Microbial biofilms

This study was undertaken to explore the antioxidant properties of various parts of Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (NA). The plant parts studied included leaves, stem, flowers and fruits. The ethanolic extracts were tested for their free radical quenching potential and their reduction potential. The presence of antioxidant enzyme in various plant parts was studied in aqueous extracts. Results showed that the ethanolic extracts of stem and flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis demonstrated higher radical scavenging activity at majority of the concentrations used when compared to leaf and fruit extracts. The stem and flower extracts also showed higher reduction potential when compared to that of leaves and fruits. Among the several antioxidant enzymes studied ascorbate peroxidase was present in highest concentrations in various parts of N. arbor followed by catalase which was followed by polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the extracts.

One Health is a multi-sectorial collaborative approach to combat the ongoing pandemic of multi drug resistance and diseases of human, animal, and the environment. This also focuses on next pandemic preparedness. Urbanization causing more interactions with the wild animals and harming the environment resulting in zoonoses. The multidrug resistance organisms and the antibiotic resistance genes are spreading because of non-therapeutic antibiotics usage in livestock. The multidrug resistant genes are found in the environment such as river, soil and drainage. Loss of multi billion dollar in health care settings and economic are encountered globally. To mitigate the burden a holistic approach 'One Health' is in top priority.

This publication complements the author's previous publications analysing the phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic from sociological, philosophical and anthropological perspectives, but now links such reflections to new thinking in biology.In my opinion, key to understanding the COVID 19 phenomenon, may be the interpretation of the rationality of the COVID 19 pandemic as an impulse for the acceleration of the process of evolutionary changes of the human species, stimulating its transition from the phase of individual, loosely related existence to existence as an integral component of the macroorganism, assigned only a specific role.

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the major globally distributed pathogens, which causes chronic and recalcitrant infections due to their capacity to produce biofilms in large part. Biofilm production represents a survival strategy in these species, allowing them to endure environmental stress by altering their gene expression to match their own survival needs. In this study, we co-cultured different clinical isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa as mono-and mixed-species biofilms in a full-strength Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) and in a 1000-fold diluted Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI/1000) using Microtiter plate assay and determination of colony-forming units. Furthermore, the effect of starvation stress on the expression of pslA and fnbA genes of both species was investigated using RT-PCR. This work indicated that starvation stress significantly increased the biofilm biomass and bacterial density in all mono and mixed biofilm-producing strains. Interestingly, co-culture biofilms exhibited higher resistance to starvation as compared to monoculture. The current results also showed that the expression of fnbA and pslA genes was up-regulated under starvation stress in mono-and coculture biofilm. meanwhile, up-regulates of both genes in co-culture biofilm was significantly higher than mono-species biofilm.

Cleaning, sanitation and disinfection is an inevitable operations. Though it does not directly contribute to profit, it is matter of industrial attention because of the stringent legal standards. Inficide PAA, a Hydrogen peroxide and Peracetic acid based high level disinfectant is emerging as better and safer alternative for sanitation and disinfection of hard surfaces along with aerial disinfection due to properties like low corrosiveness, residue free, greater microbial lethality and biodegradability. With our academic research, Inficide PAA can prove to be a better and safer alternative as disinfectant .

Klebsiella pneumoniae is widely recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in both hospital and community settings. It is a key member of the ESKAPE group, which comprises priority microorganisms of major concern owing to their antibiotic resistance. The resistance of K. pneumoniae, particularly related to Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs), poses a significant global public health challenge. The combination of its Multidrug Resistance (MDR) phenotype and various pathogenicity factors increases its potential to cause severe clinical infections. Biofilm formation was assessed via a semiquantitative microtiter technique. We employed various bioinformatics tools to analyze the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), virulence factors, plasmid replicons, and genomic diversity of the CRKP isolates. Overall, among the 24 K. pneumoniae isolates, most produced strong biofilms (n = 21), with some exhibiting moderate (n = 1) or weak (n = 2) biofilm production. An alarming level of resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics was correlated with the presence of various resistance genes, including those for β-lactams (bla OXA-48 , bla OXA-181 , bla CTX-M15 , bla TEM and bla SHV), aminoglycosides (aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIe, aadA2, ant(3'')-IIa, aph(3')-Ia and aac(6')-Ib-cr), and quinolones (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, CRP, and emrR). Various efflux pumps, such as KpnGH, oqxAB, acrAB, acrD, and KpnEF, are ubiquitously distributed across MDR K. pneumoniae strains. Several virulenceassociated genes encoding type 1 fimbriae (fimH), type 3 fimbriae (mrkA), efflux pumps (acrAB, oqxAB), enterobactin (entA, entB, fepC), and yersiniabactin (irp1, irp2, ytbA, ybtE, ybtP, ybtQ, ytbT, ytbU, ytbX) have been identified. Genetically, the isolates presented high diversity, with 18 Sequence Types (STs) and an average of 70.1% accessory genes. On the basis of SNP distance and pairwise ANI analysis, the majority of K. pneumoniae isolates were grouped into one clade. The high plasticity of K. pneumoniae in the acquisition of an MDR phenotype, combined with the phenotypic and genotypic factors described in this report, underscores the challenges in achieving effective clinical therapy with the available antibiotics. The findings also emphasize the critical need for the surveillance of multidrug-resistant pathogens in clinical settings in Senegal, as well as the need to evaluate their prevalence, propagation, and impact on patient health outcomes.

Meat processing enterprises are currently seeking ways to improve the efficiency of their operations. This study aimed to assess the presence of harmful microorganisms in poultry meat treated with a probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. bacteria during storage. Of the 2,516 meat samples collected from broiler chickens across six poultry processing enterprises in the Dnipropetrovsk region over three years, 1,845 samples tested positive for pathogens. Listeria spp. were isolated in 52.7% of meat samples, S. aureus in 28.7%, P. aeruginosa – in 6.9%, E. coli in 4.2%, and Salmonella spp. in 7.5%. The next stage of the study was the infection of 10 samples of poultry meat with pathogens of test cultures (Escherichia coli UNCSM - 007, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UNCSM - 012, Staphylococcus aureus UNCSM - 017, Listeria ivanovii UNCSM - 042, Salmonella Enteritidis UNCSM - 081), followed by aerosol treatment with a probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. (1.5×108 in ml (0.5 Mac Farland) administered at a dose of 1 ml per sample with daily registration of colony growth. Following pathogen contamination and a single aerosol treatment with the probiotic complex of Bacillus spp., the growth of E. coli and S. aureus was already suppressed on the second day of meat storage. The probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. was able to displace Salmonella Enteritidis on the third day and P. aeruginosa on day 4, but the growth of L. ivanovii could be observed only on day 5. The probiotic complex of Bacillus spp. formed visible biofilms from the five strains of microorganisms and remained viable for five days, forming a dense biofilm with a high accumulation rate of 4.73 D620. A distinctly noticeable ability to form microbial biofilms within three days was observed in planktonic forms of L. ivanovii up to 2.88 D620, followed by P. aeruginosa at 2.28 D620. Low biofilm density was observed for Salmonella Enteritidis (1.77 D620) and S. aureus (1.76 D620). The probiotic complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus spp. shows potential for use in meat processing plants to prevent the growth of harmful microbial biofilms on meat products stored under refrigeration.

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ginger and garlic extracts against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species isolated from wound samples collected from the surgical and orthopedic departments of ESUT Teaching Hospital. This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 15th of July to 20th of November 2024. A total of 100 patients were studied and data was collected using standard methods. Wound sample were cultured on Mannitol salt agar and Blood agar respectively. The ginger and garlic extract were processed and 20g of each was immersed in 100ml of 95% ethanol for 72hrs. Serial dilutions of different concentrations (100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 400mg/ml) were prepared using phosphate buffered saline as a solvent. Susceptibility testing was done using agar well disc diffusion methods. Data was analyzed statistically using software SPSS version 25. Staphylococcus aureus 45(51.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 15(17.2%), Streptococcus pyogenes 20(23.0%), and Streptococcus agalactiae 7(8.1%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most isolated species, 25 (55.6%) of isolates in males and 20 (44.4%) in females. Staphylococcus aureus was most prevalent in the 21–30 age group with 12 isolates (26.7%), followed by the 11–20 and 31–40 age groups with 10 isolates each (22.2%), and fewer isolates in the 0–10 (8, 17.8%) and 41+ (5, 11.1%) groups. Ginger extract, the zones of inhibition ranged from 10.0 ± 1.2 mm to 19.2 ± 1.8 mm across the bacterial species, with the highest activity observed against Staphylococcus aureus at 400 mg/mL. Garlic extract the zones of inhibition ranged from 12.3 ± 1.3 mm to 21.3 ± 2.1 mm, also showing the greatest effect on Staphylococcus aureus at 400 mg/mL. Garlic exhibited higher zone than ginger with the most effect on 400mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was compared with conventional antibiotics (amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin), their potency was lower than that of the antibiotics tested. This study suggests that ginger and garlic extracts have potential antimicrobial properties that could complement conventional treatment options for wound infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.

Several water-related disease outbreaks have been
attributed to deficiencies in water distribution systems (WDS).
This study determined the relationship between biofilmproducing bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in WDS in
Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria through the assessment of the quality of
water, the virulence factors possessed and susceptibility to some
antibiotics. The physicochemical and bacteriological quality of
the water samples were analyzed using standard methods. A total
of 60 samples were collected from seven different locations within
Ilorin metropolis. The pH of the water samples ranged from 6.58 –
7.22, turbidity 0.14 – 2.07 NTU and free residual chlorine ranged
from 0.00 – 1.14 mg/L. A total of eleven bacteria isolates were
identified by biochemical and molecular methods. They included
genera of Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella,
Citrobacter, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia and Serratia. The total
bacterial counts were 1.10 – 7.20 × 102
cfu/mL. The isolates
consisted of 72.7% biofilm producers using the tube method
and 63.6% biofilm producers using the congo red method. Both
biofilm and non-biofilm isolates displayed complete resistance
to ceftriazone, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole.
Biofilm producers showed stronger relationship with antibiotic
resistance (p < 0.0001) than non-biofilms, thus suggesting the use
of bacterial biofilm counts as indicators of water quality.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different root canal disinfection techniques in the elimination of a multi-species biofilm from inside the root canal. Material and Methods: Fifty mandibular first premolars were used in the present study, standardized to 11mm of root length, and instrumented with a reciprocation system Reciproc, (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) to a #50. Longitudinally sectioned halves of the roots were obtained and washed with NaOCl 4%, EDTA 17% and 5% sodium thiosulfate, and sterilized by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 121°C. A multi-species biofilm broth was developed with three strains of bacteria under laboratory conditions: Enterococcus faecalis ATTC 29212, Eikenella corrodens ATTC 23834, Streptococcus anginosus ATTC 33397. Roots were autoclaved and transferred to the broth for 4 days and then were subjected to either disinfection with sodium hypochlorite 4% and XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) or chlorhexidine 2% with and without activation with XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland). Results: The evaluations of the biofilm elimination showed results that indicate that the 4% sodium hypochlorite group with positive pressure irrigation presented significant differences with the group that had irrigation with sodium hypochlorite activated with XP-endo Finisher and the chlorhexidine groups to 2% (P <0.05). Conclusions: Chlorhexidine 2% activated with the XP-endo Finisher does not exert elimination or improved cleaning effect on the multi-species biofilm. Activation of sodium hypochlorite 4% improved the elimination of the multi-species biofilm.

Background: Biofilm-associated infections frequently span multiple body sites and represent a significant clinical challenge, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery and antimicrobial therapy. These infections are commonly healthcare-associated and frequently
related to internal or external medical devices. The formation of biofilms complicates treatment, as they create environments that are difficult for most antimicrobial agents to penetrate. Fluoroquinolones play a critical role in the eradication of biofilm-related infections. Numerous studies
have investigated the synergistic potential of combining fluoroquinolones with other chemical agents to augment their efficacy while minimizing potential toxicity. Comparative research suggests that the antibiofilm activity of fluoroquinolones is superior to that of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. However, their activity remains less effective than that of minocycline and fosfomycin. Noteworthy combinations include fluoroquinolones with fosfomycin and aminoglycosides for enhanced activity against Gram-negative organisms and fluoroquinolones with minocycline and rifampin for more effective treatment of Gram-positive infections. Despite the limitations of fluoroquinolones due to the intrinsic characteristics of this antibiotic, they remain fundamental in this setting thanks to their bioavailability and synergisms with other drugs. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using online databases (PubMed/MEDLINE/Google Scholar) and books written by experts in microbiology and infectious diseases to identify relevant studies on fluoroquinolones and biofilm. Results: This review critically assesses the role of fluoroquinolones in managing biofilm-associated infections in various clinical settings while also exploring the potential benefits of
combination therapy with these antibiotics. Conclusions: The literature predominantly consists of in vitro studies, with limited in vivo investigations. Although real world data are scarce, they are in accordance with fluoroquinolones’ effectiveness in managing early biofilm-associated infections. Also, future perspectives of newer treatment options to be placed alongside fluoroquinolones are discussed. This review underscores the role of fluoroquinolones in the setting of biofilm associated infections, providing a comprehensive guide for physicians regarding the best use of this class of antibiotics while highlighting the existing critical issues.

Persister cells (PCs) are a subset of dormant, phenotypic variants of regular bacteria, highly tolerant to antibiotics. Generation of PCs in vivo may account for the recalcitrance of most chronic infections to antimicrobial treatment and demands for the identification of new antimicrobial agents able to target such cells. The present study explored the possibility to obtain in vitro PCs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at high efficiency through chemical treatment, and to test their susceptibility to structurally different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and two clinically used peptide-based antibiotics, colistin and daptomycin. The main mechanism of action of these molecules (i.e., membrane-perturbing activity) renders them potential candidates to act against dormant cells. Exposure of stationary-phase cultures to optimized concentrations of the uncoupling agent cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was able to generate at high efficiency PCs exhibiting an antibio...

This study investigated microplastics (MP) and their associated microbial plastisphere in the Sarno river (Italy), its estuary and in the nearby coastal area in January 2020. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) and Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the collected MPs and their associated microbes. The three stations sampled differed substantially for MP concentrations and microbial communities, with the estuarine station showing very high MP concentrations (2048.6 MP m−3), highlighting the threat represented by the river for the coastal marine area and its ecosystem. The prokaryotic plastisphere showed differences between the three stations sampled, in terms of community composition, with only 75 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASV) in common. The Comamonadaceae was the most abundant family in MP-attached and freshwater communities, and this lifestyle seems to be pivotal in the colonization of new habitats while flowing towards the sea. The results highlight the importance of the plastisphere in colonization of new habitats and support the need of correct management and risk mitigation efforts.

Current concepts suggest that persisting infections subsequent to endodontic therapy are caused by one or two bacterial species that are "too robust" to be eliminated by conventional treatment measures. As a consequence, numerous studies are exploring the characteristics of these "most" resistant organisms to define an effective treatment strategy to eradicate them from root canals. By taking an ecological perspective, the main objective of this review is to present evidence that the nature of persisting endodontic infections depends not on the robustness of the organisms in the infected site, but on their capability of adapting their physiology to the new environmental conditions set by the treatment. Changes in the environment, such as an increase in pH by calcium hydroxide or the effect of antimicrobials, are capable of triggering genetic cascades that modify the physiological characteristics of bacterial cells. Surface adherence by bacteria to form biofilms is a good example of bacterial adaptation and one that is pertinent to endodontic infections. Increasing information is now available on the existence of polymicrobial biofilm communities on root canal walls, coupled with new data showing that the adaptive mechanisms of bacteria in these biofilms are significantly augmented for increased survival. This ecological view on the persisting infection problem in endodontics suggests that the action of individual species in persisting endodontic infections is secondary when compared to the adaptive changes of a polymicrobial biofilm community undergoing physiological and genetic changes in response to changes in the root canal environment.

The fascinating world of microscopic life unveils a captivating spectacle as bacteria effortlessly maneuver through their surroundings with astonishing accuracy, guided by the intricate mechanism of chemotaxis. This review explores the complex mechanisms behind this behavior, analyzing the flagellum as the driving force and unraveling the intricate signaling pathways that govern its movement. We delve into the hidden costs and benefits of this intricate skill, analyzing its potential to propagate antibiotic resistance gene while shedding light on its vital role in plant colonization and beneficial symbiosis. We explore the realm of human intervention, considering strategies to manipulate bacterial chemotaxis for various applications, including nutrient cycling, algal bloom and biofilm formation. This review explores the wide range of applications for bacterial capabilities, from targeted drug delivery in medicine to bioremediation and disease control in the environment. Ultimately, through unraveling the intricacies of bacterial movement, we can enhance our comprehension of the intricate web of life on our planet. This knowledge opens up avenues for progress in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation.

Chloropropham-degrading cultures were obtained from sludge and soil samples by using two different enrichment techniques: (i) planktonic enrichments in shaken liquid medium and (ii) biofilm enrichments on two types of solid matrixes (plastic chips and gravel). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting showed that planktonic and biofilm cultures had a different community composition depending on the presence and type of added solid matrix during enrichment. This was reflected in the unique chloropropham-degrading species that could be isolated from the different cultures. Planktonic and biofilm cultures also differed in chloropropham-degrading activity. With biofilm cultures, slower chloropropham removal was observed, but with less build-up of the toxic intermediate 3-chloroaniline. Disruption of the biofilm architecture resulted in degradation characteristics shifting toward those of the free suspensions, indicating the importance of a well-established biofilm structure...

The need for microbiologists to consider the constant and changing patterns of microorganisms found in water systems are varied. These reasons include the need [3]: a) To understand the most commonly occurring isolates which make up the micro flora in the different water systems and to see if there is any relationship between different grades of water. b) To build up such a picture so that, data can be compared and trended over subsequent years. c) To examine the type of microorganisms to see if the types are similar to those expected to be found in a water system. d) To take from the most commonly occurring isolates microorganisms to become part of a microbiological culture collection for future reference. e) To use the most commonly occurring microorganisms for media growth promotion testing (the periodic challenging of culture media by so-termed environmental isolates is an expectation of regulatory authorities under the auspices of Good Manufacturing Practice). f) To have the information in a format for trending, so that microbiologists and quality personnel can react to any changes to trends. Some or all of the above may be applicable, depending upon the pharmaceutical facility of the different reasons outlined, establishing a benchmark is important. This is not a task that, hitherto this paper, has been aided by literature. There are few published references as to the expected micro flora in processed water and even fewer that pertain to the pharmaceutical industry. The paucity of studies is the reason for developing this review: to enable microbiologists to compare and to contrast these findings when establishing their own similar reviews. As general guidance, water systems should be characterized at least annually, with some reference made to the typical and expected microorganisms every time an action level result is recorded from monitoring.

Background and Aim: The emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains poses a significant threat to healthcare settings. Although various studies have explored alternative antibiotics, discovering novel therapeutic agents remains crucial. This study aimed to synthesize green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as bactericidal agents, identify a multidrug-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, and explore their biofilm formation ability. To estimate the role of phyto-AgNPs in the perfection of immune markers and healing hepatic lesions in vivo.

Materials and Methods: The clinical isolate of MRSA was identified using 16S rRNA New green AgNPs derived from Artemisia annua extract were synthesized. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized, and their minimum inhibitory concentration was estimated for fighting MRSA biofilm. A study was conducted on rats to evaluate the effect of new NPs on their immune response to MRSA infection.

Results: The new clinical isolate of MRSA RM-Ph8 was identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis as S. aureus, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis confirmed that the new strain was similar to S. aureus with 98.12% identity with accession number OQ421819. The FTIR of the new phyto-AgNPs displayed different functional groups that work as reducing silver nitrate agents. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed spherical particles with an average diameter of 6–28 nm smaller. The chemical method led to complete cell destruction of the multidrug strain within 24 h. Biofilm formation showed that the new MRSA clinical strain was strongly adherent (88%). Notably, the phyto-AgNPs exhibited significant bactericidal activity against the new MRSA strain, with an MIC of up to 50 mg/mL. Moreover, phyto- AgNPs significantly decreased reversed MRSA-induced liver and kidney function impairment, with improvement in both the histopathological lesions and immune histochemical expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase at p < 0.05 compared with the untreated group.

Conclusion: Green AgNPs are a promising therapeutic approach against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, surpassing the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics.

Keywords: Artemisia annua bactericidal activity, immune histochemical expression, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, phyto-AgNPs.

The biofilm-forming ability of 21 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, previously pulsotyped and corresponding to 16 strains, from different origins was evaluated using the Calgary Biofilm Device R , at 37 • C. Biofilms of 4 selected strains were also produced either on pure cultures or on co-cultures with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), at 12 • C and at 37 • C. For these biofilms, the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of 4 commercial dairy sanitizers (1 alkyl amine acetate based-T99, 2 chlorine based-T66 and DD, and 1 phosphoric acid based-BP) were determined. Listeria monocytogenes biofilms grown, either at 37 • C or 12 • C, were able to achieve similar cell densities by using different incubation periods (24 h and 7 d, respectively). In co-culture biofilms, P. aeruginosa was the dominant species, either at 37 • C or at 12 • C, representing 99% of a total biofilm population of 6 to 7 log CFU/peg. Co-culture biofilms were generally less susceptible than L. monocytogenes pure cultures. More interestingly, the biofilms produced at 12 • C were usually less susceptible to the sanitizers than when produced at 37 • C. Single or co-culture biofilms of L. monocytogenes and PAO1, particularly produced at 12 • C, retrieved MBEC values for agents T99 and BP that were, at times, above the maximum in-use recommended concentrations for these agents. The results presented here reinforce the importance of the temperature used for biofilm formation, when susceptibility to sanitizers is being assessed.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different root canal disinfection techniques in the elimination of a multi-species biofilm from inside the root canal. Material and Methods: Fifty mandibular first premolars were used in the present study, standardized to 11mm of root length, and instrumented with a reciprocation system Reciproc, (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) to a #50. Longitudinally sectioned halves of the roots were obtained and washed with NaOCl 4%, EDTA 17% and 5% sodium thiosulfate, and sterilized by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 121°C. A multi-species biofilm broth was developed with three strains of bacteria under laboratory conditions: Enterococcus faecalis ATTC 29212, Eikenella corrodens ATTC 23834, Streptococcus anginosus ATTC 33397. Roots were autoclaved and transferred to the broth for 4 days and then were subjected to either disinfection with sodium hypochlorite 4% and XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire,

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen in outbreaks of hospital infections. It is one of the major factors for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients especially those infected with colistin-resistant pathogens. Many plant essential oils have antimicrobial activities and have been investigated as natural sources to combat multiple antibiotic resistances. Moreover, recent advances in phytonanotechnology have created exciting opportunities for the management of many infections.

Abstract: We show the different response of human neuroblastoma cells line to gold surfaces with different levels of nanoroughness, finding out that neurons are capable to sense and actively respond to these nanotopography features, with a surprising sensitivity to variations of few nanometers. Focal adhesion complexes, that allows cellular sensing, cannot properly assemble onto nanostructured surfaces, leading to a marked decrease in cell adhesion. Moreover, apoptosis/necrosis assays established that nanoscale features induce cell ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms, which confer resistance to immune clearance and antibacterial treatment. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation are warranted. Here, 103 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were quantitatively screened for biofilm formation ability via the tissue culture plate method. The effects of lysozyme (hydrolytic enzyme) and proteinase K (protease) on biofilm formation were evaluated at different concentrations. Lysozyme (30 μg/mL), but not proteinase K, significantly inhibited biofilm formation (19% inhibition). Treatment of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates with 50 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime and cefepime significantly decreased the biofilm mass by 32.8% and 44%, respectively. Moreover, the exposure of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates to lysozyme (30 μg/mL) and 50 times MICs of ceftazidime or cefepime resulted in a significant reducti...

Candida albicans is a microbial fungus that exists as a commensal member of the human microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen. Biofilm formation by this fungal pathogen occurs mostly in the mucosa or endothelium associated with candidiasis and colonizes medical devices. The present work was performed to determine the efficacy of the antifungal creams on the viability and biochemical composition of C. albicans biofilm. Four commercial antifungal creams were used herein namely econazole nitrate, miconazole nitrate, ketoconazole and tolnaftate. Resazurin assay and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were performed to determine the viability and biochemical composition of C. albicans biofilm, respectively. Results demonstrated that the antifungal creams inhibited C. albicans biofilm. The highest percent inhibition shown by econazole nitrate, miconazole nitrate, ketoconazole, and tolnaftate were 16.5%, 17.1%, 15.8%, and 6.9%, respectively. Econazole nitrate with the lowest IC...

Bacterial community composition was assessed during riverine biofilm development by the Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH) in combination with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Using artificial substrates, it was possible to follow the dynamics of specific bacterial clusters, while maintaining the unaltered structure and architecture of the biofilm.

Bacterial biofilms have an enormous impact on medicine, industry and ecology. These microbial communities are generally considered to adhere to surfaces or interfaces. Nevertheless, suspended filamentous biofilms, or streamers, are frequently observed in natural ecosystems where they play crucial roles by enhancing transport of nutrients and retention of suspended particles. Recent studies in streamside flumes and laboratory flow cells have hypothesized a link with a turbulent flow environment. However, the coupling between the hydrodynamics and complex biofilm structures remains poorly understood. Here, we report the formation of biofilm streamers suspended in the middle plane of curved microchannels under conditions of laminar flow. Experiments with different mutant strains allow us to identify a link between the accumulation of extracellular matrix and the development of these structures. Numerical simulations of the flow in curved channels highlight the presence of a secondary v...

No policy for the novel coronavirus 50% of COVID-19 dead have infected with a secondary bacterial infection. The threat of antimicrobial resistance could become a massive source of extra virus and death in our system of healthcare, as coronavirus pneumonia percentages grow far beyond throughput. Exploiting the antimicrobial-resistant gen in sewage for data collection and Analyzing human discharge waste passes via the drainage system to a treatment plant — is one approach scientists can follow for contagious diseases emitted in urine or human feces such as superbug serious long-lasting lung disease “COVID -19. Infections with polymicrobiomics biofilm have emerged as a major epidemiological issue for the reason that biofilm- are highly resistant to both multidrug resistance and immune system. Biofilm -substrate-related polymicrobes-infected artificial breathing machine and feeding tubes; act as a source of respiratory infection and tolerance for multidrug. More such reinforcement and ...

The emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to the search for alternate antimicrobial treatment strategies. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) for efficient penetration into a living system have become more common in the world of health and hygiene. The use of microbial enzymes/proteins as a potential reducing agent for synthesizing NPs has increased rapidly in comparison to physical and chemical methods. It is a fast, environmentally safe, and cost-effective approach. Among the biogenic sources, fungi and bacteria are preferred not only for their ability to produce a higher titer of reductase enzyme to convert the ionic forms into their nano forms, but also for their convenience in cultivating and regulating the size and morphology of the synthesized NPs, which can effectively reduce the cost for large-scale manufacturing. Effective penetration through exopolysaccharides of a biofilm matrix enables the NPs to inhibit the bacterial growth. Biofilm is the consortia of se...

In the One Health concept, the use of beneficial bacteria to form positive biofilms that prevent the settlement of undesirable bacteria is a promising solution to limit the use of antimicrobials on farms. However, there is a lack of field studies reporting the onset of these beneficial bacteria after application and the effects on autochthonous surface microbiota. In the study reported here, the inner surfaces of commercial broiler chicken houses were treated or not with a bacterial consortium composed of Bacillus spp. and Pediococcus spp. strains, able to form covering biofilms in different laboratory models. Preinstalled coupons were sampled over time to capture microbial biofilm dynamics on-farm surfaces. The results showed that the bacterial consortium can establish on the farm surfaces, modulate microbial communities, and limit the implantation of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae, two families containing potential pathogens.

In this study, eco-friendly synthesis of silver nano particles was achieved by a novel, facile route using Azolla caroliniana extract which act as a capping as well as reducing agent. Different synthetic parameters and the optical properties of the synthesized AgNPs was also studied. The characterization of synthesized AgNPs was carried out by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction studies (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM studies verified that the AgNPs formed have crystalline nature and spherical shape with an average diameter of 23 nm. The cyclic voltammetry profile of AgNPs modified electrode in NaOH depicted prominent redox peaks evidencing an impressive electrochemical response. The AgNPs shows high catalytic activity towards reduction of Crystal Violet and Fuchine which are highly polluting organic compounds. In addition to that the prepared AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the tested microbes and also exhibits in vitro cytotoxicity against lymphoma ascites cells.

This is a correction of an earlier published article. Text After the publication of this work[1], we became aware that the our description of the methods used to identify Shigella spp. did not describe the identification of a subset of Shigella spp. which were untypeable with commercial sera. Additional typing was conducted by Dr. Kaisar A.

BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications and causes significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. We wanted to determine the incidence of surgical site infections in clean, clean contaminated and contaminated surgeries in our setting along with the factors related to patient and surgical procedures influencing the rate of postoperative surgical wound infections and determine bacteriological profile with antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.

The deterioration of cultural asset is induced by biological, chemical, and physical factors, influenced by anthropogenic activity and environmental conditions. In this study, the contribution of biotechnology is emphasized to define the conservation strategy, for a marble Fountain (Two Dragons, XV century) located in Palermo city center, based on an integrated approach and eco-friendly procedures. Biotechnological protocols are preliminarily applied as an integrated approach, based on microscopy observation, in vitro culture and genomic DNA analysis to recognize and characterize microbial communities. Several biological systems have been identified: green algae (Chlorella) and cyanobacteria (Cyanobium, Oscillatoria); bacteria (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Paracoccus); fungi (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, Fusarium, Cladosporium). In order to address biological colonization, the commercial Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and laboratory-distilled (Calamintha nepeta and Allium sativum) EOs, have been assayed by in vitro Agar disc diffusion, Well-plates diffusion, and Micro-dilution methods; the result allows to define the most appropriate EOs concentration to use. In a green conservation prospective, this study highlighted that EOs can potentially replace the traditional biocides, but the activity must be preliminary evaluated by centring the choose specifically on each microbial taxon identified.

This is a correction of an earlier published article. After the publication of this work[1], we became aware that the our description of the methods used to identify Shigella spp. did not describe the identification of a subset of Shigella spp. which were untypeable with commercial sera. Additional typing was conducted by Dr. Kaisar A.

Utilizing the pathology and microbiology found in tissue from patients with documented Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathogenesis of this fateful disorder has been made clear. Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema denticola spirochetes enter the brain, mostly via neuronal pathways and the entorhinal circulation. These organisms easily pass through the bloodbrain barrier and have an affinity for neural tissue. Once in the brain, the spirochetes make intra-and extracellular biofilms, and it is the biofilms that create the pathology. Specifically, it is the intracellular biofilms that are ultimately responsible for neurofibrillary tangles and dendritic disintegration. The extracellular biofilms are responsible for the inflammation that initially is generated by the first responder, Toll-like receptor 2. The hypothesis that arises from this work is two-pronged: one is related to prevention; the other to treatment. Regarding prevention, it is very likely possible that AD could be prevented by periodic administration of penicillin (PCN), which would kill the spirochetes before they made biofilms; this would prevent the disease and would not allow any of the above deleterious changes generated by the biofilms to occur. As regards treatment, it may be possible to slow or prevent further decline in early AD by administration of PCN together with a biofilm disperser. The disperser would disrupt the biofilm coating and enable the PCN to kill the spirochetes. This protocol could be administered in a trial with the control arm utilizing the current treatment. The progress of the treatment could be evaluated by one of the current blood tests that is semi-quantitative. The specific protocols are listed.

Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio-and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment's factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO 2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.

Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment’s factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the...

The world has recently witnessed a pandemic and is now challenged by continuous environmental changes. Human health is in constant jeopardy with the rise in bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Antibiotics are the most widely used medication for the treatment of any infection. The urban population does not always maintain a healthy lifestyle due to the fast-paced nature of life. West Bengal the eastern state of India is no exception to this directive. Rampant use of antibiotics and their frequent consumption has widely increased over the years. This is posing a serious threat to the healthy microbiome of the human intestine. It is resulting in a decline of the healthy microbiota and the development of antibiotic resistance. The study aims to understand the effect of antibiotic consumption in the post-COVID scenario on the gut microbiome of the West Bengal population. The population includes both rural and urban as it takes into account the different lifestyles.

Diagnosing oral diseases at an early stage may lead to better preventive treatments, thus reducing treatment burden and costs. This paper introduces a systematic design of a microfluidic
compact disc (CD) consisting of six unique chambers that run simultaneously from sample loading, holding, mixing and analysis. In this study, the electrochemical property changes between real saliva and artificial saliva mixed with three different types of mouthwashes
(i.e. chlorhexidine-, fluoride- and essential oil (Listerine)-based mouthwashes) were investigated using electrical impedance analysis. Given the diversity and complexity of patient’s salivary samples, we investigated the electrochemical impedance property of
healthy real saliva mixed with different types of mouthwashes to understand the different electrochemical property which could be a foundation for diagnosis and monitoring of oral
diseases. On the other hand, electrochemical impedance property of artificial saliva, a commonly used moisturizing agent and lubricant for the treatment of xerostomia or dry mouth syndrome was also studied. The findings indicate that artificial saliva and fluoride-based
mouthwash showed higher conductance values compared to real saliva and two other different types of mouthwashes. The ability of our new microfluidic CD platform to perform multiplex processes and detection of electrochemical property of different types of saliva and
mouthwashes is a fundamental concept for future research on salivary theranostics using point-of-care microfluidic CD platform.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different root canal disinfection techniques in the elimination of a multi-species biofilm from inside the root canal. Material and Methods: Fifty mandibular first premolars were used in the present study, standardized to 11mm of root length, and instrumented with a reciprocation system Reciproc, (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) to a #50. Longitudinally sectioned halves of the roots were obtained and washed with NaOCl 4%, EDTA 17% and 5% sodium thiosulfate, and sterilized by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 121°C. A multi-species biofilm broth was developed with three strains of bacteria under laboratory conditions: Enterococcus faecalis ATTC 29212, Eikenella corrodens ATTC 23834, Streptococcus anginosus ATTC 33397. Roots were autoclaved and transferred to the broth for 4 days and then were subjected to either disinfection with sodium hypochlorite 4% and XP-endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire,

Purpose This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence of bisphosphonate osteonecrosis (BON) in the cancer population, prevention and treatment protocols, and quality of life issues. Methods A search of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE form October 2003 to December 31, 2008 was conducted with the objective of identifying publications that contained original data regarding BON. Results A total of 28 publications fulfilled inclusion criteria, but only 22 were used for prevalence analysis. No randomized controlled clinical trials, meta-analysis, or quality of life papers were found that contained information regarding either prevalence or treatment protocols for the management of BON. The overall weighted prevalence of BON included a sample of 39,124 patients with a mean weighted prevalence of 6.1%. The weighted prevalence was 13.3% for studies with documented follow-up with a