Medieval Cities

"Cos’era Udine agli occhi di un cividalese del Quattrocento, se non una ‘neonata’ irriverente? Partendo da questa domanda provocatoria, il saggio delinea lo sviluppo e la storia di Cividale durante il Medioevo da un’angolatura diversa: quella del conflitto latente che la contrappose a Udine per la maggior parte del tempo.

Come sottolinea il titolo del saggio, si tratta di un percorso che inizia in età tardo antica, quando ‘Forum Iulii’ strappò ad Aquileia la palma di capitale, e si conclude al tramonto del Medioevo, quando quella che ormai si chiamava ‘Civitas Austriae’ cedette il primato a Udine.

Dapprima come ‘forum’ romano, quindi come ducato longobardo, e più oltre, in età carolingia, quando è attestata l’esistenza di una scuola capitolare, nei secoli centrali del Medioevo Cividale del Friuli crebbe fino a divenire la sede prediletta dei patriarchi aquileiesi. E fu proprio il rapporto con alcuni presuli – in particolare da Bertoldo di Andechs Merania in poi – a contrapporre l’antica ‘città ducale’ alla nuova ‘terra’ di Udine. Un continuo rivaleggiare che non si esaurì nemmeno con la sottomissione a Venezia (1419-21) e che, anzi, inseguì i primati già nella decorazione delle insegne che celebravano la Serenissima."

"Nel Friuli patriarcale Cividale era solo una 'terra', ma la vocazione urbana - già visibile nella 'forma urbis' - era fortissima. Nel corso del Trecento il consiglio del Comune attuò una chiusura oligarchica: 'milites' e 'pedites' appaiono ormai come etichette prive di valore, ma sono un gruppo coeso, che nei confronti del patriarca Bertrando di Saint-Geniés seglie la via del conflitto, fino al tragico epilogo del 1350.
Nel saggio sono descritte le magistrature cittadine e individuato il gruppo dirigente urbano tra tra 1328-45 (riassunto in due tavole poste in appendice)."

Thanks to the system of ranking by centrality points which was elaborated by András Kubinyi, an ever increasing area of the research of the market towns is occupied by those analyses which
examine the features and development of urban-like settlements in a well-defined region. Accordingly, the present study aims at outlining the course of development of 124 market towns which lay in the north-eastern part of Hungary. In the process of transformation into a market town the person of the lord was a factor of decisive influence. It appears that considerable differences can be grasped in the courses run during the transformation process between settlements under private lay lordship, those owned by the king, and those in the hands of the church. Basically, settlements belonging to the first group show a marked belatedness in their development into market towns as compared to those in the two latter groups, and the extent to which the terminology applied to them (civitas or oppidum) spread in the middle ages differs considerably also. Yet, alongside the person of the lord, other factors likewise determined both the possibilities and limits of evolution. Such factors shaping the model may have been the presence of an aristocratic residence, the settlement of privileged settlers, a place of authentication or the emergence of local mining industry. However, on the basis of characteristics offerred by the market towns examined in this study, it is evident that the process of market town development was basically limited to the sphere of private lay lordship: most of the oppida were in the hands of such lords already at the beginning of the transformation process, and remained there after the acquisition of the title, whereas the greatest part of the settlements originally owned by the king only entered the process after they had left immediate royal lordship.

Hoewel een stad doorgaans beschouwd wordt als een fysieke ruimte, toont deze benadering slechts één zijde van de medaille. Een stad is immers niet slechts de optelsom van zijn fysieke gebouwen, straten en braakliggende terreinen, maar is een constant veranderend weefsel waarvan het uitzicht mee wordt bepaald door de ideeën en handelingen van de mensen die in die stad wonen. Daarnaast mogen we een middeleeuwse stad niet langer zien als een geïsoleerd eiland, aangezien de stedelijke ruimte onlosmakelijk verbonden is met haar rurale voorgeschiedenis en één ecosysteem vormt met het omliggende platteland. Vanuit dit perspectief schetst Jelle Lisson een gevarieerd beeld van het ontstaan van een stad in de regio Zoutleeuw, op basis van de meest recente internationale inzichten over stadsontwikkeling, stadsmorfologie, nederzettingsgeschiedenis en Border Studies, en met behulp van andere disciplines zoals de cartografie, archeologie, geografie en toponymie. Zo staat de auteur stil bij de eerste sporen van bebouwing en bewoning in de regio vóór het ontstaan van de eigenlijke stad, bij de ontwikkeling van verschillende, kleinschalige bewoningskernen waarvan er uiteindelijk één zou uitgroeien tot een toonaangevend economisch, politiek en religieus centrum, en bij de relatief vroege achteruitgang van de stad Zoutleeuw in vergelijking met andere Brabantse steden. Het resultaat is een diepgaand chronologisch overzicht van de geschiedenis van de regio Zoutleeuw, vanaf de Romeinse periode tot de veertiende eeuw.

El estudio de la ciudad medieval de Santiago de Compostela viene marcado generalmente por el ámbito eclesiástico, materializado en su catedral, el episcopado y la peregrinación. Estos análisis han dejado ciertos segmentos necesitados de profundidad a la hora de definir las relaciones sociales y de poder político en una de las principales urbes peninsulares de señorío eclesiástico; es el caso, principalmente, del poder concejil y su relación con el poder feudal compostelano. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación inicial de la institución urbana en los últimos siglos medievales con el objeto de introducir una sistematización que, tras un breve panorama del desarrollo hasta la baja Edad Media, atiende principalmente a: sus integrantes en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII (justicias, notarios y guardianes del sello); la materialización documental del poder en el primer tercio del siglo XIV sobre la suscripción de un privilegio real junto con el prelado Berenguel de Landoira; y los integrantes del concejo en el siglo XV con el asentamiento de los regidores y procuradores. Se completa el panorama con un esbozo inicial de las principales funciones que desarrolla la institución, a saber: urbanismo; justicia; orden público; economía concejil; y abastecimiento y comercio.
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The study of the medieval city of Santiago de Compostela is generally centred on the ecclesiastical sphere, characterized by its cathedral, the episcopacy and the pilgrimage route. This analysis has left certain segments of study in need of further research in order to define social and political relationships in one of the main Peninsular cities of ecclesiastical lordship. This is primarily the case of the town council and its relation to the main Compostelan feudal power. This article offers an initial examination of the urban institution in the later medieval period. The purpose is to unveil its structure after a brief look at its evolution up to the later Middle Ages. This analysis will focus on its members in the second half of the thirteenth century (justices, notaries and keepers of the seal); the materialization of power as viewed in the records of the first third of the fourteenth century with respect to a royal privilege negotiated by the prelate Berenguel de Landoira; and with the members of the town council in the fifteenth century and the consent of the 'regidores' and 'procuradores'. The analysis will conclude with a sketch of the main functions assumed by the institution, namely urbanism, justice, public order, economic issues, and supply and trade.

Artfully decorated wooden panels (pettenelle and cantinelle) and frames dating back as far as the 1400s still ornament many ceilings in Cividale del Friuli today. But, in the absence of any documentation on the subject (painting contracts or payslips), it is difficult to say who the patrons responsible for their commission were, especially considering that no family crests, which would at least give clues as to the owners of the houses in question, are depicted. This essay investigates the wealthy inhabitants of Cividale in the 15th century, searching among them for likely candidates, i.e., those who lent money to the comune when the coffers were empty, those who bid for control of datia duties, and those who were appointed chamberlain for the six-month term. By focussing on the revenue flows, in particular that generated by datia duties (which are also compared with those of nearby cities like Udine and Gemona), chamberlains, tax collectors (Appendix I), and their professions (Appendix II), an interesting prosopographical profile emerges: several short genealogies of alliances (consorterie) deeply involved in bidding for datia rights. There are also some notable absences from these activities (like the Boiani family, for example), but, alongside the other noble families, emerge another class of people, comprising notaries, physicians, teachers and skilled craftsmen. Although we cannot be sure that these nouveaux riche had the same artistic sensibilities as their high-born counterparts, they certainly had the financial means to posses large dwellings and commission such elaborate ceilings.
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Pettenelle, cantinelle e cornici lignee variamente decorate ornano ancor oggi molti soffitti cividalesi. Chi furono i mecenati che le commissionarono a partire dal Quattrocento? È difficile dirlo, soprattutto in assenza di documenti (contratti col pittore o cedole di pagamento) e di stemmi parlanti, che indichino almeno la famiglia cui appartenevano le dimore.
Il saggio indaga tra le persone abbienti della Cividale del sec. XV, cercando tra i nomi di coloro che prestavano denaro al comune nei momenti in cui le casse erano vuote, di coloro che partecipavano alle aste per assicurarsi l’appalto dei dazi e di coloro che assumevano la carica semestrale di camerario.
Dapprima l’analisi si è concentrata sulle entrate fiscali, in particolare sui DAZI cividalesi (mettendoli anche in relazione con quelli delle comunità vicine (Udine e Gemona); quindi si è portata l’attenzione sui nomi dei camerari e dei daziari (Appendice I) e sulla loro professione (Appendice II).
Ne è emerso un quadro prosopografico interessante: si sono evidenziate brevi genealogie di consorterie fortemente coinvolte nell’appalto dei dazi e assenze altrettanto interessanti (come quella della famiglia Boiani). E, oltre ai nomi delle principali casate nobiliari, sono usciti dall’ombra quelli del notabilato locale composto da notai, medici, maestri e quelli della componente artigiana. Forse non tutti erano ugualmente dotati di sensibilità culturale e gusto artistico, ma da un punto di vista meramente economico commissionare un ciclo di pettenelle era nelle loro possibilità."

is to open dialog between worldwide historians, especially from Central and Eastern Europe. From the Ancient world to the present day, the human societies found various ways to connected each other in a vast social, political, economic, religious and even mental networks. These networks brought together people of different language, ethnicity or social status and open the possibility of cooperation and understanding, but in the same time led to conflict and violence. We encourage everyone to discuss and highlight how people linked in the past and integrated in the political, social, religious, cultural and economic frameworks of different networks.

We propose an approach to the festive phenomenon in Oviedo in the early 16th century. We review the most representative ceremonies, their origin and characteristics, the ludic manifestations derived from them -dances, games, bullfights, processions- and the economic impact of these joys in local finances, selecting the most solemn examples and those with greatest symbolism for the local community.

Franck MAUGER, « Le dernier apanage, gouvernement et administration des comtés d’Alençon et du Perche (1290-1525) », thèse de doctorat en histoire médiévale soutenue le 19 mai 2017, à l’université de Caen-Normandie, deux volumes, 1053 pages.

Rapport d'une très belle soutenance de thèse, fruit d'un travail minutieux sur le duché d'Alençon, ses princes et son administration pendant la période médiévale. Thèse menée sous la direction de François Neveux, professeur émérite de l'Université de Caen-Normandie, et soutenue sous la présidence de Véronique Gazeau, professeur émérite de l'Université de Caen-Normandie. Les membres du jury, M. Philippe Charon, conservateur général du patrimoine, directeur des Archives départementales de Loire-Atlantique, titulaire d’une HDR, examinateur, Mme Anne Curry, professeur à l’Université de Southampton, Grande-Bretagne, rapporteure, Mme Véronique Gazeau, professeur émérite à l’Université de Caen-Normandie, examinatrice et présidente du jury, M. Olivier Mattéoni, professeur à l’Université de Paris I – Panthéon-Sorbonne, rapporteur, ont unanimement salué la qualité et le brio de ce travail.

Historiographical research into the Italian comuni has aimed to find a common denominator behind the proliferation of the town annals and chronicles from the early 12th century onwards. The trigger has been ascribed here and there to the new categories of intellectual writers (secular and technical scribes), or the new sensibilities (the emergence of civic-mindedness, and city’s expanding commercial and military roles in the international scene) at play. Each of these perspectives has provided in-depth, convincing interpretations, which are addressed here. However, the portrayal of the 'milites cittadini' provided by Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur has furnished a decisive contribution, giving us an overview of the entire output of the local chroniclers up until the mid-13th century. The dwindling of the city chronicles that occurred as the hegemony of the ‘milites’ began to fade is surely no accident, nor is the contemporaneous shift from ‘city-wide’ to ‘universal’ chronicles. Not only do these accounts begin to chronicle events occurring in far-flung places, but they also expand the past to way beyond the beginnings of the most original offspring of the ‘militia’: the communi.

The difficult establishment of the Premonstratensians in the city parish of Diest, as part of the power struggle between pope and emperor (12th century) and between local lord and duke of Brabant (12th-13th century), and against the backdrop of the development of Diest from allodium to town.

urmărit parcursul istoric al centrelor urbane din Ţara Românească, Moldova şi Transilvania, însă nu au reuşit să prezinte în toată complexitatea şi diversitatea acest fenomen. Prin lucrarea de faţă, Laurenţiu Rădvan depăşeşte această barieră istoriografică şi ne schiţează un tablou detaliat al evoluţiei oraşelor din Ţările Române, cu toate particularităţile şi caracteristicile lor definitorii.

Uno de los rasgos más llamativos de la vida religiosa de la Baja Edad Media fue el espectacular incremento de las mujeres consagradas a Dios, la diversificación de sus formas de vida y el gran peso de lo femenino en la simbología y el lenguaje religiosos. En estas páginas se analiza la complejidad del fenómeno partiendo de su característico vínculo con la ciudad por considerarlo factor decisivo. Se muestra el papel ejercido por las mujeres religiosas en la construcción y evolución del entramado sociopolítico urbano bajomedieval, tanto en una dimensión de libertad y autoridad que dio origen a nuevas formas de socialización e incidencia política femeninas, como de control por parte de los sistemas de poder institucionales y oligárquicos. El trabajo se centra en el contexto andaluz por la gran riqueza de sus manifestaciones religiosas femeninas considerando que ello tiene mucho que ver con la acción de las mujeres en la configuración de las nuevas cristiandades urbanas nacidas tras la reconquista. La amplitud del marco cronológico permite percibir su evolución y los cambios en el tránsito a la Edad Moderna.

Se propone una aproximación al fenómeno festivo en Oviedo a principios del siglo XVI. Se repasan los ceremoniales más representativos, su origen y casuística, las manifestaciones lúdicas derivadas -danzas, juegos, corridas de toros, procesiones- y el impacto económico de estas alegrías en la hacienda local, seleccionando los ejemplos más solemnes y de mayor carga simbólica para la comunidad vecinal.

Das Dissertationsprojekt widmet sich vordergründig der Untersuchung des Verkehrsträgers „Pferd“ und seiner Einbindung in das Gefüge spätmittelalterlicher zwischenstädtischer Kommunikationsformen im Westen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Im Interesse steht dabei der Stellenwert des Pferdes als Mobilitätsgarant für die städtische Obrigkeit und deren Dienstangestellte – Gerichtsdiener, Boten und Förster – im Zuge von Gerichtsfahrten, Beschauungen, Fronforderungen, Eskorten, diplomatischer, innen- und außenpolitischer Reisen und bei der Übermittlung von Nachrichten. Die Reichweite und Leistungsfähigkeit des berittenen Botenwesens sind ferner Gegenstand der Abhandlung. Das Ziel ist eine grundlagenschaffende Studie zur Erforschung der primären Konstellationen und Mechanismen, die räumliche Mobilität gewährleisteten, sowie der Technik und Dynamik der Informationsverbreitung innerhalb der Städte und auf den städteverbindenden Verkehrsadern. [...]

Despite their documentary reoccurrence, fires have received sparse attention in historiography. Above all those which devastated the urban spaces of Regnum Italicum between 880 and 1080. When they do not naturalize occurrences of this type as fatalities or accidents, the explanations in force make them appear as cases of supposed feudal disorder, widely revised by historians. In relation to understanding the history of the calamity of urban fires, much needs to be done. This
article seeks to contribute to this undertaking. Starting from diplomatic and chronicle documentation, we analyze their meaning and the way these references are used in the composition of the written records: fires emerge as a social and multidimensional action. Moreover, we seek to explain the changes associated with the nature of this practice. The hypothesis of this paper is that the documentary appearance of the fires belongs to a political temporality.

This Getty Foundation 'Connecting Art Histories' supported project investigates the layered art histories of medieval Mediterranean cities as the basis for scholarly connections that challenge and move beyond the boundaries of modern historiographies, national narratives and contemporary socioeconomic realities. Set in a region where issues of cultural heritage and identity are currently highly contested, the project looks at the material past to understand its relevance for the present and future.

Bir şehri gezmeye gidenlere verilen bir öğüt vardır. “Sakın ha  pazarına uğramadan gelme!” Seyahat deneyimi olan pek çok insan ilk bakışta kendisine basmakalıp gelen bu öğüdün aslında ne kadar pratik ve faydalı olduğunu tecrübe etme imkânı bulmuştur. İlk bakışta birçok insana karmaşık ve sıkıcı gelen pazarların içlerinde hangi gizemleri barındırdığını, bizleri ne tür keşiflere, ufuklara götüreceğini tam olarak kestiremeyiz. Ancak bildiğimiz bir gerçek vardır. O da pazarın hemen her şehrin kalbi olduğudur.
Klasik Abbasi asrında Başkent Bağdat'taki Şehir-pazar ilişkisini inceleme konusu yapan Kitapta; Bağdat ve Pazarları, Pazar Esnafı, Çarşı Pazarların Çeşitlenmesi, Pazarlardaki ticari işlemler, Bağdat pazarlarındaki ticari faaliyetler, Çarşı pazarların denetimi, Pazarcıların sosyal ve siyasi hayattaki rolleri başlıklı yedi bölüm ile sonuç ve bibliyografya bulunmaktadır.
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El siglo XV asistió en la Corona de Castilla a un amplio y diversificado fenómeno de creaciones conventuales femeninas promovidas por mujeres que fue muy visible en las ciudades. Se inscribió en las reformas de la Baja Edad Media y coincidió con el debate conocido como “Querella de las Mujeres”. Partiendo de la idea de que hubo un Humanismo femenino, pensado y enunciado por las mujeres en sus propios términos, en estas páginas se buscan las conexiones entre dichos fenómenos, especialmente entre las aportaciones femeninas de reforma religiosa concretadas en las fundaciones de espacios de espiritualidad y la “Querella de las Mujeres”. Para ello, se fundamenta el análisis en una ciudad concreta, Córdoba, y se delimitan cronologías y tipologías religiosas a fin de determinar sus contenidos programáticos. El objetivo último es perfilar algunas de las principales formulaciones y claves explicativas del proyecto humanista de las mujeres.

Historians of heresy and inquisition in late medieval German-speaking central Europe have long discussed the mobility and initiative of prosecutors – episcopal or mendicant inquisitors – as one of the main factors behind the intensification of anti-heretical activity during the 1390s and the early years of the fifteenth century. However, the mobility of heretical refugees produced by these inquisitions also constituted an important factor that helped to perpetuate anti-heretical violence. This article examines late medieval refugees by looking at two case studies involving individuals who left their home towns during the period of intensified persecutions of German Waldensians in the 1390s. Their itineraries demonstrate that Waldensian followers knew of the heretical communities in other cities and reveal the effect the refugees had on their host communities. Waldensian refugees contributed to destabilising local communities or attracting inquisitorial attention, which stoked religious violence and caused further waves of displacement.

One of the main expressions of power of urban nobles during the Central and High Middle Ages in the majority of Mediterranean towns, was a possession of a fortified residence or a refuge. Many townscapes were dominated by mighty private towers, visual assertions of distinguished families. Similar examples can be found in Dalmatia, especially in the documents of Split and Trogir but also in Dubrovnik, Rab, and Zadar. There, towers seem to have been mostly connected to city walls. Thomas the Archdeacon explains in his chronicle that after the settlement of Salonitan refugees in the ancient imperial palace, the rich built their houses, and those who lacked money for building got the towers, while the rest of the people settled in crypts. However, it does not seem that the towers were inhabited only by “the middle class, ” since the leader of the refugees himself, Sever the Great, had a home consisting of a palace and tower in the south-eastern corner of the palace. This early inheritan...

In the thirteenth century, Paris was the largest city in Western Europe, the royal capital of France, and the seat of one of Europe's most important universities. In this vibrant and cosmopolitan city, the beguines, women who wished to devote their lives to Christian ideals without taking formal vows, enjoyed a level of patronage and esteem that was uncommon among like communities elsewhere. Some Parisian beguines owned shops and played a vital role in the city's textile industry and economy. French royals and nobles financially supported the beguinages, and university clerics looked to the beguines for inspiration in their pedagogical endeavors. The Beguines of Medieval Paris examines these religious communities and their direct participation in the city's commercial, intellectual, and religious life.

Drawing on an array of sources, including sermons, religious literature, tax rolls, and royal account books, Tanya Stabler Miller contextualizes the history of Parisian beguines within a spectrum of lay religious activity and theological controversy. She examines the impact of women on the construction of medieval clerical identity, the valuation of women's voices and activities, and the surprising ways in which local networks and legal structures permitted women to continue to identify as beguines long after a church council prohibited the beguine status. Based on intensive archival research, The Beguines of Medieval Paris makes an original contribution to the history of female religiosity and labor, university politics and intellectual debates, royal piety, and the central place of Paris in the commerce and culture of medieval Europe.