Media Sport

Este artículo se propone revelar, a través del análisis crítico del discurso, cómo se construyó la figura del futbolista Paolo Guerrero en los textos periodísticos deportivos como nuevo héroe nacional capaz de encarnar un valor arquetípico específico (valentía), presentado este como una suerte de esencia del carácter nacional peruano. Mediante un examen atento de las distintas estrategias discursivas empleadas por la prensa deportiva, esta virtud es deconstruida a fin de ubicar la ideología nacionalista que se instala detrás. El espíritu de este ensayo es, pues, desnaturalizar todo intento de encasillar la idea de una identidad nacional homogénea en esta característica, representación que las enunciaciones deportivas se encargan de exponer como una verdad casi irrefutable.

This study examined effects of the sex of sports writers on the framing of athletes in print-media coverage of intercollegiate men’s and women’s basketball tournaments. The number of articles by female and male authors and the frames used were ana­lyzed. Descriptors of players, coaches, and both tournaments in articles from CBS SportsLine, ESPN Internet, The New York Times, and USA Today were coded with the authors’ names initially hidden. Results showed that female journalists were more apt to cover women’s basketball, and men predominantly wrote about men’s basketball. The sex of writers also influenced the ways female and male athletes were presented. Male writers were more likely to reinforce gender stereotypes by praising the athleti­cism of male athletes. In contrast, female writers more often framed female athletes for their athletic prowess. The results suggest that female sports writers can make some difference in framing, but institutional structures minimize their impact.

Modern Olympic Games are a global sporting, media and commercial event that brings together top athletes
and attracts millions of viewers. It can be said that their planetary dimension was obtained thanks to high‐quality
communication devices. Rapid social change and increasingly complex social life in the last hundred years, thanks
to scientific and technological revolutions, have brought to light Communication in a multitude of new scientific
disciplines. Consequently, the need for research that links the communication and the Olympic Movement arose.
The subject of this paper refers to the impact of the media on the development of the Olympic Movement. The aim
of this study is to determine the importance of applying new communication technologies in the development of
the Olympic Movement. The historical method was applied in the paper. Study results indicate a causal
relationship between the media and the Olympic Movement.

This study examined content differences in the framing of men’s and women’s tennis coverage based on the sex of sports writers. Articles on the 2007 U.S. Open in six popular Internet sites and newspapers were examined. Results showed both female and male writers wrote a higher percentage of articles exclusively on men’s tennis than on women’s tennis. Female journalists accounted for more overall newspapers articles than male reporters, whereas online articles were mostly writ¬ten by male authors. Framing results showed female journalists largely reinforced hegemonic masculinity through the use of sexist and stereotypical descriptors that de-valued the athleticism and accomplishment of female athletes. In contrast, male journalists were more likely to challenge the traditional gendering of sport media content by praising the athleticism of female athletes. The contrasts suggest the potential presence of subtle shifts in traditional, masculine framing of sports by male reporters, who dominate the ranks of sportswriters.

This study examined print-media portrayals of women’s and men’s basketball teams, players, and coaches during the 2006 NCAA Division I tournaments. Drawing principally from Gramsci’s hegemony theory and Connell’s theory of gender power relations, we analyzed article narratives published over a 26-day period during spring 2006 in four major media outlets: newspapers, The New York Times and USA Today, and online sport publications, ESPN Internet and CBS SportsLine. A total of 508 articles were coded and analyzed for dominant themes. Six primary themes emerged from the data. Although the data revealed shifts in media representations of gender relations, overall these themes mostly supported Connell’s theory about the gender order.

Cette étude porte sur les médias écrits et leurs représentations des équipes féminines et masculines de ballon-panier, des joueurs et des entraîneurs pendant les tournois de la première division du NCAA en 2006. À partir de la théorie de l’hégémonie de Gramsci et de celle des relations de pouvoir liées au genre de Connell, nous analysons des récits publiés pendant 26 jours au printemps 2006 dans quatre médias majeurs : deux quotidiens (The New York Times et USA Today) et deux publications en ligne (ESPN Internet et CBS SportsLine). Au total, 508 articles ont été codés et analysés. Six thèmes principaux sont ressortis. Quoi que les données aient révélé des changements dans les représentations médiatiques des relations de genre, en général les thèmes ont surtout confirmé la théorie de Connell en ce qui a trait à la hiérarchie des genres.

Media Sport Stars considers how masculinity and male identity are represented through images of sport and sport stars. From the pre-radio era to today's specialist TV channels, newspaper supplements and websites, Garry Whannel traces the growing cultural importance of sport and sportsmen, showing how the very practices of sport are still bound up with the production of masculinities. Through a series of case studies of British and American sportsmen, Whannel traces the emergence of the sporting 'hero' and 'star', and considers the ways in which the lives of sport stars are narrated through the media. Focusing on figures like Muhammad Ali and David Beckham, whose fame has spread well beyond the world of sport, he shows how growing media coverage has helped produce a sporting star system, and examines how modern celebrity addresses issues of race and nation, performance and identity, morality and violence. From Babe Ruth to Mike Tyson, Media Sport Stars demonstrates that, in an era in which both morality and masculinity are perceived to be 'in crisis', sport holds a central place in contemporary culture, and sport stars become the focal point for discourses of masculinity and morality. The restless vortex of celebrity 11 Celebration, punishment, redemption and self-discipline Contents 12 Moralities, masculinities and violence 13 Identities: 'race', nation and masculinities 14 Performances, appearances, identities and postmodernities 15 Vortextuality and conspicuous consumption 16 Conclusion: So what if the poxy swan is the wrong way? Appendix 1: Biographical notes viii Contents This book has grown out of a lifelong interest in sport, and a considerable period spent analysing media sport, and trying to understand its wider significances. The concern with sport stars developed from my earlier work, in which the central place of stardom in media sport was all too evident. The original research grew out of a bid for Leverhulme funding in the course of which Alan Tomlinson and myself spent considerable time discussing the ways in which it was asserted that sport stars functioned as moral exemplars or as bad examples to the young. We sought a more sophisticated model for understanding the ways in which such stars were represented. In developing research into the representation of sport stars in the early 1990s, the relevance of considering discourses of morality and of masculinity soon became evident. Research began when John Major was still Prime Minister, and as I write these words the 2001 election campaign is underway. During this decade the economic scale of the football industry has been transformed by the growth of satellite television and consequent dramatic escalation in the scale of rights payments. Sport has assumed a greater cultural centrality, with most major newspapers launching dedicated sports supplements, a substantial increase in hours devoted to television sport, and a proliferation of sport related websites. Yet interest in sport is still notably gender specific. It is not simply that interest in sport is far more common among men, and hostility to sport more common among women, but rather that the very practices of sport are still distinctly bound up with the production of masculinities. The relationship between sport, masculinity and the media became the core of the project. In the context of sport, globalisation presents us with a paradox. On the one hand, sport organisations such as the IOC and FIFA were some of the first globalised institutions, and the Olympic Games and soccer's World Cup have become two of the cultural forms consumed most widely across the planet. On the other hand, there is still a substantial resistance to the media-promoted importation of sport. North America remains largely disinterested in soccer, and almost totally disinterested in cricket, rugby and other British-origin sports. The major sports of North America -American football, baseball, ice hockey and basketball -remain of relatively minor appeal in the rest of the world. Consequently, while there are a few global stars, many sport stars remain within Preface specific cultural contexts. There is also a problem of ephemerality to compound that of localism. Sport stars come and go. When research for this book began Alex Higgins, Ian Botham, and Paul Gascoigne were contemporary figures, whereas in the writing of the book they have, of necessity, been constituted as historical examples. Publishing is not immune from globalising processes and books are expected to be accessible to audiences around the world. Yet books also explore the specifics of cultural context. While I have endeavoured to explore examples from both Britain and North America, I am aware that my own perceptions of British examples are rendered more elaborate by virtue of my own positioning within the culture -we read the nuances of our own culture with a greater grasp of the historical formation of that culture and its distinctive elements. At the same time, I would hope that the generalisation, the abstraction and the conceptual frame utilised in analysing these situated examples have a pertinence and relevance to other cultural contexts. In short, I have tried to come up with a productive relationship between the particular and the general, the abstract and the concrete. x Preface I would like to thank Alan Tomlinson without whom the project would never have started, and while our active collaboration on it ceased at an early stage, I would hope that he can still detect the roots of that work in the end product. Particular thanks are due to Ian Wellard, who, in addition to working as a research assistant for a year, gathering material on sport stars, also collaborated on several conference presentations and acted as a sounding board and discussant for the ideas as they developed. His contribution and ideas were of relevance throughout, but particularly valuable for the chapters on moralities and on identities, where some of our earlier conference presentation work has been incorporated. My thanks also to Carlton Brick, Rachel Cutler, Ellis Badillo, Lee Kattenhorn and Chris Wragg, who all, at various times, worked on research related to this book. My research was sustained by the interest and encouragement of colleagues at Roehampton Institute, particularly Jennifer Hargreaves, but also

ABSTRACT

Berame, J. P. (2014). Of Pain and Penises: Deconstructing Hegemonic Masculinity in the Ultimate Fighting Championship Fights. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

The study uses textual analysis to read how masculinities are expressed and articulated in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) maincard bouts, and how these expressions relate to the concept of hegemonic masculinity.

Sports that rely on body-contact confrontations are viewed as an unrelenting renewal of the manhood, an affirmation of hegemonic masculinity, which is problematic, since the physical intimacy of the sport opens discourses of homosexuality and homoeroticism. The study incorporates poststrcuturalist perspective, mainly of Derridean deconstruction to produce an understanding of hegemonic masculinity’s articulation and operation inside UFC.

By studying and applying the different ideas and concepts of deconstruction on how hegemonic and subordinate masculinities are expressed and articulated, the study wishes to discuss the following: the relationship and politics of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinities, and how the expressions of these masculinities rely on the very ideas and concepts that they reject—fear, anxiety, homoeroticism, and femininity, based on the textual analysis of the UFC maincard fights.

Keywords: hegemonic masculinity, deconstruction, UFC

Part 1: The Politics of Sport 1. Introduction 2. The Complete Original Text of Blowing the Whistle: The Politics of Sport 3. Profiting by the Presence of Ideals: Sponsorship and Olympism 4. Sport and Popular Culture: The Temporary Triumph of Process over Product Part 2: Sport, Cultural Politics and Political Culture since 1983 5. Pleasures, Commodities and Spaces 6. Nations, Identities, Celebrities and Bodies 7. Globalisation: The Global and the Local 8. Back to Politics

Little is known of Internet sport bloggers, who increasingly are becoming important cogs in sport journalism. In this phenomenology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with highly prominent sport bloggers. All were recorded, transcribed, and coded. A total of five dominant themes emerged from the data that focused on the shared experiences and learned attitudes toward Internet sport journalism. Overall, these themes showed sport bloggers were highly educated and very happy with their jobs, had a wide array of past work experiences that often had little to no relation with blogging or sport journalism, consider their jobs too varied to fall under one title, primarily work from home, and rarely attend sporting events they write about.

With global media attention and a global reach, mega-sporting
events play a crucial role in sports communication. Although the
audience of these events has traditionally been overwhelmingly
male, in recent years they have attracted an increasing number of
women. The present paper therefore explores women’s and men’s
motives for watching three mega-sporting events – FIFA World Cup
2006, the UEFA European Championship 2008 and FIFA World Cup
2010 – and compares the intensities of the three central motives of
thrill, entertainment and information, especially as they relate to
participants’ levels of general interest in sport. The results indicate
that as their interest in sport increases, the differences between the
motives of women and men decrease. This finding provides valuable
initial insights into the increasing popularity of mega-sporting events
among women.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el tratamiento informativo de la prensa deportiva con respecto
a la construcción de la identidad nacional peruana en el contexto de una derrota deportiva en una
competición internacional. La forma en que se construyó un nacionalismo deportivo (Panfichi, 2017)
por los medios de prensa puede usarse como un lente a través del cual examinar cómo elementos de
la identidad fueron reproducidos, reforzados y esencializados por la prensa a través de la cobertura del
club Alianza Lima en su campaña en la Copa Libertadores 2010. Por medio del Análisis Crítico del
Discurso (ACD), la pesquisa revela que, luego de la eliminación del equipo peruano, la prensa deportiva
terminó por construir un relato entre lo fantástico y lo mítico del asunto: atribuyó la eliminación
a factores externos (robo arbitral) y la dignificó a modo de gesta épica.

The purpose of this article is to analyse Jens Lind's hour-long documentary film The Sunshine Olympics 1912 from a mythical-religious perspective, and show its underlying myth of creation. This perspective is inspired by Mircea Eliade's theory of myth and the sacred, as it can be found in his work on religious phenomenology and the history of religions. The article shows how the related meanings -homologies -occur at different levels of the story. Through Lind's use of voice-over narration, narrative structure, personal focus, visual metaphors and various recurring motifs, existential meanings are generated at different levels from an individual to a cosmological dimension. In accordance with Eliade's theories, the three main athletes depicted in the documentary, Greta Johansson, Jim Thorpe, and Kenneth McArthur, become exemplary models of the Olympic spirit. Three Olympic creators are also presented in the film: Pierre de Coubertin, Viktor Balck, and Torben Grut.

Sport played a significant part in the growth of television, especially during its emergence as a dominant global medium between 1960 and 1980. In turn, television, together with commercial sponsorship, transformed sport, bringing it significant new income and prompting changes in rules, presentation, and cultural form. Increasingly, from the 1970s, it was not the regular weekly sport that commanded the largest audiences but, rather, the occasional major events, such as the Olympic Games and football’s World Cup. In the past two decades, deregulation and digitalization have expanded the number of channels, but this fragmentation, combined with the growth of the Internet, has meant that the era in which shared domestic leisure was dominated by viewing of the major channels is closing. Yet, sport provides an exception, an instance when around the world millions share a live and unpredictable viewing experience.

Research falling under the broad field of sport communication has become commonplace in academic scholarship over the past 30 years. Scholars in fields such as journalism, communication, communication studies, sport studies, sport management, and sport sociology, among others, have contributed to the burgeoning research in this relatively new genre. However, the majority of those studies focused on analyzing published content from a variety of mediums (e.g., Internet, print, television). Some of these scholars attempted to ascribe motives, attitudes, views, opinions, bias, etc. to the sport journalists and gatekeepers who produce and oversee sport media content. A more sensible approach, but one that has been far less utilized, would be to study the actual producers of such content, rather than just inferring motives based on published content.

Scholarship on sport media professionals is especially needed now due to the advent of the Internet as a dominant medium and the increased demand for convergent media skills (e.g., print reporting, shooting video, appearing on camera, production) in most current sport communication positions, regardless of the medium. Fortunately many scholars are now researching sport communication professionals throughout the world, evident by the interest in this special issue.

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A total of 1025 respondents from the USA and Germany were
asked questions about Olympic media consumption, fan
involvement, and nationalized feelings over four data
collection points before, during, and after the 2014 Sochi
Winter Olympic Games. Nationalized qualities across four
factors (patriotism, nationalism, smugness, and
internationalism) varied little over time, with structural
equation modeling indicating that these four qualities did
have an effect on both fan involvement and the amount of
Olympic media consumption. Models for the USA and
Germany were also markedly different. Self-categorization
theory is utilized as a lens for further understanding of the
results.

While much research has examined the composition of sport media and those charged with constructing it, namely sport journalists and editors, far less has explored an essential set of actors in the construction of news: sources. This study aimed to explore the construction of the sport media agenda from arguably the most important sport news sources: sport media relations managers. In particular, this paper asked: how do media staff in sports organisations influence the production of news? To answer this question, this paper is based on a qualitative, observational study of a professional Australian Rules football club in Australia, involving interviews, observations and document analysis. Research within a professional Australian Rules football club found that the club delivered high-quality information subsidies that met sports journalists’ newswork requirements. However, media access was almost solely limited to these information subsidies, which are highly subjective and negotiated, which in turn allowed the professional football club to significantly control the subsequent media agenda.

""This collaborative study (an introduction to the collection Sport, Representation, and Evolving Identities in Europe) is intended to contribute to the ongoing elucidation of the role of sport in the processes of identity construction in contemporary societies, including an overview of its historical development and the major theoretical and methodological approaches to the examination of sport. Since the pioneering work of Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger on ‘the invention of tradition’ (1983), and Benedict Anderson on ‘imagined communities’ (1983), modern games have regularly been identified as a core component in the construction of Europeans’ individual and communal senses of self, particularly at the level of the modern nation-state. Our volume seeks to build on these still solid conceptual foundations, as well as on more recent and more specifically targeted work in this area, such as the important edited volumes by Jeremy MacClancy (Sport, Identity and Ethnicity, 1996), and by Adrian Smith and Dilwyn Porter (Sport and National Identity in the Post-War World, 2004). As a result of these and related interventions in what has become an expanding field of study, few academic commentators would today doubt sport’s significance as a mode of individual and communal interaction, and, a fortiori, of cultural representation. Indeed, a persuasive case can be made for regarding participation, broadly conceived, in mass sporting activities as among the most important modes of perception, both of ourselves and others, available to contemporary societies. Since their emergence and codification in the midnineteenth century, modern sports have exerted a powerful influence on both personal and collective self-images, and have thus impacted extensively on local and national politics, and even on the international order itself. At the core of this evolving system of signification, sport’s distinguishing input to the imaginative life and the identity politics of modern European nation-states has been a constant for well over a century.""

Television viewers attend to sports programs primarily to gain emotional rewards. As not only wins but also defeats are inherently rooted in sport competitions, television viewers can be positively as well as negatively affected in their feelings when watching sports on television. Interestingly, some studies were able to show that the feelings evoked by watching sport television also influence viewers' judgments, following feeling-as-information theory. The present study builds on these results by investigating the mood effect of viewing televised football Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cup games on personal as well as economic estimations of viewers. A quasi-experimental design was employed, assessing the moods and estimations of viewers before and after a win and a defeat of the German national team. The results support feeling-as-information theory, as viewers reported enhanced mood and estimations after watching the victory. Results of previous studies are extended, as longer term effects are included and the mediating role of mood was explicitly tested and supported.

Dans cet article, il s'agit de s'interroger sur l'implication des acteurs médiatiques lors du match qualificatif au mondial (2010) entre l'Algérie et son adversaire traditionnel. La recherche porte sur la transformation d'une rencontre sportive en une « guerre » entre deux pays dont les médias (canaux satellites concurrents) sont les premiers protagonistes. L'intérêt de ceci est de mettre en évidence les enjeux, les dispositifs et les répercussions de cette « rencontre-guerre » pour en bien comprendre l'implication des médias dans le champ sportif.

The objective of this article is to improve the understanding of mood and judgment effects evoked by major televised sport events like national football matches. According to disposition theory of sport spectatorship, viewers' affective experiences, specifically their moods, are assumed to be affected by the outcomes of the matches they watch. This study tests whether these mood effects depend on viewers' team identification as well as viewers' sex. Moreover, past research has indicated that mood changes as effects of sport viewing could influence viewers' subsequent judgments in line with feeling-as-information theory. Based on this line of arguments, a quasi-experimental pre-post-test study with 180 participants was conducted to assess the moods and judgments (self-confidence, evaluation of the economic situation, government satisfaction) of viewers before and after a win and a defeat of the German national football team during the 2011 women's FIFA World Cup. The results support disposition theory of sport spectatorship as well as feeling-as-information theory and give new insights into the moderating role of team identification and sex.

In this phenomenology, interviews were conducted with former newspaper reporters now working for prominent Internet sports sites. Krumboltz’s (2008) Planned Happenstance Learning Theory on career development was used as a guiding framework. Data were transcribed and coded by two researchers. Most of the journalists decided to be newspaper sports writers early in life and began garnering professional experiences in their teens or in college. None planned to work for Internet outlets. However, all foresaw the demise of newspapers and landed with Internet outlets through media connections initially formed through newspapers. All but one expressed high satisfaction in their current jobs, citing large travel budgets, freedom to choose writing assignments, national platforms, and no hard time deadlines for submitting stories. These reporters find the future of sports journalism unpredictable, but believe they will be ready. Lehman-Wilizig and Cohen-Avigdor’s media life-cycle model (2004) was used to understand results in a broader context.

"Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie o etapy i charakter ewolucji relacji między sportem i mediami. Analiza obejmuje trzy wyodrębnione typy mediatyzacji sportu: rynkową, społeczną i prywatną. Prezentację badań z wykorzystaniem analizy zawartości poprzedza dyskusja nad teoretycznymi wyznacznikami analizy: teorią zapośredniczenia i mediatyzacji. Kończy zaś analiza przypadków hybrydyzacji i konwergencji mediów na przykładzie sportu. Badaniem objęto mediatyzację telewizyjną, a przede wszystkim mediatyzację sportu za pośrednictwem internetu i mediów mobilnych".

"The aim of the article is to answer the question of the phases and specificity of the media-sport relations evolution. The analysis includes three indicated types of mediatization of sport: market mediatization, social mediatization and private mediatization. Presentation of the results of the content analysis are preceded by the theoretical discussion on the conceptual determinants: theory of mediation and theory of mediatization. The last part concerns cases of media hybridization and media convergence in sport. Study includes television mediatization but mainly mediatization of sport by the internet and mobile media".