing the remaining restrictions continued until 1988, when the migration regime was practically dismantled.

This contribution analyses the experiences of women from Central and West Africa seeking to cross the Moroccan-Spanish border. Exploring embodied narratives collected in the field between 2015 and 2017 and based on the sociology of migration and gender relations, the article looks at both the power and domination relations that weigh on these illegalized women and their modes of agency and resistance. Paying attention to their experiences enables us to understand the plurality of the instances and processes of production of their vulnerabilities at the border; on the other hand, their narratives provide information on situations where women, despite the violence, perform their power to act, for themselves but also sometimes to support other women. The research shows the coexistence of different strategies to turn their real or supposed vulnerabilities into tools for trying to cross the border.//Cette contribution analyse les expériences de femmes d’Afrique centrale et de l’Ouest en quête de passage de la frontière maroco-espagnole. Explorant des récits incarnés récoltés sur le terrain entre 2015 et 2017 et s’appuyant sur la sociologie des migrations et des rapports sociaux de sexe, l’article se penche à la fois sur les rapports de pouvoir et de domination qui pèsent sur ces femmes illégalisées et sur leurs modes d’agentivité, leurs résistances. Porter attention à leurs expériences permet d’une part de comprendre la pluralité des instances et processus de production de leurs vulnérabilités à la frontière ; d’autre part, leurs récits renseignent sur des situations où les femmes, malgré les violences, performent leur puissance d’agir, pour elles-mêmes mais aussi parfois pour soutenir d’autres femmes. L’enquête montre la coexistence de différentes stratégies pour faire de leurs vulnérabilités réelles ou supposées des outils pour tenter de passer la frontière.

"Latinos are now the largest ethnic minority population in the United States and still they encounter a great deal of misunderstanding, prejudice, and discrimination. Utilizing a strengths-based perspective, Social Work Practice with Latinos addresses the unique needs of this diverse population.

Written by practitioners and scholars from many disciplines, this book discusses social issues of consequence to Latinos and specific strengths and risk factors of the Latino community. They then offer methods that utilize these strengths to ensure a culturally-competent approach to practice with Latino populations. Each chapter is accompanied by key questions for personal and group reflection to facilitate discussion and understanding of these vital themes.

The editors have nearly three decades of combined experience working with Latino populations inside and outside the United States. Drawing on this experience, they integrate these varied perspectives to prepare students and practitioners for practice with this richly diverse community."

Con questo reportage ci inoltriamo all'interno della Repubblica Dominicana per documentare la situazione degli immigrati clandestini haitiani, che lavorano come tagliatori di canna da zucchero. Il dossier è stato realizzato dal nostro collaboratore Raúl Zecca Castel.

The migration of Warao ethnic group members from the Orinoco Delta to Venezuela's urban centers, is a phenomenon that troubles Gobernment authorities and social researchers alike, but for different reasons. The author proposes an interpretation placing the interrelations that take plece in a halfway zone that would define both actors “Criollos” an Indians (considered here as ethnic groups for methodological purposes), within their respective groups as well as outside of them. This result in an adaptation to each other, but this process of adaptation, and the changes it presupposes, unfolds in line with the characteristics of each group. This, then, allows them to "choose" the type and degree of concessions, loans and restrictions needed to make articulation possible. For the Warao it is a necessary strategy in order to survive in a hostile environment.