Media effects

One highly prominent aspect of ISIS’s program of destruction in Syria and Iraq that has come to the media attention recently is their program of cultural heritage destruction that took the form of smashing artifacts in archaeological museums, iconoclastic breaking and bulldozing of archaeological sites, dynamiting of shrines, tombs, and other holy sites of local communities, and burning of libraries and archives. In this paper, I focus on ISIS’s destruction of archaeological heritage. I argue that this destruction can be seen as a form of place-based violence that aims to annihilate the local sense of belonging, and the collective sense of memory among local communities to whom the heritage belongs. Therefore, heritage destruction can be seen as part and parcel of this scorched-earth strategy described above. I also argue that the Islamic State coordinates and choreographs these destructions as mediatic spectacles of violence aimed at objects and sites of heritage, and these spectacles take place as re-enactments or historical performances that are continuously and carefully communicated to us through ISIS’s own image-making and dissemination apparatus that increasingly utilizes the most advanced technologies of visualization and communication. I will also pose questions about the relatively weak responses from the archaeological community around the world that rarely went beyond the stereotypical expression of “dismay” to ISIS’s heritage destruction. At the same time, I will try to answer the why and how of ISIS’s dislike of archaeological heritage in the context of late capitalism.

This chapter discusses contemporary directions of agenda-setting research. It reviews the basic concept of agenda setting, the transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda as a key step in the formation of public opinion, the concept of need for orientation as a determinant of issue salience, the ways people learn the media agenda, attribute agenda setting, and the consequences of agenda setting that result from priming and attribute priming. Across the theoretical areas found in the agenda-setting tradition, future studies can contribute to the role of news in media effects by showing how agenda setting evolves in the new and expanding media landscape as well as continuing to refine agenda setting’s core concepts.

Stuart Hall is one of the prominent scholars of the British Cultural Studies also known as the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. He was one of the early proponents of the audience reception theory and developed encoding/decoding model as an approach to textual analysis, with focus on the scope for negotiation and opposition on the part of the audience. Hall believes that the audience does not simply passively accept a text as the model took a look at ways in which audiences/readers make meaning from texts.

This study focuses on the role of media in facilitating and inhibiting the accessibility of stereotypes primed by race-related news stories. Specifically, it examines experimentally the effects of two strategies for reducing stereotype accessibility: an audience-centered approach that
explicitly instructs audiences to be critical media consumers, a goal of media literacy training; and a message-centered approach using stereotype-disconfirming, counter-stereotypical news stories. Participants viewed either a literacy or control video before reading stereotypical or
counter-stereotypical news stories about African Americans or Asian Indians. Implicit stereotypes were measured using response latencies to hostile and benevolent stereotypical words in a lexical decision task.Results suggest that a combination of audience-centered and messagecentered
approaches may reduce racial stereotypes activated by news stories.

Today, people can easily select media outlets sharing their political predispositions, a behavior known as partisan selective exposure. Additional research is needed, however, to better understand the causes and consequences of partisan selective exposure. This study investigates the relationship between partisan selective exposure and political polarization using data from the National Annenberg Election Survey. Cross-sectional results show strong evidence that partisan selective exposure is related to polarization. Over-time analyses document that partisan selective exposure leads to polarization. Some evidence supports the reverse causal direction, namely that polarization leads to partisan selective exposure. Implications for the study of media effects and normative implications-both positive and negative-are discussed.

This introductory essay outlines some of the issues that surround contemporary engagements with the ‘‘popular’’ as a site of political struggle and change. This piece notes that in the
30 years since Stuart Hall published his seminal essay, ‘‘Notes on Deconstructing the Popular,’’ the power relations that define the term as well as the way in which scholars study the popular have shifted in profound ways. The authors argue that, rather than simply
equating the popular with popular culture, it is necessary to recognize that the popular is a contingent term that marks the possibility of constituting forms of collective agency and the
potential for bringing about social and political change.

Our approach offers a view of the “Propaganda Model” developed by the linguist and American political activist Noam Chomsky 25 years ago and its current validity, with special emphasis on the five elements or filters. In this analysis, we tried to deconstruct the process and reflect on other components that filter the information. We also demonstrate how promoting this kind of analysis against the interests of the power groups in the ‘democratic societies’, tends to be marginalized institutionally.

The continued use of criminal profiling, despite the lack of empirical evidence to support the practice, has been dubbed the Criminal Profiling Illusion. This study applies cultivation theory in an attempt to explain the popular misconceptions around criminal profiling. Participants were assigned to separate viewing conditions in a lab and exposed to an episode of Criminal Minds, CSI, or House MD. A weak but significant correlation was found between crime-related television consumption and endorsement of criminal profiling and pro-investigative attitudes. Exposure to the television shows was effective in increasing attitudes towards forensic science and medical investigations, however results were mixed for the effects on criminal profiling. No cultivation effect was observed between the Criminal Minds condition and the CSI condition; however this may be attributed to the questionable validity of the measures used to assess criminal profiling attitudes. A short educational video explaining the empirical evidence for criminal profiling was highly effective in curbing attitudes. Further research is required using refined measures for attitudes toward criminal profiling to draw any strong conclusions.

The commercialism driving much of the American media system counts among the many factors that enabled Donald Trump’s election. When it mattered most, too many American media institutions privileged profit over democracy. This does not mean that people working within the media industries are bad. It does suggest, however, that the incentive structures driving these media institutions are skewed. To contest a thriving ecosystem of misinformation, we need to redesign our news media system so that different logics are guiding it.

While the majority of previous research suggests there are positive relationships between digital media use and political participation and knowledge, most studies have relied on cross-sectional surveys and have thus not been able to firmly establish the chain of causality. Also, there is little research investigating use of different forms of digital media and their relative effects on political participation and knowledge. This study examines (a) the effects of digital media use on political participation and knowledge and (b) whether different forms of digital media use affect people differently. Drawing on two representative panel surveys, the study demonstrates that there are only weak effects of digital media use on political learning, but that the use of some digital media forms has appreciable effects on political participation.

Video games are increasingly becoming an important media today, despite the light connota-tion of its initial categorization. Today they are an industry that produces billions of dollars and employs engineers and artists alike in an art form spanning interactive games, to virtual socie-ties where millions of people dwell. However, like all human products, our same fears, flaws and xenophobia show in the games, with the reflection of hatred, racism and stereotypes that are our everyday experience. Also, because of the influence of other media, like television, with misrepresentations of blacks, Latinos and other races, or the objectification of women are pre-sent in video games. The significant thing found researching for this assignment is that most of those who use these games are themselves part of minorities or races that are not exactly white Americans. Abuse of the frustrations and desires of the user, handling codes and the system an-swers of gamers to maintain the player engagement, has more resemblance to the use of illegal drugs than with art, but however, the complexity of the design, stories and global assessment, have led to other considerations by experts. Competing in the games could be considered as having more of escapism that the reality of engaging, but all human beings are expected in their tribes to compete and demonstrate their value as a member while complying with social norms or expectations. Same as satisfying or surrender to corporate or group interests. Here are some thoughts for the purpose of this study.

Tujuan penulisan skripsi adalah untuk menjelaskan pengaruh pelayanan pastoral terhadap pelaksanaan pelayanan pastoral dan keaktifan jemaat dalam pelayanan. Adapun hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: Pertama, pelakasanaa pastoral yang dilakukan lewat penyampaian firman, perkunjungan pastoral dan pelayanan konseling pada jemaat GKII Long Pujungan masih cukup berpengaruh pada kehidupan jemaat secara khusus dalam keterlibatan jemaat di dalam pelayanan. Kedua, masih ada jemaat yang belum merasa dilayani lewat pelayanan konseling, namun mereka memiliki kerinduan untuk dilayani. Itu artinya pelayanan konseling merupakan pelayanan yang sangat dirindukan oleh jemaat, karena lewat pelayanan ini lebih personal sehingga mereka boleh berdiskusi dengan gembala lebih terbuka. Ketiga, penyampaian firman, perkunjungan pastoral dan pelayanan konseling merupakan hal penting yang harus dilakukan oleh gembala sebagai stimulasi kepada jemaat untuk aktif terlibat di dalam pelayanan. Keempat, seorang gembala yang berhasil adalah gembala yang mempersiapkan penyampaian firman Tuhan lewat khotbah sesuai kebutuhan jemaat, gembala yang setia di dalam perkunjungan pastoral dan gembala yang terbuka selalu terhadap pelayanan konseling.

Kata Kunci: Pengaruh, Pelayanan, Pastoral, Keterlibatan.

The present study sought to examine the attitudes of Saudi English as a foreign language (EFL) learners as well as teachers towards the integration of English movies in their classes as a tool to develop students' language skills. Fifty female intermediate level students studying English in their Preparatory Year Program (PYP) in the English Language Institute (ELI) at King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to the students to investigate their perceptions towards the integration of English movies in their classes to develop their language skills. The researcher also conducted semi-structured interviews with both students and teachers to explore their perceptions towards the use of movies in their classes. In addition, teachers were required to write reflective journals regarding the use of movies in their classes. The findings of the study indicate that both students as well as teachers had positive attitudes towards the use of movies in their classes to improve students' language skills. The study offers pedagogical implications for EFL instructors with respect to the integration of films in their classrooms to improve students' language learning. Well-selected movie materials could enhance students' language learning process and increase their motivation to learn the target language.

Today in 2016, Indonesia declared emergency in sexual violence. A number of news coverage emerged regarding cases about sexual crimes committed by underage children towards other children in various region of Indonesia. Investigation shows that the kids who committed the crime were imitating pornographic scenes they witnessed in the internet cafe or on a personal cell phone. The porn industry has created a culture that harms the screen-agers children who are vulnerable to the easily accessible pornographic content. The Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection of Indonesia stated that in one day, there are 25 thousand of Indonesian children accessing pornographic contents, and it is considered to trigger sexual abuse involving children as perpetrators. Using the study of literature, this paper will explain about the problems regarding Indonesian children's media consumption. Then this paper will analyze how a wide-variety of pornography is available in the media, because of the intervention from the industry. Lastly, this paper will explain the prohibition and restrictions on content that is not child friendly, by analyzing the effects of exposure of pornography that are destructive to sexuality, self-concept, and a child's behavior.

Obwohl Filmmusik keineswegs mehr ein Randgebiet musikwissenschaftlicher Forschung ist und inzwischen einige Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema vorliegen, fehlte bislang ein Grundlagenwerk zu den Wirkungen von Filmmusik. Dies will das vorliegende Lehrbuch sein - und darüber hinaus erstmalig einen umfassenden und aktuellen Überblick zu empirischen Ergebnissen im Bereich audiovisueller Wirkungsforschung liefern. Hinzu treten orientierende Kapitel zu Filmmusiktheorien und psychologischen Grundlagen.

cf. data file (Summary_and_conclusion.pdf)

Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen coined the term ‘supernormal stimulus’ after discovering that birds who lay small, pale blue eggs speckled with grey prefer to sit on larger, bright blue eggs with black polka-dots. He found that he could exaggerate the key qualities of any natural stimulus to produce a stronger reaction yet--be it nurturance, courtship, fear or aggression.
    Animals encounter supernormal stimuli mostly when experimenters build them.  Humans can generate their own and media are awash with them: friendly smiling faces more consistently welcoming than ones own friends, animated cartoon characters with wider eyes than any real child’s, seductive bodies exceeding any proportions found in nature, and a huge array of supernatural menaces.
    This chapter examines film, television, spectator sports, video games, and social websites as well as more traditional media such as print and musical performance in terms of the concept of supernormal stimuli.

As smartphones have become more prevalent in society, so have consequences. Using research from Carr (2010) and Turkle (2015), this study investigated the relationship between smartphones and reflection, mindfulness and hyperactivity. The results showed that smartphone addiction symptoms of withdrawal are significantly related to hyperactivity and negatively related to reflection. Phubbing, which is snubbing others with a smartphone, is negatively related to levels of mindfulness. Social media addiction was not a significant predictor.

Until J.K. Rowling, Enid Blyton (1897-1968) was the most popular children’s writer of all time. Yet she was also one the most condemned and reviled. Critics dismissed or ignored her books, and librarians and the BBC banned her. Only in recent years has she been rehabilitated. In this essay, I trace the changing reception of Blyton, looking at critical writing as well as adaptations and revisions of her work. The different perspectives I explore illustrate some of the wider assumptions that are in play in adults’ responses to children’s popular culture.

This essay is part of a larger project, Growing Up Modern: Childhood, Youth and Popular Culture Since 1945. More information about the project, and illustrated versions of all the essays can be found at: https://davidbuckingham.net/growing-up-modern/.

Dābiq is an electronic magazine (e-zine) utilising strategic utopianism and savagery messages supported by exemplary leadership, eschatology, and current events reports. This project analyses narrative themes present within Dābiq and how relevant and prevalent these themes are across issues. The project applies Thematic Network Analysis of the first six issues of Dābiq, laying foundations for understanding ISIL’s culture and counter-narrative development. It argues present terminology and first generation research constrain understanding of ISIL’s cultural specifics. This project establishes that rhetoric within Dābiq contains both political and religious narratives. Finally, this project establishes that ‘Exemplary Leadership’ theme dominates ISIL’s Dābiq rhetoric.

The seemingly complex vocabulary, 'pugnacious' is simply defined by the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, as " wanting to start an argument or fight, or expressing an argument or opinion very forcefully ". This is a suitable term that summarizes the adverse impact of a lot of contemporary movies on the susceptible mind of youths around the world, it stimulates and propels them to think and act violently, as it is known that man is a product of what he sees.

An exploratory content analysis was conducted to examine portrayals of sexual violence in popular Hindi films. Nine films were randomly selected from box office hits (1997–99). The findings suggest that moderate sexual violence is depicted as fun, enjoyable, and a normal expression of romantic love. Victims were more likely to be women rather than men, and sexual violence committed by heroes was a common portrayal, particularly moderate violence such as harassment of women with whom the heroes ultimately became romantically involved. Severe sexual violence was portrayed as criminal and serious, whereas moderate sexual violence was treated as fun and romantic. Results are discussed in terms of script theory and social learning perspectives.

The possible impact of technological advancement on video games' effects-particularly in the case of violent games-has often been discussed but has not been thoroughly explored by empirical research. The present investigation employed a 2 3 2 betweensubjects factorial experiment to examine the interplay of technological advancement and violence by exposing participants (N = 120) to either a newer or older version of a violent or nonviolent game and measuring these factors' effects on players' sense of presence, involvement, physiological arousal (measured by skin conductance), selfreported arousal, and affective and cognitive aggression. The results indicate that technological advancement increased participants' sense of presence, involvement, and physiological and self-reported arousal. Neither advancement nor violence had statistically significant effects on accessibility of players' aggressive thoughts, but there is some tentative evidence that violent game content increased players' state hostility. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.

The emergence of the revolutionary movements of the ‘Arab Spring’ surprised the world. The often violent reaction of the ruling regimes in the countries caused moral challenges and geopolitical debates for the Western democracies. In the light of these geostrategic reactions, this thesis examined the cross-national coverage of the Syrian war in De Telegraaf (the Netherlands), Le Figaro (France), the Daily Telegraph (the United Kingdom), the New York Times (the United States) and the Moscow Times (Russia). A quantitative content analysis measured the attention paid to the war and investigated the prevalence of the five generic frames of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), the diagnostic and prognostic frames of Benford and Snow (2000) and the nationalisation frame of Van Cauwenberge, Gelders and Joris (2009). We analysed 637 articles published between July and October 2013. Our results showed that the newspapers report about the war according to their geopolitical role as reflected in the number and length of the articles as well as in the frequent use of the nationalisation frame. The study concluded that there are significant differences in framing between the newspapers as well as across periods (i.e., before the gas attack on 21 August vs. after the attack vs. after the agreement on the destruction of Syria’s chemical weapon stockpile on 14 September).

Key words: framing, news media, media effects, Syria, ‘Arab Spring’

The work of Japanese novelist Kenji Siratori poses the reader with a contentious question: at what point does literary experimentalism transcend the circumference of literacy? Siratori’s Blood Electric (2002), evokes “the coming to consciousness of an artificial intelligence” via “a devastating loop of language” (Blood Electric book jacket). Indeed, Blood Electric, is a conflation of computer code with anatomical, medical, and technological language. So, Siratori’s fiction is generically cyberpunk; yet, extreme in both form and content. Siratori’s writing evokes Joyce’s Finnegans Wake and the cut-up experiments of William S. Burroughs thus placing Siratori along an experimental trajectory. However, while the work of Joyce is semantically fecund and Burroughs wishes to reveal the underlying conspiracy of language, Siratori moves away from reconceptualizing meaning towards a disorienting, often violent, affect. The emotional experience of “reading” Blood Electric demonstrates literary meaninglessness as an analogue to the consumer’s relationship with information technology. Blood Electric considers the biases of information technology in an analogous manner that Joyce and Burroughs ask about the biases of language. Here, agency and literacy are conflated in an intense way: if we are unable to acknowledge the biases of information technology, we are incapable of possessing agency in late-capitalism. American media theorist Douglas Rushkoff recently suggested that “Facebook is set up to make us think of ourselves in terms of our ‘likes’ and an iPad is set up to make us start paying for media and stop producing it ourselves.” Amidst all the garbled nonsense of Blood Electric, Siratori’s metaphor is as lucid as it is timely: the anxiety of reading asemic cyberpunk is analogous to the consumer’s illiteracy regarding programming and information technology. As literary experimentation is pushed to absolute limits, new languages of code and programming suggest the dawn of new arts.