Medical Informatic

Summary Objectives To review the issues that have arisen with the advent of translational research in terms of integration of data and knowledge, and survey current efforts to address these issues. MethodsUsing examples form the biomedical literature, we identified new trends in biomedical research and their impact on bioinformatics. We analyzed the requirements for effective knowledge repositories and studied issues in the integration of biomedical knowledge. Results New diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on gene expression patterns have brought about new issues in the statistical analysis of data, and new workflows are needed are needed to support translational research. Interoperable data repositories based on standard annotations, infrastructures and services are needed to support the pooling and meta-analysis of data, as well as their comparison to earlier experiments. High-quality, integrated ontologies and knowledge bases serve as a source of prior knowledge used in ...

We propose methods for mutual authentication and key exchange. Our methods are well suited for applications with strict power consumption restrictions, such as wireless medical implants and contactless smart cards. We prove the security of our schemes based on the discrete log gap problem.

Objective: The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) agreed on revising the existing international recommendations in health informatics/medical informatics education. These should help to establish courses, course tracks or even complete programs in this field, to further develop existing educational activities in the various nations and to support international initiatives concerning education in biomedical and health informatics (BMHI), particularly international activities in educating BMHI specialists and the sharing of courseware. Method: An IMIA task force, nominated in 2006, worked on updating the recommendations' first version. These updates have been broadly discussed and refined by members of IMIA's National Member Societies, IMIA's Academic Institutional Members and by members of IMIA's Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education. Results and Conclusions: The IMIA recommendations center on educational needs for health care...

Este artigo descreve o planejamento e produção de um conjunto de atividades relacionadas à estruturação do conhecimento envolvido no domínio da Geotecnia, área da Engenharia Civil. O projeto propõe uma ontologia para desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual e uma base de conhecimento que serão utilizados em um Sistema Tutor Inteligente, uma sub-área da Inteligência Artificial.Para a modelagem da base de conhecimento foi adotada a API Java Protégé-2000 desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa em Informática Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Stanford (Califórnia, Estados Unidos). Integrada à base de conhecimento tem-se um repositório de recursos educacionais descritos através de metadados do padrão Dublin Core. A arquitetura proposta para esta aplicação WEB é composta pela plataforma de comunicação de agentes FIPA-OS, pelo servidor de base de dados MySQL, pela plataforma J2SE e pelo container Jakarta Tomcat . Serãoapresentados neste artigo os resultados preliminares da arqu...

Diabetes is a global health problem with a growing number of individuals with diabetes mellitus in the world. Information and communication technologies (ICT) could play an important role in this group of patients. Objective. To report the use and perceptions regarding ICT in patients with diabetes. Material and methods. During August 2008, previously validated surveys were applied to patients with diabetes attending a national hospital in Peru. Results. Two hundred patients with diabetes were surveyed (median: 60 years old, 78.5% women). Most of them never used a computer (89.5%), E-mail (90%), Internet (92%), or chat (91.5%). Most of the participants (91.5%) never sought health information on the Internet. forty nine percent of participants make and/or receive calls using cell phones at least once a week. However, most of them (84.5% and 67%) never have sent or received text messages, respectively. Almost all of participants would like to receive information about diabetes care. M...

Resumo – Neste trabalho mostramos os vários aspectos do desenvolvimento e implantação de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica de traumas na Unidade de Emergência do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP), que é baseado nas fichas de doenças de ...

In autumn 2005, the University of Tromsø started a 2-year master of science in telemedicine and e-health. Students can choose between technology and health, and the program starts each fall. The program is developed and run in close collaboration between the University of Tromsø and the Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST). The idea behind the development and implementation of telemedicine is to move information instead of patients and reduce the growing burden on health care. Master's degree in Telemedicine and e-health provides a thorough introduction to medical technology, how health care is organized and how best to introduce telemedicine to provide better services to patients. The teaching language is English. Teaching is a mixture of lectures and group work. All students write a final thesis.

In rural Nigeria, the health system is in a disreputable state and this is attributed to several factors especially the flagrant underfunding of the health sector and shortage of skilled specialists at the primary health care (PHC) level - as a result of the migration of a number of physicians from the rural areas to urban centers. The impact of this rural urban migration has led to the shortage of trained personnel or specialists in the rural communities. This research work aims at developing a cost-effective telemedicine solution that will bridge the gap created as a result of migration of trained medical specialists from rural areas to urban centers. Finally, an integrated portable electrocardiogram (ECG) device to provide the waveform required by the specialist to recommend a possible treatment to the rural medical practitioner is provided. The system was developed using Iwo local Government Council as a case study

research is one important strategy in the quality management movement designed to improve the quality of health care and to control costs. Information systems are being utilized in variations research to provide an array of potential variables, to provide measures of the variability inherent in these variables, and to assist with the study of the linkages of patient and provider characteristics with interventions and outcomes. This article presents a systems model of inputs, processes, and outcomes with explication of factors related to client, provider, and setting as a heuristic strategy for variable specification. The implications of variable specification, the design and measurement of variability, and the key issue of control in variations research are linked with a discussion of the implications for medical informatics.

Modern medical environments have seen an increase in technological complexity and pressures of handling more patients with fewer resources, resulting in higher demands on medical practitioners. Medical informatics designers will have to focus on the problem of organizing medical information more effectively to enable practitioners to cope with these challenges. This article addresses this research problem for the particular area of medical problem solving in patient care. First, we describe a traditional modeling approach for medical reasoning used as a basis for developing some decision support systems. We argue these models may be faithful to what is known about biomedical knowledge, but they have limitations for human problem solving, especially in unanticipated situations. Second, we present an ontological framework, known as the abstraction hierarchy (Rasmussen, IEEE Trans. Man. Cybernetics 15 (1985) 234-243), for integrating patient representations that are faithful to existing biomedical knowledge and that are consistent with what is known about human problem solving. Through an example of a critical event in the operating room, we reveal how this framework can support medical problem solving in unanticipated situations. Third, we show how to use these representations as a frame of reference for mapping medical roles, responsibilities, sensors, and controls in an operating room context. Finally, we provide some insight for medical informatics designers in using this framework to design novel training programs and human-computer displays.

We propose a platform for health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. Our platform is a new architecture called CustoMed that will reduce the customization and reconfiguration time for medical systems that use reconfigurable embedded systems. This architecture is a network enabled system that supports various wearable sensors and contains on-board general computing capabilities for executing individually tailored event detection, alerts, and network communication with various medical informatics services. The customization of such system with a large number of "med nodes" is extremely fast even by non-engineering staff. In this paper, we present the architecture of such device along with experimental analysis that evaluates the performance of such system.

Objective: The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) agreed on revising the existing international recommendations in health informatics/medical informatics education. These should help to establish courses, course tracks or even complete programs in this field, to further develop existing educational activities in the various nations and to support international initiatives concerning education in biomedical and health informatics (BMHI), particularly international activities in educating BMHI specialists and the sharing of courseware. Method: An IMIA task force, nominated in 2006, worked on updating the recommendations' first version. These updates have been broadly discussed and refined by members of IMIA's National Member Societies, IMIA's Academic Institutional Members and by members of IMIA's Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education. Results and Conclusions: The IMIA recommendations center on educational needs for health care...

There is an increasing need for a larger and better trained workforce in medical informatics. The goal of the AMIA 10x10 program is to educate 10,000 clinicians in medical informatics by 2010. Building upon a previously developed course, a 12 week graduate informatics course was adapted with 170 people completing the course by spring 2006. This research aims to evaluate, via qualitative methods, program satisfaction, as well as future career and/or education paths of participants.

(HITECH Act) has put pressure on hospitals and provider organizations to increase the "meaningful use" of health information technology (IT) to improve health outcomes and decrease healthcare costs. In order for that to happen, the healthcare workforce must be prepared to use technology effectively. Several nursing, health services, and national policy organizations have urged BSN programs to review their curricula and increase informatics training, computer competency, information literacy, and information management. This article reviews the policy recommendations for curricular changes, assesses the present state of nursing informatics education, and suggests different Key Points: • Need for changes in nursing informatics education • Recommendations for nursing informatics education • Framework for change management in curricular changes paths for programs to embark on this arduous process. Regardless of the path a BSN program chooses, it must find the resources to train its faculty and administration to make informed curricular decisions. Release time is required for the overburdened BSN faculty to find time to increase their knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward curricular change and informatics education.

The purpose of this study is four-fold. First, the hospitals' current level of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) adoption is reported; second, internal and external influence factors' roles in determining CPOE adoption rates are described; third, the future diffusion rate of CPOE systems in US hospitals is empirically predicted; finally, the current technology's state-of-the-art is assessed. Data source: Secondary data from 3 years of the Leapfrog Group's annual survey (2002)(2003)(2004) of US tertiarycare hospitals. Study design: This study estimates CPOE market penetration rates applying technology diffusion theory and Bass modeling techniques for three future CPOE adoption scenarios-‗Optimistic,' ‗Best estimate', and ‗Conservative' are empirically derived. Principal findings: Two of the CPOE adoption scenarios have diffusion S-curve that indicates a technology will achieve significant market penetration. Under current conditions, CPOE adoption in urban hospitals will not reach 80% penetration until 2029. The promise of improved quality of care through medication error reductions and significant cost controls prompted the Institute of Medicine to call for universal CPOE adoption by 1999. However, the CPOE products available as of 2006 represent only a ‗second generation technology', characterized by many limitations. Without increased external and internal pressures, such CPOE systems are unlikely to achieve full diffusion in US hospitals in a timely manner. Alternatively, developing a new generation of CPOE technology that is more ‗user-friendly' and easily integrated into hospitals' legacy systems may be a more expedient approach to achieving widespread adoption.

Impressive innovations have been developed over the past 50 years in medical informatics. Meanwhile, it also has become apparent that, to realize benefits of medical informatics applications, attention to such people, organizational, and social issues as organizational readiness, diffusion of innovations, work flow, change management, professional values and status, and human factors is required. These concerns are more challenging now because technologic and institutional changes in health care are making complex organizational, social, and personal arrangements even more complex. With rapid changes in both the technologies and the institutions of health care, informatics is becoming more central to health services. In this paper, we suggest how, in the new health care environment, key people, organizational, and social issues (POI/OSI)* are raised for informatics. These issues stem from changes that include: s Wider availability of health information s More fluid institutional boundaries s Changing work practices and standards s Increasing politicization of health care s Changes in roles of health care consumers and providers s The ability to create more integrated information systems that link clinical, personal, and organizational performance data

identified 558 participants in rural telemedicine; 499 (89%) responded to a detailed follow-up survey to describe type of use. While 84% of respondents reported using interactive video, only 25% reported access to e-mail for exchange of data. The challenge to medical informatics is to connect dispersed providers, not just with videoconferencing, but also with other informationsharing methods.

The terminology in medical informatics is evolving rapidly. The organizers of MEDINFO and SCAMC have used different sets of keywords to index their documents. Recognizing the limitations of this approach, members of those organizations joined with the National Library of Medicine in the creation of a better terminology for medical informatics. A hierarchical structure was placed on the terms to produce a thesaurus typical of the sort often used in the indexing and retrieving of documents. The building of this thesaurus began with an automatic merging of the thesaurus used by the Association of Computing Machinery and the Information Sciences component of the "Medical Subject Headings." This product was pruned by eliminating terms not related to those in the MEDINFO keyword list or not in the medical informatics literature. Further refinement of the thesaurus resulted from extensive discussions among the authors of this paper. The first major application of this terminology has been to the indexing of the articles in "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings." Major components of this medical informatics thesaurus also have been incorporated into the "Medical Subject Headings." This paper describes the process of preparing the thesaurus and presents an evaluation of its coverage of the "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings." G 19x7 Academic Press. Inc.

Resumo-Este artigo apresenta um sistema especialista probabilístico desenvolvido para auxiliar no manejo nutricional do paciente com diabetes mellitus, utilizando como terapia nutricional a contagem de carboidratos. Sua principal função é contribuir na otimização do atendimento do paciente diabético e no apoio à decisão do profissional nutricionista, que ao receber informações coerentes e rápidas, poderá desenvolver seu trabalho de maneira mais adequada.

PRESTIGE is a project for applying telematics to assist the dissemination and application of clinical practice guidelines and protocols. Previous publications have described PRESTIGE's technical approach, including the use of a generic model for representing the knowledge content of clinical guidelines. This approach offers the possibility of 'plug-and-play' electronic distribution of clinical guidelines produced by multiple authoring bodies for use on multiple healthcare clinical management software platforms. A recent joint workshop held with the Section on Medical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine compared the European consensus approach developed in PRESTIGE with a parallel series of projects for computer-assisted protocol-based healthcare undertaken at Stanford and other American centres over the past, which confirmed the convergence and complementarity of our approaches, and holds out prospects of world-wide standardization in healthcare protocol ...

The problem of retrieving time series similar to a specified query pattern has been recently addressed within the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) literature. Providing a flexible and efficient way of dealing with such an issue is of paramount importance in medical domains, where many patient parameters are often collected in the form of time series. In the past, we have developed a framework for retrieving cases with time series features, relying on Temporal Abstractions. With respect to more classical (mathematical) approaches, our framework provides significant advantages. In particular, multi-level abstraction mechanisms and proper indexing techniques allow for flexible query issuing, and for efficient and interactive query answering. In this paper, we present an extension to such a framework, aimed at supporting sub-series matching as well. Indeed, sub-series retrieval may be crucial in medical applications, when the whole time series evolution is sometimes not of interest, while critical patterns to be search for are only "local". Moreover, their relative order, but not their precise location in time, may be known, and an interactive search, at different abstraction levels, may be of great help for the medical decision maker. The framework is currently being applied to the hemodialysis domain.

Rough sets offer an effective approach of managing uncertainties and can be employed for tasks such as data dependency analysis, feature identification, dimensionality reduction, and pattern classification. As these tasks are common in many medical applications it is only natural that rough sets, despite their relative 'youth' compared to other techniques, provide a suitable method in such applications. In this paper, we provide a short summary on the use of rough sets in the medical informatics domain, focussing on applications of medical image segmentation, pattern classification and computer assisted medical decision making. Rough set theory provides an approach to approximation of sets that leads to useful forms of granular computing. The underlying concept is to extract to what extent a given set of objects (e.g. extracted feature samples) approximate another set of objects of interest. Rough sets offer an effective approach of managing uncertainties

Objectives: Content-based access (CBA) to medical image archives, i.e. data retrieval by means of image-based numerical features computed automatically, has capabilities to improve diagnostics, research and education. In this study, the applicability of CBA methods in dentomaxillofacial radiology is evaluated. Methods: Recent research has discovered numerical features that were successfully applied for an automatic categorization of radiographs. In our experiments, oral and maxillofacial radiographs were obtained from the day-today routine of a university hospital and labelled by an experienced dental radiologist regarding the technique and direction of imaging, as well as the displayed anatomy and biosystem. In total, 2000 radiographs of 71 classes with at least 10 samples per class were analysed. A combination of co-occurrence-based texture features and correlation-based similarity measures was used in leaving-one-out experiments for automatic classification. The impact of automatic detection and separation of multi-field images and automatic separability of biosystems were analysed. Results: Automatic categorization yielded error rates of 23.20%, 7.95% and 4.40% with respect to a correct match within the first, fifth and tenth best returns. These figures improved to 23.05%, 7.00%, 4.20%, and 20.05%, 5.65% and 3.25% if automatic decomposition was applied and the classifier was optimized to the dentomaxillofacial imagery, respectively. The dentulous and implant systems were difficult to distinguish. Experiments on non-dental radiographs (10 000 images of 57 classes) yielded 12.6%, 5.6% and 3.6%. Conclusion: Using the same numerical features as in medical radiology, oral and maxillofacial radiographs can be reliably indexed by global texture features for CBA and data mining.

Rough sets offer an effective approach of managing uncertainties and can be employed for tasks such as data dependency analysis, feature identification, dimensionality reduction, and pattern classification. As these tasks are common in many medical applications it is only natural that rough sets, despite their relative 'youth' compared to other techniques, provide a suitable method in such applications. In this paper, we provide a short summary on the use of rough sets in the medical informatics domain, focussing on applications of medical image segmentation, pattern classification and computer assisted medical decision making.

Background Computerized physician order entry systems (CPOE) can reduce the number of medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs) in healthcare institutions. Unfortunately, they tend to produce a large number of partly irrelevant alerts, in turn leading to alert overload and causing alert fatigue. The objective of this work is to identify factors that can be used to prioritize and present alerts depending on the 'context' of a clinical situation. Methods We used a combination of literature searches and expert interviews to identify and validate the possible context factors. The internal validation of the context factors was performed by calculating the inter-rater agreement of two researcher's classification of 33 relevant articles. Results We developed a context model containing 20 factors. We grouped these context factors into three categories: characteristics of the patient or case (e.g. clinical status of the patient); characteristics of the organizational unit ...

Motivation: One of the major features of genomic DNA sequences, distinguishing them from texts in most spoken or artificial languages, is their high repetitiveness. Variation in the repetitiveness of genomic texts reflects the presence and density of different biologically important messages. Thus, deviation from an expected number of repeats in both directions indicates a possible presence of a biological signal. Linguistic complexity corresponds to repetitiveness of a genomic text, and potential regulatory sites may be discovered through construction of typical patterns of complexity distribution. Results: We developed software for fast calculation of linguistic sequence complexity of DNA sequences. Our program utilizes suffix trees to compute the number of subwords present in genomic sequences, thereby allowing calculation of linguistic complexity in time linear in genome size. The measure of linguistic complexity was applied to the complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae. Maps...

'Open Source' is a 20 Á/40 year old approach to licensing and distributing software that has recently burst into public view. Against conventional wisdom this approach has been wildly successful in the general software market */probably because the openness lets programmers the world over obtain, critique, use, and build upon the source code without licensing fees. Linux, a UNIX-like operating system, is the best known success. But computer scientists at the University of California, Berkeley began the tradition of software sharing in the mid 1970s with BSD UNIX and distributed the major internet network protocols as source code without a fee. Medical informatics has its own history of Open Source distribution: Massachusetts General's COSTAR and the Veterans Administration's VISTA software have been distributed as source code at no cost for decades. Bioinformatics, our sister field, has embraced the Open Source movement and developed rich libraries of open-source software. Open Source has now gained a tiny foothold in health care (OSCAR GEHR, OpenEMed). Medical informatics researchers and funding agencies should support and nurture this movement. In a world where open-source modules were integrated into operational health care systems, informatics researchers would have real world niches into which they could engraft and test their software inventions. This could produce a burst of innovation that would help solve the many problems of the health care system. We at the Regenstrief Institute are doing our part by moving all of our development to the open-source model.

Medical informatic experts have made considerable progress in the development of standards for orders and clinical results (CEN, HL7, ASTM), EKG tracings (CEN), diagnostic images (DICOM), claims processing (X12 and EDIFAC) and in vocabulary and codes (SNOMED, Read Codes, the MED, LOINC). Considerable work still remains to be carried out. Abstract models of health care information have to be created, to cover the necessary domain, and yet be simple enough to assimilate, implement, and manage. This requires a high degree of abstraction. Enormous amounts to develop standardized vocabulary are still required to complement such a model, and to define the subsets that apply to given contexts.

I 2 Cnet (Image Indexing by Content network) aims to provide services related to the content-based management of images in healthcare over the WorldWide Web. Each I 2 Cnet server maintains an autonomous repository of medical images and related information. The annotation service of I 2 Cnet allows specialists to interact with the contents of the repository, adding comments or illustrations to medical images of interest. I 2 Cnet annotations may be communicated to other users via e-mail or posted to I 2 Cnet for inclusion in its local repositories. This paper discusses the annotation service of I 2 Cnet and argues that such services pave the way towards the evolution of active digital medical image libraries.

Resumo-O projeto Lepo visa desenvolver uma versão do sistema Lepidus especializada em oftalmologia. Esse sistema baseia-se em uma codificação original através de funções senoidais amortecidas de sinais e sintomas médicos para descrever doenças. Oferece consulta remota via Internet para auxiliar médicos no diagnóstico de seus pacientes como segunda opinião. Para adaptar o sistema Lepidus para descritores em oftalmologia é necessário definir o escopo dos sinais, sintomas e doenças, mapear seus relacionamentos, codificar suas funções senoidais amortecidas e utilizar o mecanismo neural de comparação de padrões. A definição do escopo em oftalmologia está sendo realizada através de um questionário disponível na Internet, com acesso controlado para médicos colaboradores do projeto, envolvendo 20 doenças prevalentes ao diagnóstico de olho vermelho. Considera-se 19 sinais e sintomas e a relevância de 5 informações da história clínica do paciente. Os padrões encontrados sobre as doenças são comparados com a literatura para permitir codificar um banco de dados específico em oftalmologia. O sistema Lepo oferece uma ferramenta remota aos profissionais médicos no auxílio ao diagnóstico a partir de descritores simplificados sobre o estado do paciente. Lepo permite avaliar o impacto desse tipo de auxílio computadorizado sobre a triagem e assistência em saúde.

Medical informatics became a medical specialty during the last years and this is evidenced by a great amount of journal articles regarding the subject published worldwide. We compared the presentation of Medical Informatics in two different bibliographic databases: MEDLINE and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on the Health Sciences). Previous studies described how Medical Informatics was represented in MEDLINE, but we wanted to compare it to a regional database as LILACS. We search both databases completely (MEDLINE 1966 -2002 and LILACS 1982-2002) using the keyword "Medical Informatics" as MeSH term in MEDLINE and as DeCS term in LILACS, and we added "medical informatics" as text word and analyzed the references obtained as results. We found that MEDLINE properly represents the impact of Medical Informatics in non-Latin-American international journals, but lacks of a considerable amount of articles from this region, while LILACS, although in compa...

In 2002-2003, the American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) undertook a study of the future of informatics training. This project capitalized on the rapidly expanding interest in the role of computation in basic biological research, well characterized in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Information Science and Technology Initiative (BISTI) report. The defining activity of the project was the three-day 2002 Annual Symposium of the College. A committee, comprised of the authors of this report, subsequently carried out activities, including interviews with a broader informatics and biological sciences constituency, collation and categorization of observations, and generation of recommendations. The committee viewed biomedical informatics as an interdisciplinary field, combining basic informational and computational sciences with application domains, including health care, biological research, and education. Consequently, effective training in informatics, viewed from a national perspective, should encompass four key elements: (1) curricula that integrate experiences in the computational sciences and application domains rather than just concatenating them; (2) diversity among trainees, with individualized, interdisciplinary crosstraining allowing each trainee to develop key competencies that he or she does not initially possess; (3) direct immersion in research and development activities; and (4) exposure across the wide range of basic informational and computational sciences. Informatics training programs that implement these features, irrespective of their funding sources, will meet and exceed the challenges raised by the BISTI report, and optimally prepare their trainees for careers in a field that continues to evolve.

Healthcare websites that are influential in healthcare decision-making must be evaluated for accuracy, readability and understandability by the average population. Most existing frameworks for designing and evaluating interactive websites focus on the utility and usability of the site. Although these are significant to the design of the basic site, they are not sufficient. We have developed an iterative framework that considers additional attributes.

Healthcare websites that are influential in healthcare decision-making must be evaluated for accuracy, readability and understandability by the average population. Most existing frameworks for designing and evaluating interactive websites focus on the utility and usability of the site. Although these are significant to the design of the basic site, they are not sufficient. We have developed an iterative framework that considers additional attributes.

The Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) is a software system that supports the management of care for chronic illness. It is designed to improve clinical information, facilitate teamwork, and allow management of health care quality. MINT includes a browser interface for entry and organization of data and preparation of real-time reports. It includes personal computer-based applications that interact with clinicians. MINT is being used in a project to improve the treatment of schizophrenia. At each patient visit, a nurse briefly assesses symptoms, side effects, and other key problems and enters this information into MINT. When the physician subsequently opens the patient's electronic medical record, a window appears with the assessment information, a messaging interface, and access to treatment guidelines. Clinicians and managers receive reports regarding the quality of patients' treatment. To date, MINT has been used with more than 165 patients and 29 psychiatrists and...

Resumo-Este artigo apresenta um sistema especialista probabilístico desenvolvido para auxiliar no manejo nutricional do paciente com diabetes mellitus, utilizando como terapia nutricional a contagem de carboidratos. Sua principal função é contribuir na otimização do atendimento do paciente diabético e no apoio à decisão do profissional nutricionista, que ao receber informações coerentes e rápidas, poderá desenvolver seu trabalho de maneira mais adequada.

Resumo-Este artigo apresenta um sistema especialista probabilístico desenvolvido para auxiliar no manejo nutricional do paciente com diabetes mellitus, utilizando como terapia nutricional a contagem de carboidratos. Sua principal função é contribuir na otimização do atendimento do paciente diabético e no apoio à decisão do profissional nutricionista, que ao receber informações coerentes e rápidas, poderá desenvolver seu trabalho de maneira mais adequada.

Resumo - Este artigo procura identificar dificuldades encontradas por estudantes da área médica na busca de informação técnica de medicina. O objetivo principal é mostrar a importância da recuperação de informação na área médica por meio de máquinas de busca e do ...